Article(id=1209927009979994247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676390400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-15, revisedDate=1678204800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398678535, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398678535, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398678535, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398678535, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927008822366333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398678260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563829065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927010290372748, articleId=1209927009979994247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research and application progress of polyimide films in flexible solar cell devices, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the research status and future developing trends of polyimide (PI) film carrier materials for flexible solar cells was reviewed. The basic structure of flexible solar cells, the property requirements of substrate materials and the research and application status of PI flexible substrate were introduced. Emphatically, the research and application progress of high temperature resistant PI films for the substrate-types flexible solar cells and the colorless and transparent PI films for the superstrate-types flexible solar cells were reviewed. At last, the future developing trends of PI film substrate materials for advanced flexible solar cells were prospected.

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本文综述了柔性太阳能电池器件用聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜衬底材料的研究现状及未来发展趋势。首先从柔性电池器件的基本构造以及对衬底材料的性能需求和相应PI柔性衬底的研究与应用状况等角度进行了阐述。然后重点综述了应用于基板型柔性太阳能电池的耐高温PI薄膜以及应用于覆板型柔性太阳能电池的无色透明PI薄膜的研究与应用进展。最后对先进柔性太阳能电池用PI薄膜衬底材料的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事功能性聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究工作。
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何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

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何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

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何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

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Solar RRL,2020,4(8):1900556., articleTitle=Progress of high-throughput and low-cost flexible perovskite solar cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217475349605176053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=56, issue=2, pageStart=54, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=任茜, 王学伟, 李霄, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任茜,王学伟,李霄,等.无色透明聚酰亚胺-二氧化硅纳米复合薄膜的制备与性能[J].绝缘材料,2023,56(2):54-62., articleTitle=无色透明聚酰亚胺-二氧化硅纳米复合薄膜的制备与性能, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217475342999147000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, awardId=JSGG20210629144539012, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217475335965298970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475335969493275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, companyId=1217475335965298970, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475335977881884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, companyId=1217475335965298970, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京大学 材料科学与工程学院 教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217475336070156575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475336078545185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, companyId=1217475336070156575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475336082739490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, companyId=1217475336070156575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国地质 大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217475340532896191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Application history of flexible substrate materials for solar cells, figureFileSmall=QePqNFvBCDds+2dFBYDqVg==, figureFileBig=2B+Gk1El1FCdNdQ/NAbulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475340625170883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=CN, label=图1, caption=太阳能电池柔性衬底材料的应用历史, figureFileSmall=QePqNFvBCDds+2dFBYDqVg==, figureFileBig=2B+Gk1El1FCdNdQ/NAbulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475340725834188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison on properties of different types of flexible substrates, figureFileSmall=L3lv5w0tEiFxkKs3dwuDEQ==, figureFileBig=rAc7bVGMRjlQC1QLRrhkMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475340813914577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同类型柔性衬底的性能对比, figureFileSmall=L3lv5w0tEiFxkKs3dwuDEQ==, figureFileBig=rAc7bVGMRjlQC1QLRrhkMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475340872634839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison on efficiency of flexible CIGS solar cells prepared by various flexible substrates, figureFileSmall=/iFBifFzvJZOxqIsmwCUOg==, figureFileBig=obd+my7I4DHWnlCEeGZnag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475341006852571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各种柔性衬底制备的柔性CIGS太阳能电池的效率对比, figureFileSmall=/iFBifFzvJZOxqIsmwCUOg==, figureFileBig=obd+my7I4DHWnlCEeGZnag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475341107515871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Performance characteristics of different substrates for flexible solar cells, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
衬底类型优势劣势
高分子薄膜可折叠、可卷曲;透明性良好;适用于卷对卷(R2R)工艺,成本低;轻质。高温下的尺寸稳定性差;水汽、氧气渗透率高;化学稳定性差;耐温等级低。
陶瓷透明性优异;低水、氧透过率。质脆、易碎;制造成本高。
金属工艺温度高;化学稳定性优良;低水、氧透过率;尺寸稳定性优异;成本低。透光率差,只能应用于基板型太阳电池;表面粗糙;Fe、Ni、Cr等有害物质扩散;密度高。
), ArticleFig(id=1217475341203984866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柔性太阳电池用不同类型衬底的性能特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
衬底类型优势劣势
高分子薄膜可折叠、可卷曲;透明性良好;适用于卷对卷(R2R)工艺,成本低;轻质。高温下的尺寸稳定性差;水汽、氧气渗透率高;化学稳定性差;耐温等级低。
陶瓷透明性优异;低水、氧透过率。质脆、易碎;制造成本高。
金属工艺温度高;化学稳定性优良;低水、氧透过率;尺寸稳定性优异;成本低。透光率差,只能应用于基板型太阳电池;表面粗糙;Fe、Ni、Cr等有害物质扩散;密度高。
), ArticleFig(id=1217475341296259559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Property comparison of PI and polyester films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜类型PI(Kapton® HN)PI(Upilex® S)PETPEN
玻璃化转变温度/℃40275120
连续使用温度/℃240290105180
热膨胀系数/(×10-6 K-1)20.012.022.519.0
拉伸强度(25℃)/MPa231520207276
拉伸模量(25℃)/GPa2.59.13.85.9
断裂伸长率/%724211670
介电常数(1kHz)3.53.53.22.9
燃烧特性(UL94)VTM-0VTM-0VTM-2VTM-2
极限氧指数(LOI)/%37662332
热收缩率(200℃/30 min)/%0.10.14.01.0
透光率(波长为450 nm,厚度为50 μm)/%<30<209082
折射率(波长为589 nm)1.701.661.76
吸湿率/%2.81.40.50.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217475341367562729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PI薄膜与聚酯薄膜的典型性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
薄膜类型PI(Kapton® HN)PI(Upilex® S)PETPEN
玻璃化转变温度/℃40275120
连续使用温度/℃240290105180
热膨胀系数/(×10-6 K-1)20.012.022.519.0
拉伸强度(25℃)/MPa231520207276
拉伸模量(25℃)/GPa2.59.13.85.9
断裂伸长率/%724211670
介电常数(1kHz)3.53.53.22.9
燃烧特性(UL94)VTM-0VTM-0VTM-2VTM-2
极限氧指数(LOI)/%37662332
热收缩率(200℃/30 min)/%0.10.14.01.0
透光率(波长为450 nm,厚度为50 μm)/%<30<209082
折射率(波长为589 nm)1.701.661.76
吸湿率/%2.81.40.50.4
), ArticleFig(id=1217475341447254508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Properties comparison of CPI and other flexible substrates, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料工作温度/℃成本

转化效率记录/%

(柔性钙钛矿电池)

PET12018.53
PEN15519.38
CPI30015.50
柔性玻璃70018.10
), ArticleFig(id=1217475341568889328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009979994247, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CPI与其他柔性衬底材料的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料工作温度/℃成本

转化效率记录/%

(柔性钙钛矿电池)

PET12018.53
PEN15519.38
CPI30015.50
柔性玻璃70018.10
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聚酰亚胺薄膜在柔性太阳能电池器件中的研究与应用进展
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何志斌 1 , 任茜 2 , 职欣心 2 , 张燕 2 , 于海峰 1 , 刘金刚 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(2): 10-18
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(2): 10-18
聚酰亚胺薄膜在柔性太阳能电池器件中的研究与应用进展
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何志斌1, 任茜2, 职欣心2, 张燕2, 于海峰1, 刘金刚2
作者信息
  • 1北京大学 材料科学与工程学院 教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871
  • 2中国地质 大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083
  • 何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

通讯作者:

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事功能性聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究工作。
Research and application progress of polyimide films in flexible solar cell devices
Zhibin HE1, Xi REN2, Xinxin ZHI2, Yan ZHANG2, Haifeng YU1, Jingang LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.002
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本文综述了柔性太阳能电池器件用聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜衬底材料的研究现状及未来发展趋势。首先从柔性电池器件的基本构造以及对衬底材料的性能需求和相应PI柔性衬底的研究与应用状况等角度进行了阐述。然后重点综述了应用于基板型柔性太阳能电池的耐高温PI薄膜以及应用于覆板型柔性太阳能电池的无色透明PI薄膜的研究与应用进展。最后对先进柔性太阳能电池用PI薄膜衬底材料的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

柔性太阳能电池  /  基板  /  覆板  /  聚酰亚胺  /  热性能  /  光学性能

In this paper, the research status and future developing trends of polyimide (PI) film carrier materials for flexible solar cells was reviewed. The basic structure of flexible solar cells, the property requirements of substrate materials and the research and application status of PI flexible substrate were introduced. Emphatically, the research and application progress of high temperature resistant PI films for the substrate-types flexible solar cells and the colorless and transparent PI films for the superstrate-types flexible solar cells were reviewed. At last, the future developing trends of PI film substrate materials for advanced flexible solar cells were prospected.

flexible solar cells  /  substrates  /  superstrates  /  polyimide (PI)  /  thermal properties  /  optical properties
何志斌, 任茜, 职欣心, 张燕, 于海峰, 刘金刚. 聚酰亚胺薄膜在柔性太阳能电池器件中的研究与应用进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (2) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.002
Zhibin HE, Xi REN, Xinxin ZHI, Yan ZHANG, Haifeng YU, Jingang LIU. Research and application progress of polyimide films in flexible solar cell devices[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (2) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.002
太阳能作为一类承载着人类能源供给最终希望的能量方式一直受到国内外科技界与工业界的广泛关注[1-3]。太阳能电池(solar cell)是太阳能转化为电能的载体,其性能优劣直接影响着太阳能利用的效率[4]。目前高效率与柔性化是太阳能电池两个最主要的发展方向[5-7]。高效率是太阳能电池发展永恒的话题,基础研究成果的不断突破使得太阳能电池的光电转化效率不断接近理论极限,实现大规模产业化应用的技术壁垒不断被攻克。而柔性化是太阳能电池真正实现产业化应用的一个必经途径,在某种意义上来说,太阳能电池只有实现柔性化才算是真正地走进了人类的日常生产生活中[8]
与传统的硬质硅基太阳能电池相比,柔性太阳能电池的优势主要体现在质量轻、力学性能优良、易于应用、易于批量化生产方面[9-10]。目前,制约柔性太阳能电池大规模应用的主要障碍是其光电转化效率较低。非晶硅(a-Si)、碲化镉(CdTe)、铜铟镓硒(CIGS)、钙钛矿太阳能电池等都采用叠层结构,而且按照衬底特性的不同理论上均可分为基板型(substrate)与覆板型(superstrate)两类设计结构。目前柔性CdTe太阳能电池主要采用的是覆板型结构,这主要是因为基板型结构一方面会增加电池的制造工序,另一方面受沉积硫化镉(CdS)或透明电极时的金属扩散现象的影响,基板型CdTe太阳能电池的光电转化效率较低[11]。目前,覆板型柔性CdTe太阳能电池的转化效率高达22.1%[9]。对于CIGS太阳能电池而言,基板型与覆板型结构均得到了广泛的研究。考虑到CIGS薄膜相对较高的生长温度(550~600℃),基板型结构应用更为广泛。对于a-Si和有机太阳能电池而言,由于Si基薄膜或有机薄膜的制备温度相对较低(<200℃),覆板型结构得到了更为广泛的研究。对于柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池而言,受钙钛矿薄膜制备温度的限制,基板型结构的研究更为充分。
基板型与覆板型柔性太阳能电池对衬底材料的性能需求既有相同的方面,也存在一定差异。LIANG X等[12]总结了柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池(FPSCs)对柔性衬底材料的5个性能要求,包括:①良好的光学性能。衬底材料应具有良好的光学透明性,以尽可能多地收集光信号;②高电导率。太阳能电池的光电特性,包括填充因子和光电流密度等均与衬底材料电荷传导层直接相关;③良好的水氧阻隔性。由于衬底容易受到氧气或水分的影响,大多数电子设备性能会因此显著下降。衬底材料应避免氧气和水分的渗透,以保持长期稳定的性能;④良好的化学稳定性。衬底材料应具有较好的化学稳定性,能够耐受制造过程中的众多化学物质,如气体或溶剂的侵蚀;⑤优异的力学性能。柔性衬底应能承受严重应力和应变下的变形,可在不失去原始功能的情况下有效释放应力。目前没有任何一种单一材料可满足柔性太阳能电池对衬底的性能要求。因此,目前柔性太阳能电池领域中一个重要的发展方向就是针对不同应用需求进行柔性衬底材料的研制与开发[13-14]。例如,对于柔性CdTe太阳能电池而言,研制开发无色透明耐高温型衬底材料具有重要的意义,而对于CIGS、钙钛矿等太阳能电池而言,尽可能提高衬底材料尤其是高分子薄膜衬底的耐高温性能则显得较为迫切[15]
目前可作为柔性太阳能电池衬底的材料主要包括金属材料、无机非金属材料(陶瓷、玻璃等)以及高分子薄膜材料。图1给出了上述材料在柔性太阳能电池领域中的应用历史[10]。从图1可以看出,金属材料从20世纪60年代以来就一直作为柔性太阳能电池的衬底材料,20世纪80年代以来聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)以及聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)等高分子薄膜材料开始应用于柔性太阳能电池。21世纪以来,超薄玻璃(UTG)在柔性太阳能电池中的应用也逐步得到了重视。
图2表1对比了柔性太阳能电池用不同类型衬底的性能特点[10]。从图2表1可以看出,高分子薄膜衬底材料在柔性太阳能电池领域中的应用前景最广阔。目前,制约高分子薄膜作为柔性太阳能电池衬底的主要问题,包括相对较低的耐温等级、高温尺寸稳定性以及水氧阻隔性等均在不断地通过结构与组成改性而得到弥补与完善。例如,针对基板型与覆板型柔性太阳能电池的应用需求,特种耐高温PI以及耐高温无色透明型PI(CPI)等柔性衬底材料相继被开发出来。
在各种高分子薄膜衬底材料中,目前得到广泛关注的材料包括PET、PEN、耐高温PI、透明PI(CPI)等品种。在常规高分子薄膜中,PI薄膜占据着材料金字塔的顶端,具有最高等级的耐热性和高温尺寸稳定性。优异的综合性能使得PI薄膜成为基板型柔性太阳能电池衬底的理想选择[16-17]。PET与PEN薄膜具有优异的光学性能以及较低的成本,但其耐热等级相对较低。而CPI薄膜一般兼具常规PI薄膜的耐热性和光学薄膜的透光率,因此在覆板型柔性太阳能电池中得到了广泛的关注。但目前CPI薄膜的耐温等级尚无法达到常规PI薄膜的水平,而且其高温尺寸稳定性也有待提高,这在一定程度上限制了CPI薄膜在柔性太阳能电池领域中的应用[18]。尽管如此,CPI薄膜凭借其优良的柔韧性和良好的综合性能仍然吸引着众多柔性太阳能电池研究者的关注。
近年来,随着便携式、可穿戴电子器件,如智能手表、生物传感器等的快速普及,针对轻质、柔性以及高效型能量源的研究与产业化步伐明显加快。柔性太阳能电池由于具有质轻、柔韧等特征,被认为是一类可满足上述应用需求的最具应用前景的能量供给装置。柔性衬底作为柔性太阳能电池器件的重要组成部分,无论是基础还是产业化研究方面近年来都取得了长足的进步。本文对近年来国内外在柔性太阳能电池器件衬底材料中最受关注的PI薄膜的研究与应用进展情况进行综述,重点对耐高温PI薄膜以及CPI薄膜等两类衬底材料的发展状况进行阐述。
各种柔性衬底制备的柔性CIGS太阳能电池的效率对比如图3所示,截至目前所有报道的柔性CIGS太阳能电池中,PI是能够实现柔性CIGS太阳能电池最高转换效率的一类衬底材料[19]
如前所述,普通型PI衬底材料的高温尺寸稳定性较低,将柔性太阳能电池的制造温度限制在450℃左右。目前只能一方面通过降低太阳能电池的制造温度[20],另一方面通过配方设计来进一步提高PI薄膜的耐温等级,从而获得更高转化效率的柔性太阳能电池。目前,采用PI柔性衬底的太阳能电池的功率转化效率(PCE)最高记录为20.4%,是瑞士联邦材料科学与技术研究所(EMPA) A CHIRILA等[21-22]采用氟化钠(NaF)和氟化钾(KF)进行低温三阶段沉积处理后获得的柔性CIGS太阳能电池,采用的PI柔性衬底材料是厚度为25 μm的Upilex®-S型薄膜。
耐高温PI薄膜一般指的是具有较高热分解温度(≥500℃)和优良高温尺寸稳定性、力学性能、介电性能以及耐环境稳定性的一类PI薄膜。这类PI薄膜往往表现出较深的颜色和较低的光学透明性,因此通常用作基板型柔性太阳能电池的衬底材料[23]。常见耐高温PI薄膜按照其二酐单元的不同可分为基于1,2,4,5-均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)的均苯型、基于3,3′,4,4′-联苯型四酸二酐(sBPDA)的联苯型和其他类型等[24]
表2对比了美国杜邦(DuPont)公司的均苯型商业化PI薄膜(Kapton® HN)、日本宇部(Ube)公司的均苯型商业化PI薄膜(Upilex®-S)与常规高分子聚酯薄膜PET(Mylar®)和PEN(Teonex®)的典型性能。从表2可以看出,PI薄膜在耐热性,包括玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、长期使用温度、热收缩率等方面,以及阻燃性,包括极限氧指数(LOI)、燃烧特性等方面均明显优于常规高分子聚酯薄膜,但在透光率、吸湿性等方面表现相对较差。目前在PI薄膜改性研究领域的热点课题也是围绕如何改善PI薄膜的透光性和吸湿性等而开展。
鉴于耐高温PI薄膜柔性衬底在柔性太阳能电池领域中的重要作用,国外十分重视这类材料的研制与开发,目前已有多代产品实现商业化。美国杜邦公司的柔性衬底材料已经发展到第三代产品,其中前两代产品分别是针对a-Si、低温CIGS应用的第一代PI薄膜Kapton® PV9100系列以及针对高温CIGS应用的第二代PI薄膜Kapton® PV9200系列[25]。K ZNAJDEK等[26]对比了Kapton® PV系列薄膜与其他几类柔性太阳能电池常用衬底材料的性能。在被评价的几类材料中,Kapton® PV薄膜在可见光区的透光率略低于Kapton® HN薄膜,与Upilex® S薄膜相当,远低于PET薄膜。同时,Kapton® PV薄膜的耐热性略低于Upilex® S薄膜,但优于Kapton® HN薄膜并远高于聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)薄膜。3种PI薄膜在500℃时的失重率为2%左右,而在600℃时的失重率达到了20%~30%。在各种薄膜中,Kapton® PV薄膜的透光率随着处理温度的变化相对最小。综合上述测试结果可以得出结论,Kapton® PV薄膜可在420~500℃下满足柔性基板型CdTe太阳能电池的应用需求。下面按照耐高温PI薄膜的结构分类对其在柔性太阳能电池领域中的基础与应用研究进展进行简要的综述。
目前在柔性太阳能电池衬底材料中应用最为广泛的均苯型PI薄膜是美国杜邦公司的Kapton®系列薄膜。M Z PAKHURDUDDIN等[27]针对可应用于柔性太阳能衬底材料的Kapton® 300HN(厚度为75 μm)薄膜进行了详细的性能评价。热重分析(TGA)结果显示,该薄膜的起始热分解温度约为500℃,最快热分解发生在600℃左右,而差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果显示,该薄膜在311℃左右出现玻璃化转变,同时在30~500℃测试范围内未出现熔融吸收峰。优良的耐热性有利于柔性电池制造过程中活性薄膜的结晶化以及高温下的缺陷消除。光学性能测试结果显示,该薄膜在可见光区的透光率低于70%,在近红外光区的透光率为75%~80%。可见光区较低的透光率使得光信号难以穿透基板而到达p-n结,进而产生光电流。因此这类薄膜衬底材料不适合覆板型柔性太阳能电池,但对于基板型太阳能电池而言,该薄膜是一种较为理想的选择。B M BASOL等[28]首次报道了基于Kapton® HN衬底的柔性轻质铜-铟-硒(CIS,热膨胀系数CTE为8.0×10-6 K-1)太阳能电池。他们成功在Kapton®薄膜衬底(厚度为50 μm,CTE为17×10-6 K-1)上于400℃下实现了Cu-In合金前驱体的蒸镀,并完成了其在氢气环境中的硒化。随后采用低温工艺沉积了CdS(厚度为0.15 μm)与透明导电ZnO膜层(厚度为2.0 μm),所得太阳能电池的转化效率达到9.3%。T S KIM等[29]采用Kapton®薄膜(厚度为12.5 μm)作为柔性衬底制备了超轻柔性InGaP/GaAs串联电池。
虽然Kapton®系列薄膜在柔性太阳能电池衬底材料中得到了一定的研究与应用,但其在CTE以及耐热性方面仍有待提高。相比之下,综合性能更为优异的联苯型PI薄膜在柔性太阳能电池中的应用得到了更为广泛的关注。
联苯型PI薄膜的典型代表是日本Ube公司商业化的Upilex®-S型薄膜,也是目前基板型柔性太阳能电池应用最广的衬底材料之一。A ROMEO等[30]报道了基于Upilex®-S(厚度约为10 μm)衬底材料的覆板型柔性CdTe太阳能电池,其转化效率达到11.4%。他们针对Upilex®-S型薄膜对可见光信号较强的吸收作用,分别采用厚度仅为10 μm的商业化Upilex®-S薄膜以及实验室制备的结构与其类似的薄膜(ETH薄膜)作为衬底制备了柔性CdTe电池。研究表明,厚度的减薄有效提高了薄膜的透光率,其在550 nm波长处的透光率超过了75%。量子效率及光学性能测试结果显示,衬底材料厚度的减小有利于获得更高的短路电流。他们还以Upilex®-S PI薄膜为衬底,采用剥离技术制备了基板型柔性CdTe太阳能电池,其转化效率达到了7.3%。Upilex®-S薄膜的表面处理对于提升柔性太阳能电池的转化效率也具有促进作用。E AYDIN等[31]采用Upilex®薄膜作为衬底制作了柔性CuInS2太阳能电池,研究发现,电晕处理可增强Mo膜背电极与PI衬底间的结合力,沉积在电晕处理的Upilex®薄膜的Mo电极方块电阻为0.8 Ω/sq,远低于未经表面处理的体系(3.7 Ω/sq)。他们认为,电晕处理使得Upilex®薄膜表面的酰亚胺环发生分解,生成羰基与酰胺键等活性基团,进而使得Upilex®薄膜表面由疏水性变成亲水性。亲水性表面使得Upilex®衬底与Mo膜间的粘附力显著提高,进而有效减少了Mo膜中的微裂纹以及电阻。
除了商业化联苯型PI薄膜以外,还有文献报道了基于sBPDA二酐单体的改性联苯型PI薄膜。MA P等[32]报道了含有刚性苯并咪唑结构单元的联苯型耐高温PI薄膜(PIPBI)。研究结果显示,苯并咪唑单元的引入显著提高了PI薄膜的耐热性、高温尺寸稳定性、耐湿性以及力学性能等。综合性能最优的PIPBI薄膜热分解温度(Td)为524℃,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)高达368 ℃,拉伸模量为6.8 GPa,CTE为16.8×10-6 K-1,吸湿率为1.42%。
可以预见,如果对耐高温PI薄膜的结构进行优化,进一步提高其热分解温度和高温尺寸稳定性以更好地适应柔性太阳能电池高温制造工序的应用需求,柔性太阳能电池的PCE值有望进一步得到提升。
CPI薄膜在400℃以上仍具有优良的热稳定性、柔韧性以及高透光率等特性,因此在柔性太阳能电池等柔性电子器件中显示出巨大的应用潜力。CPI是针对耐高温PI薄膜相对较差的光学性能而开发的一类特种PI薄膜,其在可见光区(波长为400~760 nm)具有较高透光率(≥85%)和较低颜色参数(黄度指数b*与雾度)[33]。为了满足柔性太阳能电池装配工艺的应用需求,CPI薄膜还要具有尽可能高的热稳定性、高温尺寸稳定性和耐环境(溶剂、紫外辐照等)稳定性。但由于赋予PI薄膜无色透明特性的改性手段往往以牺牲其固有耐热性能和耐环境稳定性为代价,要使CPI薄膜达到耐高温PI薄膜的耐热水平是一项具有较高技术难度的研究课题,这也是目前国际上CPI薄膜研究领域的热点课题之一。表3对比了CPI薄膜与其他透明高分子薄膜以及柔性玻璃衬底材料的性能[34]
近年来,美国杜邦公司针对柔性太阳能电池对耐高温透明CPI薄膜的应用需求,研制开发了无色Kapton®薄膜。无色Kapton®薄膜兼具PET光学薄膜的光学性能以及常规Kapton®薄膜的耐热性能,同时还具有良好的力学与电学性能,因此商业化以来在柔性太阳能电池领域得到了广泛关注。A SALAVEI等[35]对比了制作在柔性超薄玻璃(UTG)以及不同类型PI衬底上的柔性CdTe太阳能电池的性能。首先,他们对比了UTG、常规钠钙玻璃、无色Kapton®以及耐高温Upilex® S衬底材料的透光率以及透光率受老化条件的影响。常规条件下,4种衬底的紫外截止波长(λcutoff)由小到大依次为UTG、钠钙玻璃、无色Kapton®、Upilex® S,说明上述4种衬底的透光率依次减小。在380℃下老化30 min后,UTG与钠钙玻璃的透光率未发生显著变化,但无色Kapton®与Upilex® S薄膜的透光率显著降低。他们采用低温真空蒸镀工艺分别在上述4种衬底材料上制造了柔性CdTe太阳能电池。结果显示,4种柔性太阳能电池的PCE值由大到小依次为钠钙玻璃(PCE值为14.5%)、UTG(PCE值为12.2%)、无色Kapton®(PCE值为11.2%)、Upilex® S(PCE值为10.0%)。在同等PCE值情况下,柔性太阳能电池功率与质量的比值(P/W值)较高,因此其质量是刚性太阳能电池的0.5%左右。
韩国Kolon公司的商业化CPI清漆与薄膜也被广泛用于柔性太阳能电池的研究中。S B KANG等[36]采用Kolon公司商业化的CPI清漆作为原料,固化后制得CPI薄膜。采用该薄膜作为结晶ITO(c-ITO)薄膜的转移介质,成功制备了c-ITO@CPI层状透明电极。该电极厚度为100 μm时,方块电阻为25.65 Ω/sq,透光率为83%,弯曲曲率半径为5.5 mm。采用该电极制备的柔性有机太阳能电池(OSC)PCE值为5.04%,与刚性ITO/玻璃体系基本相当(PCE值为5.67%)。J I PARK等[37]直接以Kolon CPI薄膜作为衬底,采用卷对卷(RTR)溅射工艺直接制备了ITO@CPI柔性电极,测试结果显示,300℃快速退火处理得到的ITO@CPI柔性电极的方块电阻为57.8 Ω/sq,透光率为83.6 %,均高于相应的ITO@PET体系。经过10 000次弯折后(曲率半径为5 mm),复合电极的方块电阻未出现显著变化。采用该复合电极制备的柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSC)的PCE值达到15.5%,表明该ITO@CPI复合薄膜在柔性太阳能电池领域具有良好的应用前景。
除了商业化CPI薄膜衬底材料外,研究人员针对不同类型柔性太阳能电池对CPI衬底材料的性能需求,还研制了多种CPI应用于柔性太阳能电池的制造研究。CPI很少单独作为柔性衬底使用,更多地是与透明导电材料如石墨烯、碳纳米管、Ag纳米线、环状钛氧团簇(CTOC)等复合来制作“衬底-电极”一体化部件。例如,D KOO等[38]针对目前柔性有机太阳能电池(OSC)的功率转化效率(PCE)较刚性玻璃为衬底的硬质OSC更低的问题,提出了采用透明CPI集成石墨烯(GR@CPI)作为透明电极的解决方案。研究工作合成了基于含氟二酐单体2,2′-双(3,4-二羧基苯基)六氟丙烷二酐(6FDA)与含砜基二胺单体3,3′-二氨基二苯砜(APS)的透明PI薄膜前驱体聚酰胺酸(PAA)。然后,通过低压化学气相淀积(CVD)工艺在厚度为25 μm的Cu箔上生长单层石墨烯。将制得的PAA溶液旋转涂敷在生长了石墨烯的Cu箔上,通过控制旋涂条件来控制最终PI薄膜的厚度。将PAA薄膜在300℃下固化2 h得到CPI@GR@Cu多层膜。将该多层膜置于APS/咪唑溶液中,将Cu箔去除,得到GR@CPI复合膜。当石墨烯层数分别为1、2、3时,GR@CPI电极在550 nm波长处的透光率分别为96.60%、94.48%、92.22%,方块电阻分别为193.8、111.1、83.0 Ω/sq。采用该GR@CPI作为电极制备的柔性OSC具有优良的柔韧性,可在曲率半径为5 mm的条件下弯折100 000次。同时该器件的PCE值高达15.2%,与传统的采用氧化铟锡(ITO)为透明电极、硬质玻璃为基板的刚性OSC的PCE值(15.7%)相当。J YOON等[39]合成了基于含醚键二酐单体3,3′,4,4′-二苯醚四酸二酐(ODPA)与含氟二胺单体2,2-双[4-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]六氟丙烷(BDAF)的PAA前驱体溶液。然后,通过气凝胶CVD工艺制备了单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)。将制得的PAA溶液旋转涂敷在SWNT/石英基材上,使PAA渗透进多孔SWNT内部。通过控制旋涂条件来控制最终PI薄膜的厚度。将PAA薄膜在300℃下固化20 min得到CPI@SWNT@石英复合体系。将该基材置于去离子水中,将SWNT@CPI复合透明电极膜(厚度约为7 μm)从石英基材上剥离下来。所得SWNT@CPI复合膜在700 nm波长处的透光率为80%,方块电阻为82 Ω/sq。采用该SWNT@CPI复合膜作为电极制备的柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSC)具有优良的柔韧性,可在曲率半径为1 mm的条件下弯折100 000次。类似条件下,作为参比的基于ITO@PEN的柔性OSC只能在弯曲曲率半径为4 mm的测试条件下保持不到1 000个循环,而SWNT@PEN基柔性OSC的耐弯折性能也表现不佳。作者将这些结果归因于ITO的脆性大、SWNT与PEN间的粘附力相对较差以及商业化PEN基材的厚度(125 μm)较大。基于SWNT@CPI透明电极的柔性OSC甚至可在曲率半径为0.5 mm的测试条件下实现折叠,且PCE值高达15.2%。QU T Y等[40]受树叶对光的高效利用的启发,采用同样结构的CPI(ODPA-BDAF)与光散射聚苯乙烯微球、ZnO保护层以及银纳米线(AgNW)复合制备了高透明、低方块电阻以及低表面粗糙度的复合电极。采用该电极制备了柔性OSC,其PCE值高达16.1%,而且在1 μm曲率半径下弯折5 000次后,PCE保持率仍达到85%。
银纳米线(AgNW)方面,WANG Y等[41]针对高转化效率柔性OSC对高性能柔性透明复合电极(FTCE)的应用需求,提出了采用半嵌入工艺制备AgNW@CPI复合电极(厚度约为9 μm)的研究思路。采用该思路制备的柔性复合电极具有方块电阻低(约为12.7 Ω/sq)、透光率高(波长为550 nm时的透光率为86.3%)、表面光滑(均方粗糙度约为0.3 nm)以及柔韧性优良等特点。研究工作采用的CPI基材为基于含氟二酐6FDA与含氟二胺2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯二胺(TFMB)的PAA溶液。采用AgNW@CPI复合电极制备的柔性OSC的PCE值为14.37%,而且在0.5 mm曲率半径下弯折1 000次后,PCE值保持率超过96%。WANG Y等[42]还采用6FDA与含咪唑单元二胺单体2-(4-氨基苯基)-5(6)-氨基苯并咪唑(PABZ)以及3,5-二氨基苯甲酸(DABA)进行共聚,制备了侧链含有-COOH的CPI。采用该CPI与ZnO纳米晶复合制备了CPI-ZnO复合薄膜。一方面ZnO纳米晶表面的-OH与CPI分子结构中咪唑单元上的-NH-可形成较强的氢键作用。另一方面,ZnO纳米晶体表面的醋酸配体可与CPI分子结构中的-COOH发生配体交换反应而形成Zn2+键接。上述两方面的共同作用使得制备的复合薄膜具有优良的耐溶剂稳定性以及良好的耐热性与力学性能。采用该复合薄膜与AgNW制备了柔性透明复合电极,进而装配了柔性OSC。测试结果显示,该柔性OSC的PCE值为13.55%,而且在1.0 mm曲率半径下弯折4 000次后,PCE值下降程度不超过5%。此外,该柔性OSC电池还具有良好的耐紫外(UV)辐照稳定性,UV辐照6 h后,PCE值仅下降约3%。WANG Y等[43]进一步优化了CPI的化学结构,制备了分子结构中同时含有咪唑以及-OH侧链的CPI,研究表明,-OH的引入进一步加强了CPI分子间氢键相互作用,从而使得CPI衬底的力学性能、热性能以及耐溶剂性等进一步加强。采用该CPI薄膜与AgNW制备了复合电极,由其装配的柔性OSC PCE值为13.52%,而且在0.5 mm曲率半径下弯折1000次后,PCE值下降程度低于4%。此外,该柔性OSC电池还具有良好的耐UV辐照稳定性,UV辐照10 h后,PCE值未发生显著下降。
除了单独使用AgNW作为导体材料外,AgNW还被用来与其他导电材料如导电聚合物(CP)等进行复合作为柔性太阳能电池的电极材料。Y KIM等[44]采用AgNW与CP共同作为导电材料与Kolon CPI清漆层合,固化后制得了CP-AgNW@CPI复合柔性电极。研究表明,CP的使用进一步增加了复合电极的柔韧性,使其装配的柔性OSC可在40 μm的弯曲曲率半径下进行折叠,折叠10 000次后其PCE值损失低于5%。HUANG Q等[45]报道了基于含有环己烷单元半脂环二酐单体反式-1,4-双(3,4-二羧基苯氧基)环己烷或顺式-1,4-双(3,4-二羧基苯氧基)环己烷与芳香族二酐单体的CPI薄膜。采用制备的可溶性CPI树脂作为原料,溶解于二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)中配制成溶液,进而在80~200℃下加热去除溶剂得到了透明CPI基板。采用该基板制备了铝掺杂氧化锌(AZO)/AgNw/AZO三明治结构层状透明导电膜。该导电膜显示出优良的柔韧性以及高导电性(方块电阻为8.6 Ω/sq)、高透明度(透光率为74.4%)和低表面粗糙度(均方粗糙度为8 nm)。良好的综合特性使得这类透明导电薄膜在柔性太阳能电池领域具有良好的应用前景。
尽管CPI薄膜衬底在柔性太阳能电池制造领域具有良好的应用前景,但其耐热性有待进一步提高,同时其CTE值有待进一步降低。目前的解决方案除了进一步通过结构设计来完善CPI的综合性能外,与UTG等材料复合使用也得到了较大的关注。
综上所述,PI柔性衬底材料,无论是按照热学与光学性能划分的耐高温型与无色透明型,还是按照应用形式划分的清漆或薄膜型等在柔性太阳能电池领域均得到了广泛的重视。PI不仅可以单独作为柔性衬底应用于柔性太阳能电池制造中,而且可以与透明导电材料等复合来制造衬底-电极一体化部件而应用于柔性太阳能电池领域。未来随着柔性太阳能电池逐渐走向商业化,对PI柔性衬底材料的综合性能会提出更高的应用要求。
近年来,柔性太阳能电池在航空航天[46]、智能可穿戴电子器件[47]等高技术领域中越发受到重视,部分器件已经形成了规模化产品,并逐渐实现了商业化。柔性PI衬底材料在推动柔性太阳能电池的产业化方面起到了重要的促进作用,并且逐渐成为挖掘柔性太阳能电池极限效能的重要影响因素之一。目前,柔性太阳能电池的发展方向主要包括高效率、高可靠、环境友好、功能化、大面积、低成本等。相应地,PI柔性衬底材料的研制与开发也在不断地迎合柔性太阳能电池的上述发展需求。
提高柔性太阳能电池功率转换效率方面,可通过对PI柔性衬底的结构、组成以及表面处理方式等进行设计来助力柔性太阳能电池器件转化效率的提升。例如,研究显示,可通过光刻或电子束刻蚀技术在PI基板中引入具有“光捕获”功能的纳米结构来提高器件对太阳光信号的利用率[48]、通过对PI柔性衬底进行电晕处理来增加其与Mo电极的粘附力,进而提升器件的转化效率[31]等。
提高柔性电池可靠性方面,可通过进一步提升PI柔性衬底的高温尺寸稳定性来减少由于柔性太阳能电池各层之间CTE的不匹配而造成的可靠性下降问题。CTE的不匹配极易在层间产生残余应力,进而在可靠性考核过程中出现脱层、破裂等现象。对于PI柔性衬底材料而言,进一步降低其CTE是改善柔性器件可靠性的关键因素。
提高柔性太阳能电池的面积以及降低成本方面,高品质PI衬底材料的研制与开发也起着至关重要的作用[49]。柔性太阳能电池的大面积、低成本一方面体现在材料的低成本化,另一方面则体现在大规模且高产量生产方面。目前高品质的PI柔性衬底是实现柔性太阳能电池卷对卷(R2R)批量化生产的关键材料之一[50]。PI衬底的Tg、CTE、表面粗糙度等关键物理、化学参数对实现稳定R2R生产有着重要的影响。虽然PI柔性衬底具有比金属更低的密度和表面粗糙度,但其在高效率CIGS或CdTe工艺温度(550~600℃)下的稳定性仍有待提升。目前PI柔性衬底可在短时间内承受450℃的温度,为了适应该温度而采用的低温(400℃)工艺不可避免地造成柔性太阳能电池吸收层质量和效率的下降。此外,在多室真空系统中进行R2R制造会引起PI衬底温度的变化,从而导致其发生脱气或体积膨胀。因此研制开发可在550℃下稳定工作的PI柔性衬底材料已经势在必行。
综上所述,未来PI柔性衬底材料的发展趋势主要体现在以下两方面:①耐高温PI衬底材料方面:耐超高温(Tg≥500℃)与超高尺寸稳定性(CTE≤10×10-6 K-1;室温~500℃)[51]、低真空脱气率、超低表面粗糙度、超高力学性能(弯曲曲率半径0.5 mm下耐弯折次数不少于100 000次)、低成本,易于商业化生产;②CPI衬底材料方面:高透明度(可见光区透光率≥85%;厚度为25~100 μm)、耐超高温(Tg≥450℃)与超高尺寸稳定性(CTE≤10×10-6 K-1;室温~450℃)、低真空脱气率、超低表面粗糙度、超高力学性能(弯曲曲率半径0.5 mm下耐弯折次数不少于100 000次)、低成本,易于商业化生产。要实现上述性能,除了对PI材料的分子结构重新进行设计外,与无机非金属等材料进行复合也有可能成为一种有效手段。
柔性太阳能电池作为目前柔性电子领域中最为活跃的分支之一,近年来无论是基础研究还是应用领域均取得了长足的进步。柔性耐高温高分子薄膜衬底材料在支撑柔性太阳能电池基础与应用研究领域内的发展中起到了关键的作用。PI作为目前柔性耐高温高分子薄膜衬底材料中最具应用前景的一类材料,其在柔性太阳能电池装配领域中得到了越来越广泛的关注。现有PI柔性衬底材料的性能虽然可以满足柔性太阳能电池的低温制造应用需求,但其性能还有较大的提升空间。如何通过分子结构设计以及复合手段获得具有优异综合性能的PI衬底材料已经逐渐成为未来进一步提升柔性太阳能电池转化效率的重要一环。可以预见,在未来相当长的一段时间里,高性能PI柔性衬底材料的研制与开发会一直伴随着柔性太阳能电池的进步,并不断为柔性太阳能电池的实用化与商业化提供支撑与保障。
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012)
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2024年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.002
  • 接收时间:2023-02-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-15
  • 修回日期:2023-03-08
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深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012)
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    1北京大学 材料科学与工程学院 教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871
    2中国地质 大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事功能性聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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