Article(id=1209927010516865170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1678464000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-11, revisedDate=1685721600000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398678663, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398678663, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398678663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398678663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927008822366333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398678260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563829065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927010864992414, articleId=1209927010516865170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Molecular dynamics study on diffusion behavior of furan molecules at oil-paper interface under different overheating conditions, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Furan molecule is one of the important characteristic products of insulating paper pyrolysis during local thermal failure of oil-immersed transformer, and the detection of furan molecules content in transformer oil is an important off-line testing method to assess the operating condition of transformer. In order to clarify the diffusion process of furan molecules from insulating paper to insulating oil and its correlation with temperature labels of local overheating fault, molecular dynamics methods were used to study the diffusion process of furan molecules from insulating paper to vegetable oil based on nanoscale oil-paper interface models under room temperature (300 K), low temperature overheating (500 K), medium temperature overheating (750 K), and high temperature overheating (1 000 K). The results show that with the increase of temperature, the diffusion coefficient of furan molecules in oil-paper insulation increases gradually, and the number of furan molecules diffusing from insulation paper to vegetable oil changes closely with temperature. There are few furan molecules diffuse into vegetable oil under 300 K and 500 K. Under the temperature of 750 K and 1 000 K, some of furan molecules diffuse into vegetable oil, and the molecule number increases with temperature. The above simulation results are consistent with the empirical basis that furan compounds can be detected in local overheating fault of medium and high temperature in oil-immersed transformers.

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呋喃分子是油浸式变压器局部热故障时绝缘纸裂解的重要特征产物之一,变压器油中呋喃分子含量的检测是评估变压器运行状态的重要离线检测手段。为了明确绝缘纸中呋喃分子向植物油中的扩散过程及其与局部过热故障温度标签的对应关系,采用分子动力学的方法,研究了纳米尺度油-纸界面模型在室温(300 K)、低温过热(500 K)、中温过热(750 K)和高温过热(1 000 K)条件下呋喃分子从绝缘纸向植物油中的扩散过程。结果表明:随着温度升高,油-纸绝缘中呋喃分子的扩散系数逐渐增大,而且从绝缘纸中扩散到植物油中的呋喃分子数量与温度密切相关。在300 K与500 K的条件下,鲜有呋喃分子扩散到植物油中;而在750 K和1 000 K的条件下,部分呋喃分子扩散入植物油中,且温度越高,扩散到植物油中的呋喃分子数越多。上述仿真结果与油浸式变压器中、高温局部过热故障条件下可检测出呋喃族化合物的经验依据一致。

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朱庆东(1987-),男(汉族),山东济南人,高级工程师,主要从事电气设备状态检修、状态评价与故障诊断,油纸绝缘中空间电荷测量等研究工作。
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徐冉(1984-),女(汉族),山东济南人,工程师,主要从事变电设备故障诊断与机理的研究。

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徐冉(1984-),女(汉族),山东济南人,工程师,主要从事变电设备故障诊断与机理的研究。

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徐冉(1984-),女(汉族),山东济南人,工程师,主要从事变电设备故障诊断与机理的研究。

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项目温度/K
3005007501 000
a0.053 40.220 21.545 62.239 8
D/(Å2/ps)0.008 90.036 70.257 60.373 3
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呋喃分子在油-纸界面中的扩散系数

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项目温度/K
3005007501 000
a0.053 40.220 21.545 62.239 8
D/(Å2/ps)0.008 90.036 70.257 60.373 3
), ArticleFig(id=1217475348564984250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010516865170, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Diffusion coefficient of furan molecule in insulating paper and vegetable oil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目温度/K
3005007501 000
绝缘纸中a0.031 80.063 20.136 80.300 3
D/(Å2/ps)0.005 30.010 50.022 80.050 1
植物油中a0.083 40.628 21.875 82.609 6
D/(Å2/ps)0.013 90.104 70.312 60.434 9
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呋喃分子在绝缘纸和植物油中的扩散系数

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项目温度/K
3005007501 000
绝缘纸中a0.031 80.063 20.136 80.300 3
D/(Å2/ps)0.005 30.010 50.022 80.050 1
植物油中a0.083 40.628 21.875 82.609 6
D/(Å2/ps)0.013 90.104 70.312 60.434 9
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项目温度/K
3005007501 000
植物油间0.29000
纤维素间332.91302.47264.21239.52
纤维素与呋喃分子间2.962.572.302.23
氢键总数339.85310.26271.29245.61
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不同温度下各分子间氢键数目

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项目温度/K
3005007501 000
植物油间0.29000
纤维素间332.91302.47264.21239.52
纤维素与呋喃分子间2.962.572.302.23
氢键总数339.85310.26271.29245.61
), ArticleFig(id=1217475348950860233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010516865170, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Interaction energy between furan molecule and cellulose molecule, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目温度/K
3005007501 000
Ef/(kcal/mol)463.18523.79594.31668.29
Ec/(kcal/mol)4 335.185 564.747 313.629 162.89
Eint/(kcal/mol)-146.55-132.62-105.19-84.02
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呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间的相互作用能

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项目温度/K
3005007501 000
Ef/(kcal/mol)463.18523.79594.31668.29
Ec/(kcal/mol)4 335.185 564.747 313.629 162.89
Eint/(kcal/mol)-146.55-132.62-105.19-84.02
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不同过热故障条件下呋喃分子在油-纸界面扩散行为的分子动力学研究
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徐冉 1 , 朱庆东 1 , 李健飞 2 , 李华强 3 , 王洋 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(2): 121-128
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(2): 121-128
不同过热故障条件下呋喃分子在油-纸界面扩散行为的分子动力学研究
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徐冉1, 朱庆东1, 李健飞2, 李华强3, 王洋2
作者信息
  • 1国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250001
  • 2西安工程大学 电子信息学院, 陕西 西安 710049
  • 3西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 徐冉(1984-),女(汉族),山东济南人,工程师,主要从事变电设备故障诊断与机理的研究。

通讯作者:

朱庆东(1987-),男(汉族),山东济南人,高级工程师,主要从事电气设备状态检修、状态评价与故障诊断,油纸绝缘中空间电荷测量等研究工作。
Molecular dynamics study on diffusion behavior of furan molecules at oil-paper interface under different overheating conditions
Ran XU1, Qingdong ZHU1, Jianfei LI2, Huaqiang LI3, Yang WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250001, China
  • 2School of Electronics and Information, Xi′an Polytechnic University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.017
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呋喃分子是油浸式变压器局部热故障时绝缘纸裂解的重要特征产物之一,变压器油中呋喃分子含量的检测是评估变压器运行状态的重要离线检测手段。为了明确绝缘纸中呋喃分子向植物油中的扩散过程及其与局部过热故障温度标签的对应关系,采用分子动力学的方法,研究了纳米尺度油-纸界面模型在室温(300 K)、低温过热(500 K)、中温过热(750 K)和高温过热(1 000 K)条件下呋喃分子从绝缘纸向植物油中的扩散过程。结果表明:随着温度升高,油-纸绝缘中呋喃分子的扩散系数逐渐增大,而且从绝缘纸中扩散到植物油中的呋喃分子数量与温度密切相关。在300 K与500 K的条件下,鲜有呋喃分子扩散到植物油中;而在750 K和1 000 K的条件下,部分呋喃分子扩散入植物油中,且温度越高,扩散到植物油中的呋喃分子数越多。上述仿真结果与油浸式变压器中、高温局部过热故障条件下可检测出呋喃族化合物的经验依据一致。

分子模拟  /  呋喃  /  油-纸绝缘  /  界面  /  扩散

Furan molecule is one of the important characteristic products of insulating paper pyrolysis during local thermal failure of oil-immersed transformer, and the detection of furan molecules content in transformer oil is an important off-line testing method to assess the operating condition of transformer. In order to clarify the diffusion process of furan molecules from insulating paper to insulating oil and its correlation with temperature labels of local overheating fault, molecular dynamics methods were used to study the diffusion process of furan molecules from insulating paper to vegetable oil based on nanoscale oil-paper interface models under room temperature (300 K), low temperature overheating (500 K), medium temperature overheating (750 K), and high temperature overheating (1 000 K). The results show that with the increase of temperature, the diffusion coefficient of furan molecules in oil-paper insulation increases gradually, and the number of furan molecules diffusing from insulation paper to vegetable oil changes closely with temperature. There are few furan molecules diffuse into vegetable oil under 300 K and 500 K. Under the temperature of 750 K and 1 000 K, some of furan molecules diffuse into vegetable oil, and the molecule number increases with temperature. The above simulation results are consistent with the empirical basis that furan compounds can be detected in local overheating fault of medium and high temperature in oil-immersed transformers.

molecular simulation  /  furan  /  oil-paper insulation  /  interface  /  diffusion
徐冉, 朱庆东, 李健飞, 李华强, 王洋. 不同过热故障条件下呋喃分子在油-纸界面扩散行为的分子动力学研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (2) : 121 -128 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.017
Ran XU, Qingdong ZHU, Jianfei LI, Huaqiang LI, Yang WANG. Molecular dynamics study on diffusion behavior of furan molecules at oil-paper interface under different overheating conditions[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (2) : 121 -128 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.017
变压器是电网运行中的核心设备,承担着电压变换和电能传输的重要任务[1-4]。油浸式变压器中的绝缘油起着冷却和绝缘的作用,而绝缘纸起着支撑和增强电气性能的作用[5]。在变压器长期运行过程中,电场、温度、水分、氧气等环境因素都会使绝缘油和绝缘纸不断劣化,造成绝缘性能的下降与故障的发生,并伴随着一系列特征产物的产生,如水分、酸、一氧化碳、呋喃等[6-7]。为了进一步提升变电设备运行的稳定性与可靠性,及时发现变压器的潜在故障,对变压器的绝缘状态进行监测至关重要[8]。油中溶解气体分析(dissolved gas analysis,DGA)方法是诊断变压器状态的重要手段[9]。但因受温度、水分等环境因素的影响及现有DGA方法故障标签不足的限制,DGA方法诊断的准确性仍有待提高。与此同时,传统的DGA方法无法区分油-纸绝缘的故障产气与老化产气,难以对变压器过热故障中绝缘纸的老化状态进行评估[10]。因此,国内外研究者在利用变压器油中溶解气体评估油-纸绝缘方面进行了大量的实验研究。庄金康等[11]在140℃的条件下对变压器油-纸绝缘进行了电热联合老化实验,发现在变压器油中氢气、甲烷等特征气体含量相较于热老化实验显著提升。陈曦等[12]研究了局部放电类型对油中溶解气体种类与含量的影响,发现不同放电类型下变压器油和绝缘纸中产生的特征气体有所不同,沿面放电时产生的特征气体主要为乙烯和乙烷,气隙放电时产生的特征气体主要为乙烯和乙炔,而电晕放电时的产气特征不如上述两类放电明显。除了烷烃类气体外,学者在油-纸绝缘体系的绝缘油中检测到了呋喃化合物的存在,呋喃的含量与绝缘纸的聚合度有关,而且绝缘纸的老化降解是油-纸绝缘系统中呋喃产生的唯一途径,呋喃分子化学性质较为稳定,可作为评估绝缘纸劣化程度的重要参量[13-15]。为了进一步探索在不同老化条件及故障类型下油-纸绝缘特征产物的产生机理,李加才等[16]采用分子模拟的方法对变压器油的裂解路径进行了研究,发现大分子烷烃首先通过脱氢反应和断链反应生成小分子链和自由基,生成的小分子链继续发生二次反应生成多种小分子气体和自由基。M S METTLER等[17]对纤维素的热解路径进行了分子动力学仿真研究,发现呋喃由纤维素糖苷键的断裂形成,且没有葡萄糖、左旋葡聚糖等小分子中间体的生成,证实了呋喃分子是绝缘纸劣化分解的产物。
相比于矿物油,植物油具有燃点高、易降解和可再生等优点,工程中植物油变压器正在我国试点运行并逐步推广[18]。因此,对植物油系统下油-纸绝缘老化特性进行研究尤为重要。与矿物油浸绝缘纸相似,研究者在植物油浸绝缘纸的老化实验中同样检测到呋喃分子的存在,且温度越高,检测到呋喃分子的含量越高[19]。在有关植物油系统下绝缘纸的裂解机理研究中,学者们发现植物油系统中绝缘纸的裂解机制与矿物油中相似但略有不同。相比于矿物油,植物油中极性基团对水分子的吸附作用,以及植物油裂解产生的高分子酸与纤维素之间的酯化反应是抑制纤维素裂解的主要因素[20]。虽然在实验中发现植物油系统中绝缘纸的劣化同样能产生呋喃分子,但目前的研究仍多集中于矿物油体系的研究以及实验中植物油体系下呋喃分子的产生与含量的检测上。有关呋喃分子在植物油-纸系统中的扩散机理以及植物油-纸系统中呋喃分子的扩散过程与局部过热故障温度标签的对应关系鲜有研究。
本研究采用分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)的方法,建立纳米尺度植物油-绝缘纸界面模型,以此代表变压器油-纸绝缘局部过热的故障区域,模拟不同过热故障温度下绝缘纸中的呋喃分子在油-纸界面处的扩散行为,进而分析呋喃分子向植物油中的扩散情况与过热故障标签的对应关系,并分析其机制,以期为通过检测油中呋喃含量判断油-纸绝缘健康状态的方法提供参考。
本研究以ABB公司生产的BIOTEMP型植物绝缘油为基础进行分子建模,其主要成分为油酸甘油三酯(C57H104O6),其质量分数占总组分分子的80%以上,其他成分包括二烯酸甘油三酯(C57H98O6)、三烯酸甘油三酯(C57H92O6)、饱和甘油三酯(C39H74O6)及抗氧化剂等[21]。基于该品类植物油的主要成分并借鉴其他学者的建模经验,本研究以油酸甘油三酯分子(C57H104O6)为组分分子构建植物油层纳米尺度分子模型[22]。为了减少植物油与绝缘纸间界面处的真空层区域,采用“Confined Layer”模块构建了在Z轴方向具有平面界面、尺寸为26.8 Å×26.8 Å×26.8 Å的植物油层结构,该结构含有12个油酸甘油三酯分子,密度为0.921 g/cm3,与文献[23]中的实验值吻合良好。植物油的组分分子(油酸甘油三酯)和纳米尺度植物油层的分子结构分别如图1(a)和(b)所示。
变压器油-纸绝缘中常用的绝缘纸为纤维素结构,主要由不同聚合度纤维二糖单体聚合而成。本研究以聚合度为10的纤维素分子作为绝缘纸的组分分子进行分子建模。虽然这一聚合度显著低于实际绝缘纸正常状态下的聚合度,但其单体结构和官能团并未发生变化,所以选择低聚合度的纤维素分子对绝缘纸进行分子建模是目前分子模拟的常用手段[24]。类似于植物油层结构建模,本研究在“Confined Layer”模块中构建了在Z轴方向具有平面界面、尺寸为26.8 Å×26.8 Å×26.8 Å的绝缘纸层结构,该结构含有5条纤维素分子链。
为了观察纤维素裂解重要产物——呋喃分子由纸向油中的扩散行为与温度的对应关系,本研究在绝缘纸层中加入质量分数为5%的呋喃分子,含有呋喃分子的绝缘纸层密度为1.5 g/cm3。纤维素二糖分子和含5%呋喃绝缘纸层的分子结构分别如图2(a)(b)所示。
在“Build Layers”模块中将纤维素层和植物油层合并,构建尺寸为26.8 Å×26.8 Å×57.6 Å的油-纸界面模型,其中上层为纤维素层,下层为植物油层,界面模型如图3所示。
初始界面模型建立后,对该模型先后进行几何优化、50 ps的NVT弛豫和50 ps的NPT弛豫(压力P=1 atm),其中几何优化采用Smart优化算法,以10-4 kcal/mol的能量收敛值为目标进行最大迭代次数为10 000次的结构寻优。在弛豫过程中,NVT系综选取Nose温度控制器,NPT系综选取Nose温度控制器和Berendsen压力控制器,二者步长均为1 fs。根据IEC 60599:2015[25],变压器热故障可分为低温热故障(温度T<300℃)、中温热故障(300℃<T<700℃)和高温热故障(T>700℃)。因此本文采用300、500、750、1 000 K分别代表变压器正常工况、局部低温过热、局部中温过热和局部高温过热时的温度,用于模拟正常及局部过热条件下呋喃分子的扩散过程。虽然油浸式变压器运行时的整体油温不会到达上述温度,但本研究旨在用该纳米尺度油-纸界面模型代表变压器发生局部过热故障时的局部温度,并非代表变压器油的整体油温。
在完成优化和弛豫后,采用COMPASS力场,选取Nose温度控制器对优化后的界面模型进行时长为500 ps、步长为1 fs的NVT分子动力学仿真(T=300、500、750、1 000 K),并以1 ps/帧的频率进行数据采集,用于体系相关性能的计算和统计平均,进而分析在不同温度情况下呋喃分子在油-纸界面处的扩散行为。
呋喃分子在油-纸绝缘中的扩散行为和运动状态可以用均方位移(mean square displacement,MSD)曲线来描述[26],该曲线表示目标分子在t时刻的位置与其初始时刻位置的平均距离。在粒子随时间运动的轨迹中,其均方根位移是随时间测量的,以确定粒子是否由于分子热运动而定向或非定向扩散。MSD的计算过程如式(1)所示。
αMSD=ri(t)-ri(0)2 
式(1)中:ri(t)ri(0)分别代表粒子在t时刻和0时刻的位置向量;< >表示动力学轨迹的统计平均。
扩散系数是表征小分子扩散能力的重要参数[27]。扩散系数越大,介质对分子扩散过程的束缚越小,其随时间的定向或非定向运动能力越强。对于油-纸界面模型中的呋喃分子而言,其扩散系数越大,表明纤维素分子对呋喃分子的束缚能力越弱,致使其更容易突破油-纸界面的限制从绝缘纸扩散至植物油中。呋喃分子的扩散系数D可以通过式(2)[28]计算。
D=16Nlimtddti=1nrit-ri02=16a
式(2)中:N是模型中呋喃分子的数量;n表示时间步长;a是对呋喃分子MSD曲线进行线性拟合的斜率。
变压器正常工作状态(300 K)、局部低温过热故障状态(500 K)、局部中温过热故障状态(750 K)、局部高温过热故障状态(1 000 K)下呋喃分子的MSD曲线及其拟合曲线如图4所示,其中实线是MSD曲线,虚线是拟合曲线。
呋喃分子在不同温度下的扩散系数D由MSD曲线线性拟合曲线的斜率计算得出,扩散系数D和MSD拟合曲线斜率a表1所示。
图4表1可以看出,呋喃分子的扩散系数随着温度的升高而增大,由300 K时的0.008 9 Å2/ps增加到1 000 K时的0.373 3 Å2/ps,这是由于呋喃分子在较高温度下动能高,热运动更为剧烈,相应的扩散能力更强。
为了区别呋喃分子在植物油中、绝缘纸中的扩散行为及其与界面处扩散行为的不同,本研究计算了不同温度下呋喃分子在绝缘纸和植物油中的MSD曲线,如图5所示。与之对应的扩散系数D的计算结果如表2所示。
图5表2可以看出,无论在植物油中还是在绝缘纸中,呋喃分子的扩散系数随着温度的上升而逐渐增大,且在绝缘纸中的扩散系数显著小于在植物油中的扩散系数。结合图4表1可知,呋喃分子在油-纸界面处的扩散系数介于在绝缘纸与植物油中的扩散系数之间。其中,在油中的扩散系数最大,扩散能力最强;在纸中的扩散系数最小,扩散能力最弱。
通过分析呋喃分子在不同温度下的扩散系数虽然可以判断温度对其扩散行为的影响,但难以区分呋喃分子是否由绝缘纸扩散至植物油中。通过Perl脚本编程,计算了500 ps的NVT动力学过程中呋喃分子在油-纸界面模型中的质心轨迹,进而判断呋喃分子在不同温度下由纸向油中的扩散能力。全部呋喃分子在4种温度下的质心轨迹如图6所示,其中小球代表呋喃分子的质心轨迹,X轴、Y轴、Z轴分别代表呋喃分子在XYZ方向的运动范围,透明切面表示油纸界面所在位置,上层代表绝缘纸层,下层代表植物油层。
图6可以看出,随着温度的升高,呋喃分子的运动范围逐渐增大,扩散能力增强,验证了上文中关于呋喃分子扩散系数随温度的变化关系。然而,在所有温度下,全部呋喃分子的整体质心轨迹并未跨越绝缘纸层所在空间,表明在4种温度下进行的500 ps的动力学过程中,大多数呋喃分子仍被限制在绝缘纸层,并未扩散到植物油中。但是随着温度的升高,全部呋喃分子的整体质心轨迹逐步向油-纸界面处迁移,证明呋喃分子随着温度的上升,呈从绝缘纸扩散到植物油中的趋势。为了进一步验证上述判断,本文对单个呋喃分子在不同温度下的质心轨迹进行了研究。
通过逐一查验油-纸绝缘中呋喃分子在4个温度下的动力学轨迹文件,发现在300 K与500 K温度下,几乎没有呋喃分子由绝缘纸扩散到植物油中,呋喃分子的运动轨迹集中在绝缘纸内部或油-纸界面附近;然而当温度达到750 K和1 000 K时,部分呋喃分子从绝缘纸扩散到植物油中,表明在500 K和750 K之间存在某一温度阈值或阈值区间,达到呋喃分子从纸扩散到油中的临界温度,突破了呋喃分子与油-纸界面之间的能量束缚,进而使部分油-纸界面附近的呋喃分子扩散到植物油中。
为了可视化这一扩散过程,本研究绘制了750 K和1 000 K下呋喃分子穿过油-纸界面扩散至植物油中的质心轨迹,如图7所示。其中,小球代表某一呋喃分子的质心轨迹,在Z=27 Å处的半透明平面表示绝缘纸与植物油之间的界面区域。
为了定量研究不同温度下呋喃分子在油-纸界面附近的分布情况,本研究计算了动力学模拟前后油-纸绝缘中呋喃分子在4种温度下沿Z轴(油-纸界面法向方向)的相对分子浓度,如图8所示,其中阴影区域表示油-纸界面区域。从图8可以看出,随着温度的升高,模拟后的呋喃分子分布越发向植物油的方向靠近。在300 K和500 K时,植物油层中基本没有呋喃分子分布,但500 K时呋喃分子在界面附近的分布范围比在300 K时更宽,相对分子浓度峰值也比300 K时更高,表明在500 K时有更多的呋喃分子扩散到界面附近,但并未跨越油-纸绝缘界面。而在750 K和1 000 K温度下,植物油层中均可发现呋喃分子的分布,且在1 000 K时,呋喃分子在油中的分布范围更广,数量更多,且更为均匀。这验证了前文不同温度下的动力学轨迹,以及2.2节中提到的在500~750 K存在临界温度或温度区间,使呋喃分子从纤维素层扩散至植物油层的推论。上述模拟结果从分子层面解释了实验中可以通过检测油中呋喃分子的含量来判断油浸式变压器是否发生中高温故障,进而监测变压器的运行状态。
为了分析扩散系数与相对分子浓度在不同温度下产生差异的物理机理,本研究对油-纸界面模型中各分子间的氢键数目和呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间的相互作用能进行了计算。
氢键是一种特殊的相互作用,不同于化学键和范德华力,它是氢原子与强电负性原子或原子基团之间形成的一种非键力,它的强度介于共价键和范德华力之间[29]。体系中氢键的数目与扩散系数的大小密切相关。一般情况下,氢键数目越多,分子间的束缚能力越强,目标分子的扩散能力越弱,扩散系数越小。
在本研究的油-纸界面模型与呋喃分子的共混体系中,根据氢键的定义以及油、纸组分分子的结构特征,理论上可以形成4种类型的氢键:①呋喃分子中的氧原子与油-纸体系中的氢原子,或其与其他呋喃分子中氢原子形成的氢键;②呋喃分子中的氢原子与绝缘纸组分分子(纤维素)中的强极性基团(羟基和醚基)或植物油分子中的强极性基团(羰基和醚基)形成的氢键;③绝缘纸组分分子(纤维素)中的强极性基团与植物油分子中的氢原子,或其与其他纤维素分子中氢原子之间形成的氢键;④植物油组分分子中的强极性基团与纤维素分子或其他植物油分子中氢原子形成的氢键。前两种是呋喃分子与油-纸体系组分分子之间形成的氢键,后两种为油-纸组分分子之间形成的氢键。
本研究采用几何判定法计算氢键是否形成,即当氢原子与来自电负性基团的氧原子之间的夹角大于100°,且这两个原子之间的距离小于等于0.25 nm时,便判定二者之间形成了氢键[30]。基于该算法,通过Perl脚本编程,分别计算了不同温度下动力学轨迹中氢键数目的统计平均值,结果如表3所示。
表3可以看出,相比于植物油-绝缘纸模型中的总氢键数目和纤维素间的氢键数目,植物油之间的氢键数目几乎为0。因此可以认为纤维素之间的氢键数目,以及纤维素对呋喃分子的束缚作用是影响呋喃分子扩散的主要原因,而植物油之间的氢键对呋喃分子的扩散几乎无影响。通过分析不同温度下纤维素分子与呋喃分子之间的氢键数目可以看出,随着温度的升高,纤维素分子与呋喃分子之间的氢键数目逐渐减少,由300 K时的2.96个减少至1 000 K时的2.23个,导致纤维素分子对呋喃分子的束缚能力降低,使其扩散能力增强。
呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间的相互作用能可以从能量的角度解释纤维素分子对呋喃分子扩散的限制程度,其值的正负分别表示呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间的相互作用为斥力和引力,其绝对值的大小表示呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间相互作用的强度。纤维素分子和呋喃分子之间的相互作用能可通过式(3)计算。
Eint=ETotal-Ec+Ef
式(3)中:Eint是呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间的相互作用能;ETotal是呋喃分子与纤维素分子组合模型的总势能;Ec是纤维素分子的势能;Ef是呋喃分子的势能。
通过Perl脚本计算动力学轨迹中每一帧纤维素分子与呋喃分子之间的相互作用能,其平均值如表4所示。从表4可以看出,当温度一定时,纤维素分子与呋喃分子之间的相互作用能为负值,说明二者之间的相互作用为引力,且随着温度的升高,二者间相互作用能的绝对值逐渐减小。说明随着温度的升高,呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间的吸引力逐渐减弱,降低了纤维素分子对呋喃分子热运动的束缚能力,导致呋喃分子在较高温度下的扩散系数增大。
(1)随着温度的升高,油-纸体系中呋喃分子的扩散系数逐渐增大,扩散能力增强,且呋喃分子在植物油中的扩散系数最大,在油-纸界面处的扩散系数次之,在绝缘纸中的扩散系数最小。
(2)通过呋喃分子的质心轨迹研究,发现随着温度的升高,呋喃分子的运动范围逐渐增大,且在750 K以及1 000 K下,部分呋喃分子突破油-纸界面的限制,从绝缘纸中扩散至植物油中。
(3)对不同温度下呋喃分子相对分子浓度的对比分析,发现在300 K和500 K时,植物油层中基本没有呋喃分子,而在750 K和1 000 K下,油层中均可发现少量呋喃分子,在1 000 K下,分布范围更广,数量更多,且更为均匀,与结论(2)相互印证,表明在500~750 K存在某一临界温度或温度区间,使部分油-纸界面附近的呋喃分子可以突破油-纸界面的束缚,进而扩散到植物油中。
(4)以上现象均可通过体系中的氢键数目和呋喃分子与纤维素分子之间相互作用能的大小进行解释。随着温度的升高,呋喃分子的热运动更加剧烈,使得纤维素与呋喃分子间的氢键数目减少,相互作用能降低,减弱了纤维素分子对呋喃分子的束缚,使其扩散能力增强,进而突破油-纸界面的限制,从绝缘纸中进入到植物油中。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划面上项目(2021JM-450)
  • 国网山东省电力公司科技项目(52062623000G)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.017
  • 接收时间:2023-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-11
  • 修回日期:2023-06-03
基金
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划面上项目(2021JM-450)
国网山东省电力公司科技项目(52062623000G)
作者信息
    1国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250001
    2西安工程大学 电子信息学院, 陕西 西安 710049
    3西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

朱庆东(1987-),男(汉族),山东济南人,高级工程师,主要从事电气设备状态检修、状态评价与故障诊断,油纸绝缘中空间电荷测量等研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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