Article(id=1209927010055491721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670515200000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-09, revisedDate=1673020800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398678553, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398678553, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398678553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398678553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927008822366333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398678260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563829065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927010365870222, articleId=1209927010055491721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=DC breakdown characteristics of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil and mineral insulating oil, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the large-scale construction of UHV long-distance power transmission, vegetable insulating oil instead of mineral insulating oil may become the future development trend. In order to analyze the differences and reasons of DC breakdown characteristics of LDPE (low density Polyethylene) under different environments, the DC breakdown experiments of LDPE were conducted in vegetable insulating oil and mineral insulating oil, and the impacts of insulating oil discharge process on the breakdown of LDPE samples were analyzed through simulation. The results show that the electric strength of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil is significantly higher than that in mineral insulating oil. The surface flashover characteristics and breakdown points of the two insulating oils are also different. The field intensity generated by discharge of vegetable insulating oil is small, so the breakdown field of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil is higher. The difference of discharge process of insulating oil is also the reason for the difference of flashover characteristics and breakdown point.

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随着特高压远距离输电的大规模建设,植物绝缘油取代矿物绝缘油可能成为未来的发展趋势。为了分析不同环境下低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)在不同绝缘油中的直流击穿特性的差异及原因,分别在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中进行了LDPE的直流击穿实验,并通过仿真分析绝缘油放电过程对于LDPE试样击穿的影响。结果表明:LDPE在植物绝缘油中的电气强度明显高于在矿物绝缘油中的击穿强度;两种绝缘油中,试样的沿面闪络特性及击穿点位置也有不同。植物绝缘油放电产生的场强较小,因而植物绝缘油中的LDPE电气强度更高;绝缘油放电过程的差异也是沿面闪络特性及击穿点位置产生差异的原因。

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赵孝磊(1993-),男(汉族),黑龙江牡丹江人,博士,主要从事纳米绝缘材料的研究。
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张立彤(1998-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,硕士生,主要从事聚烯烃电介质直流击穿特性的研究。

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张立彤(1998-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,硕士生,主要从事聚烯烃电介质直流击穿特性的研究。

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张立彤(1998-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,硕士生,主要从事聚烯烃电介质直流击穿特性的研究。

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keyword=低密度聚乙烯), Keyword(id=1217475347415749277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=绝缘油)], refs=[Reference(id=1217475352557966132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=49, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=马人凤, 朱永华, 吴建东, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马人凤,朱永华,吴建东,等.超高压直流电缆的国产化研究进展[J].绝缘材料,2016,49(11):1-8., articleTitle=超高压直流电缆的国产化研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217475352646046517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=14, pageStart=5312, pageEnd=5326, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=李文艺, 王亚林, 尹毅, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, 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参数矿物油植物油
可被电离分子群的数量密度n01025 m-31025 m-3
分子距离a10-10 m10-10 m
有效电子质量m*3×10-10 m3×10-10 m
电离势参数Δγ

1.312×10-18 J

1.118×10-23

J⋅cm0.5⋅V0.5

1.008×10-18 J

1.118×10-23

J⋅cm0.5⋅V0.5

离子-离子和

离子-电子复合率

1.64×10-17 m3⋅S-11.64×10-17 m3⋅S-1
离子迁移速度1.7×10-9 m2⋅V-1⋅S-13.6×10-9 m2⋅V-1⋅S-1
电子迁移速度μe10-4 m2⋅V-1⋅S-110-4 m2⋅V-1⋅S-1
电子吸附时间τa200 ns200 ns
元电荷电量e1.602×10-19C1.602×10-19C
普朗克常数h6.626 028×10-34m2⋅kg⋅s-16.626 028×10-34m2⋅kg⋅s-1
相对介电常数εr2.23.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217475351756854044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种绝缘油参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数矿物油植物油
可被电离分子群的数量密度n01025 m-31025 m-3
分子距离a10-10 m10-10 m
有效电子质量m*3×10-10 m3×10-10 m
电离势参数Δγ

1.312×10-18 J

1.118×10-23

J⋅cm0.5⋅V0.5

1.008×10-18 J

1.118×10-23

J⋅cm0.5⋅V0.5

离子-离子和

离子-电子复合率

1.64×10-17 m3⋅S-11.64×10-17 m3⋅S-1
离子迁移速度1.7×10-9 m2⋅V-1⋅S-13.6×10-9 m2⋅V-1⋅S-1
电子迁移速度μe10-4 m2⋅V-1⋅S-110-4 m2⋅V-1⋅S-1
电子吸附时间τa200 ns200 ns
元电荷电量e1.602×10-19C1.602×10-19C
普朗克常数h6.626 028×10-34m2⋅kg⋅s-16.626 028×10-34m2⋅kg⋅s-1
相对介电常数εr2.23.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217475351861711645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Electric strength of insulating oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
间距/mm电气强度/(kV/mm)
矿物油植物油
50831867
1001 2151 203
1251 1931 221
1501 3461 256
), ArticleFig(id=1217475351953986337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

绝缘油电气强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
间距/mm电气强度/(kV/mm)
矿物油植物油
50831867
1001 2151 203
1251 1931 221
1501 3461 256
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352050455332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Flashover occurrences in the two insulation oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油实验次数闪络次数
矿物油123
植物油120
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352163701543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927010055491721, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种绝缘油的沿面闪络次数

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绝缘油实验次数闪络次数
矿物油123
植物油120
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LDPE在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中的直流击穿特性研究
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张立彤 , 赵孝磊 , 胡明涛 , 尹毅 , 赵刚
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(2): 92-99
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(2): 92-99
LDPE在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中的直流击穿特性研究
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张立彤, 赵孝磊, 胡明涛, 尹毅, 赵刚
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 电子信息与电气工程学院,上海 200240
  • 张立彤(1998-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,硕士生,主要从事聚烯烃电介质直流击穿特性的研究。

通讯作者:

赵孝磊(1993-),男(汉族),黑龙江牡丹江人,博士,主要从事纳米绝缘材料的研究。
DC breakdown characteristics of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil and mineral insulating oil
Litong ZHANG, Xiaolei ZHAO, Mingtao HU, Yi YIN, Gang ZHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.013
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随着特高压远距离输电的大规模建设,植物绝缘油取代矿物绝缘油可能成为未来的发展趋势。为了分析不同环境下低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)在不同绝缘油中的直流击穿特性的差异及原因,分别在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中进行了LDPE的直流击穿实验,并通过仿真分析绝缘油放电过程对于LDPE试样击穿的影响。结果表明:LDPE在植物绝缘油中的电气强度明显高于在矿物绝缘油中的击穿强度;两种绝缘油中,试样的沿面闪络特性及击穿点位置也有不同。植物绝缘油放电产生的场强较小,因而植物绝缘油中的LDPE电气强度更高;绝缘油放电过程的差异也是沿面闪络特性及击穿点位置产生差异的原因。

直流击穿  /  放电过程  /  低密度聚乙烯  /  绝缘油

With the large-scale construction of UHV long-distance power transmission, vegetable insulating oil instead of mineral insulating oil may become the future development trend. In order to analyze the differences and reasons of DC breakdown characteristics of LDPE (low density Polyethylene) under different environments, the DC breakdown experiments of LDPE were conducted in vegetable insulating oil and mineral insulating oil, and the impacts of insulating oil discharge process on the breakdown of LDPE samples were analyzed through simulation. The results show that the electric strength of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil is significantly higher than that in mineral insulating oil. The surface flashover characteristics and breakdown points of the two insulating oils are also different. The field intensity generated by discharge of vegetable insulating oil is small, so the breakdown field of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil is higher. The difference of discharge process of insulating oil is also the reason for the difference of flashover characteristics and breakdown point.

DC breakdown  /  discharge process  /  LDPE  /  insulating oil
张立彤, 赵孝磊, 胡明涛, 尹毅, 赵刚. LDPE在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中的直流击穿特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (2) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.013
Litong ZHANG, Xiaolei ZHAO, Mingtao HU, Yi YIN, Gang ZHAO. DC breakdown characteristics of LDPE in vegetable insulating oil and mineral insulating oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (2) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.013
近年来,我国经济快速发展,对电能的需求逐渐增加,大功率及全控型电力电子器件快速发展,超高压远距离直流输电工程和各类短距离柔性直流输电工程的建设规模不断增加[1],与此同时,电力电子设备及电子器件也朝着集成化、小型化的方向发展[2],这对电介质材料的绝缘特性提出了更高要求。聚烯烃电介质材料因其良好的绝缘和易加工特性,在电力电子设备中得到了广泛应用。直流击穿强度是评价聚烯烃电介质绝缘特性的主要参数之一,对聚烯烃电介质的直流击穿特性进行相关试验研究具有一定的实际意义[3]
此外,社会对电网安全及环境保护的意识逐渐增强,使得电网正在向更加环保、高效的方向转型[4]。植物绝缘油是一种具有高燃点、低毒性且可再生的环保型液体绝缘介质,其理化性能与电气性能已达到变压器用绝缘油标准的要求,且其多项理化特性(电场分布均匀、局部放电少、闪点高等)均优于当前广泛应用的矿物绝缘油。
目前国内外学者关于植物绝缘油放电特性的研究已有一定的成果,对矿物绝缘油和植物绝缘油的击穿特性、放电过程及放电机理的差异进行了研究,并给出了相应的解释。研究普遍认为在非均匀电场、长间隙的条件下,植物绝缘油的击穿电压低于矿物绝缘油,而且植物绝缘油放电更剧烈,放电起始电压更低,流注发展更快,这是由于两种绝缘油的理化性质不同[5-6]。关于流注放电机理方面的研究亦十分匮乏,主要包含电子发射理论和场电离理论。
目前关于植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中聚合物直流击穿特性差异的试验研究还十分有限,特别是植物绝缘油中聚合物击穿特性的研究更加匮乏,研究不同绝缘油对聚合物直流击穿特性的影响,对于植物绝缘油自身的发展和取代矿物绝缘油成为更加高效、更加环保的绝缘用油具有推动作用。
本文分别在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)进行正极性的直流击穿实验,仿真分析两种绝缘油中试样击穿强度差异的原因,并对两种绝缘油中试样沿面闪络特性和击穿点位置的差异作出解释,希望对深入理解聚烯烃材料的击穿过程、影响因素及植物绝缘油的发展提供参考。
实验使用的LDPE样品型号为Q/3201-BYC-01。首先将颗粒状原材料在80℃下真空(100 Pa)脱气24 h,然后将样品放入模具中并在120℃、20 MPa的条件下进行热压,最后在机械压力下自然冷却至室温。通过以上步骤,得到厚度约为120 μm的片状试样用于后续的直流击穿实验。实验前,所有试样均在50℃下真空(100 Pa)脱气12 h,以消除机械应力。
直流击穿实验装置如图1所示,球-球电极采用直径为20 mm的铜球,电极系统及试样置于绝缘油中。采用GB/T 1408—2006推荐的快速升压法进行正极性直流击穿实验[7-8],升压速率取1 kV/s,分别在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中进行直流击穿实验。由于击穿电压具有较大的分散性,在每种绝缘油中至少对两片试样进行20次有效击穿,根据实验所得击穿电压与击穿点的实际厚度计算击穿强度。实验中采用鑫德FR3大豆绝缘油和变压器用昆仑25#矿物绝缘油,每次实验前对油进行过滤处理,实验结束后进行密封保存。
在进行直流击穿实验的同时,记录沿油-试样界面放电即沿面闪络发生次数和击穿点位置。沿面闪络多发生在试样边缘位置,因此在试样边缘处施加电压时,有可能发生沿面闪络。试样击穿时记录击穿数据,在油-试样界面沿面闪络时记录闪络次数。每次击穿后,记录击穿点的位置,以区分击穿点是在电极接触区还是非接触区。其中,球电极与试样接触的区域(半径约为1.5 mm的圆形区域)称为接触区,接触区以外为非接触区。
本研究中建立球-试样-球二维轴对称流体模型,如图2所示,运用有限元法对粒子的对流扩散和泊松方程进行计算求解。根据已有的液体电解质中放电过程的流体模型,研究两种绝缘油的放电过程对LDPE试样击穿过程的影响。
描述液体电介质中放电过程的流体模型源于MORROW和LOWKE提出的模型[9],其控制方程组主要由带电粒子、中性粒子的对流与扩散方程以及电场的泊松方程组成,如式(1)~(5)所示。
ρpt+(ρpμpE)=G1(E)+ρpμpRpee+ρnμnRpne
ρnt-(ρnμnE)=ρeτa-ρpρnRpne
ρet-(ρeμeE)=-G1(E)-ρeτa-ρpρeRpee
(εE)=ρp+ρn+ρe
E=-ϕ
式(1)~(5)中:ρpρnρe分别为正离子、负离子和电子的密度;μpμnμe分别为正离子、负离子和电子的迁移速度;t代表时间;G1(|E|)表示电荷密度产生率的源项;ε=ε0εr,其中ε0为真空介电常数,εr为相对介电常数;e是电子的电量;φ为电势;E为电场强度;Rpe、Rpn分别表示正离子与电子的复合率、正离子与负离子的复合率;τa为电子吸附时间。
流体运动扩散方程通过正、负离子和电子的连续方程来解释电荷产生、复合和俘获的过程。结合电场的泊松方程,可以进一步计算不同粒子的分布状态等重要信息。考虑到液体电解质的高密度和电子的平均自由程短等因素,一般认为场电离是油中带电粒子产生的主要机制。场电离是绝缘油分子在高场强下直接电离为正离子和电子的过程。本文中带电粒子的源项如式(6)所示。
G1(E)=e2n0aEhexp-π2m*aΔ2eh2E
式(6)中:h为普朗克常数;a为分子距离;m*为有效电子质量;n0为可被电离分子群的数量密度;Δ为液体介质的电离能。
在实验中,两种油中LDPE试样的击穿电压集中在30~60 kV,厚度为120 μm。因此,在模拟中,设置试样厚度为120 μm,电压为20 kV,以验证击穿前两种绝缘油放电所带来的差异。两种绝缘油的具体参数如表1所示,正极性冲击电压下植物绝缘油与矿物绝缘油的击穿特性如表2所示。
绝缘油中击穿的LDPE试样如图3所示。从图3可以看出,击穿点位置均匀排布。电气强度与绝缘材料本身的结构、性质密切相关,此外还受到环境因素及电压施加方式的影响,因此,电气强度受到多个不确定因素的制约,多数条件下作为一个统计量进行处理。将片状试样的不同位置击穿后,会得到一组有一定差异的实验数据,且表现出一定的统计分布特性[10]。Weibull分布是处理击穿数据的常用方法[9],两参数Weibull分布表达式如式(7)所示。
p=1-exp(-(EE0)β)
式(7)中:p为击穿概率;E为试样的电气强度;β为形状参数;E0为试样特征电气强度,其值等于击穿概率p为63.2%时的电气强度。
依据Weibull分布,对两种绝缘油中LDPE试样的电气强度数据进行拟合,如图4所示。拟合直线与电气概率为63.2%的虚线的交点即为对应的特征电气强度E0β为形状参数,其值越大,表示数据越集中。从图4可以看出,矿物绝缘油中E0为453.46 kV/mm,β为26.03;植物绝缘油中E0为508.11 kV/mm,β为30.53。植物绝缘油中LDPE的电气强度明显高于矿物绝缘油中的电气强度,且数据更集中。
在两种绝缘油中进行LDPE直流击穿实验的同时,发现试样在两种绝缘油中表现出不同的沿面闪络特性。在施加电压点与试样边缘距离相同时,在植物绝缘油中的试样可以正常击穿,而在矿物绝缘油中的试样则有可能出现沿面闪络现象,如图5所示。
在一组实验中,控制施加电压点与试样边缘距离为2 cm,对两种绝缘油中试样发生沿面闪络的次数进行了统计,结果如表3所示。
表3可以看出,在施加电压点与试样边缘相同的情况下,矿物绝缘油中更易发生沿面闪络。
两种绝缘油中试样击穿点分布示意图如图6所示。从图6可以看出,LDPE在植物绝缘油中的击穿点位置相对更加集中,80%发生在球电极与试样接触位置,20%发生在球电极周围;而矿物绝缘油中的击穿点位置相对分散,80%发生在球电极周围,20%发生在电极与试样接触位置。两者表现出较大的差距,有待进一步探讨。
目前研究普遍认为,击穿是在高电场强度下,空间电荷不断注入引起聚合物内部场强严重畸变而发生的现象,而在不同外界环境影响的条件下,同一聚合物会出现直流电气强度不同的情况[11-12],此时应着重考虑外在因素对于击穿特性的影响,因此试样内部空间电荷注入并非上述差异的原因,不做论述。本文主要探讨两种绝缘油放电对于LDPE试样击穿特性的影响。
在进行直流击穿实验时,同时伴随着沿面闪络的发生,而研究绝缘油放电过程的差异恰好能解释两种绝缘油中沿面闪络差异的现象,故将沿面闪络同直流电气强度、击穿点位置一同讨论。
图7是两种绝缘油中电极附近的电场强度分布。从图7可以看出,矿物绝缘油放电产生的场强远高于植物绝缘油放电所产生的场强。这是由于两种绝缘油的组成不同,植物绝缘油中大部分为低电离势分子,较为容易发生电离;而矿物绝缘油中大部分为高电离势分子,需要更高的电压才能发生电离[13-16]。因此,维持两种绝缘油放电发展的场强也有所不同,维持植物绝缘油放电发展所需的场强较低,而维持矿物绝缘油放电发展所需的场强则较高。在施加同样电压的条件下,矿物绝缘油中LDPE试样不需要更高的电压就可以发生击穿,而植物绝缘油中LDPE试样的击穿则需要施加更高的电压。
图8是选定电场线上的空间电荷密度示意图。从图8可以看出,矿物绝缘油中所选电场线末端即试样表面处的电场强度远高于植物绝缘油中试样表面电场强度,进一步证明了上述分析。
图9是某条电场线上不同放电时间下的空间电荷密度。从图9可以看出,植物绝缘油中电场线上的空间电荷密度比矿物绝缘油中的高出2~3个数量级,表现出很大的差距,说明相同电压条件下,植物绝缘油更易电离,与上述论述相符。一般而言,空间电荷密度最大处应为流注的波头,结合图8图9分析,矿物绝缘油中电场强度最大处和空间电荷密度最大处为同一位置,植物油中电场强度最大处在电荷密度最大处之后,因此矿物绝缘油流注波头处即为最大场强处,而植物绝缘油中最大场强处在波头后方,这是电场线上两种绝缘油的空间电荷密度的差异较大导致的[17-19]。植物绝缘油更易电离,会产生更多的空间电荷,在相同位置、相同背景场强下植物绝缘油中的空间电荷引起的畸变电场更大,对于波头后方位置的电场强度增强作用更加明显。同样,植物绝缘油中空间电荷引起的畸变电场会进一步促进其电离,产生更多的空间电荷,形成一个正反馈,如图10所示(E1为电极产生的场强,Esum为电极加电离的正电荷产生的场强)。
影响沿面闪络的因素主要有两个:沿着试样表面的电场强度(即切向场强)和空间电荷的极性、密度[19-20]。切向场强越大越易发生沿面闪络;与电极同极性的空间电荷对沿面闪络起抑制作用,而且密度越大抑制作用越强,具体可以从电场的角度来解释[19-20]。同极性电荷对电场分布影响的示意图如图11所示,其中E1为电极产生的场强,EQ为正电荷产生的场强。
本实验中采用的电极系统,其电极附近的电场分布及正、负电荷迁移示意图如图12所示。以施加正极性电压的电极和同极性空间电荷为例,空间电荷产生的电场方向和电极本身的电场方向相反,起到削弱电极产生电场的作用,进而抑制沿面闪络。空间电荷密度越大,其产生的电场强度越大,抑制作用也就越强。
绝缘油分子在高压下电离成正离子和负离子,施加正极性电压时,负离子向正电极运动最后在电极表面消失,正离子会在试样表面堆积而形成空间电荷。此时,电极附近的场强分布如图13所示,结合图9分析可知,两种绝缘油中电场分布也与图12中描述相类似。试样表面堆积的正极性空间电荷会对沿面闪络起到一定的抑制作用。两种绝缘油中试样表面累积的空间电荷密度如图14所示。从图14可以看出,植物绝缘油中试样表面堆积了更多的同极性空间电荷,这对沿面闪络的抑制作用更强,与实验结果相符。
影响沿面闪络的另一个因素为切向场强。两种绝缘油中沿着试样表面的切向场强如图15所示。从图15可以看出,在电极与试样接触区以外的一定区域内,矿物绝缘油中切向场强明显高于植物绝缘油中的切向场强[21-23]。如前所述,矿物绝缘油放电产生更大的场强,因此影响沿面闪络的切向场强也会更大。从切向场强的角度也可解释矿物绝缘油中试样更易出现沿面闪络的现象。
综上所述,植物绝缘油中试样表面堆积更多的同极性电荷,对沿面闪络的抑制作用更明显;同样,植物绝缘油中试样表面切向场强更小,不易出现沿面闪络。从影响沿面闪络的两个因素分析,都可以得出植物绝缘油中更不易出现沿面闪络的结论,与实验结果相符。
当电场强度达到聚合物能够承受的极限场强时,就会发生击穿。在本实验采用的电极系统中,主要是由试样表面电场强度的垂直分量导致LDPE试样击穿。两种绝缘油中试样表面的电场强度垂直分量如图16所示。
图16可以看出,在电极与试样接触区以外一定区域内,矿物绝缘油中试样表面电场强度垂直分量高于接触区,因此矿物绝缘油中击穿发生在接触区以外一定区域内的概率更大;而植物绝缘油中,电极与试样接触区的电场强度高于接触区以外的区域,因此植物绝缘油中击穿发生在接触区的概率更大。从图16还可以看出,矿物绝缘油中电场强度垂直分量比植物绝缘油中的高,进一步印证了前文所述的在矿物绝缘中LDPE试样的电气强度更低的实验结果。
本文分别在植物绝缘油和矿物绝缘油中进行了LDPE试样的直流击穿实验,并通过仿真分析绝缘油放电过程对LDPE试样击穿的影响,主要得到以下结论:
(1)维持植物绝缘油放电的电场强度较低,且植物绝缘油中电极和试样接触区的电场强度高于其他区域,从而导致了植物绝缘油中LDPE试样的直流击穿场强较高,且击穿点位置更加集中。
(2)相比矿物绝缘油,植物绝缘油更易发生电离,产生更多的同极性电荷,对于沿面闪络的抑制作用更强,加之植物绝缘油中试样表面切向场强更小,所以植物绝缘油中不易出现沿面闪络。
(3)电离势低的绝缘油对于聚合物击穿特性的影响更小,能够提高聚合物的击穿场强,且能更好地抑制沿面闪络。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107019)
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2024年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.013
  • 接收时间:2022-12-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-09
  • 修回日期:2023-01-07
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107019)
作者信息
    上海交通大学 电子信息与电气工程学院,上海 200240

通讯作者:

赵孝磊(1993-),男(汉族),黑龙江牡丹江人,博士,主要从事纳米绝缘材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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