Article(id=1209927009308905598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1674748800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-27, revisedDate=1676822400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398678376, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398678376, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398678376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398678376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927008822366333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398678260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563829065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927009594118273, articleId=1209927009308905598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Progress on high temperature resistant molding compounds for packaging of power chips in electrical vehicles, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epoxy molding compounds (EMC) play important roles in packaging of chips for electrically controlling systems of electric vehicles (EV). The increasing working temperature of EV controlling system puts forward higher and higher requirements for the thermal stability of traditional EMC materials. In this paper, the progress on the high temperature resistant molding compounds at home and abroad in recent years was reviewed, and the development status of high temperature resistant resins and the progress of high temperature resistant resins modified traditional epoxy resin based EMC materials were described. Especially, the development status of high temperature resistant EMC materials modified by bismaleimide (BMI), cyanate ester (CE), and polybenzoxazine (PBZ) and phthalonitrile (PN) based molding compounds were reviewed. Finally, the future development trend of high temperature resistant molding compounds for packaging of electronic control chip in EV was prospected.

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环氧塑封料(EMC)在电动汽车电控系统用芯片封装中扮演着重要角色。电动汽车电控系统工作温度的不断升高对传统EMC材料的耐热稳定性提出了越来越高的要求。本文综述了国内外近年来在耐高温塑封料领域的研究进展,从耐高温树脂发展概况及其对传统环氧树脂基EMC材料的改性进展等方面进行了阐述。重点综述了双马来酰亚胺(BMI)、氰酸酯(CE)、聚苯并噁嗪(PBZ)树脂改性EMC材料以及邻苯二腈基塑封料的发展状况。最后对电动汽车电控芯片封装用耐高温塑封料的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

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张有生(1967-),男(汉族),江苏苏州人,工程师,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。
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王晓蕾(1999-),女(汉族),山西运城人,硕士生,主要从事芯片封装用环氧塑封料的研究。

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王晓蕾(1999-),女(汉族),山西运城人,硕士生,主要从事芯片封装用环氧塑封料的研究。

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王晓蕾(1999-),女(汉族),山西运城人,硕士生,主要从事芯片封装用环氧塑封料的研究。

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Materials and Design,2018,141:202-209., articleTitle=Novel high temperature polymeric encapsulation material for extreme environment electronics packaging, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217475347990364573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, awardId=JSGG20210629144539012, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217475339756946424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475339761140729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, companyId=1217475339756946424, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475339769529338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, companyId=1217475339756946424, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217475339907941376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475339916328960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, companyId=1217475339907941376, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Zhejiang Jameen New Material Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217475339920523265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, companyId=1217475339907941376, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江嘉民新材料有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217475344685252897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison on physical features of different semiconductor chips, figureFileSmall=rNqqCcVWWaUdlEVqPsC6iw==, figureFileBig=Ewwa5eqB9pHN2MO1R9kn2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475344785916203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同半导体芯片物理特性对比, figureFileSmall=rNqqCcVWWaUdlEVqPsC6iw==, figureFileBig=Ewwa5eqB9pHN2MO1R9kn2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475344928522552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Typical high-temperature resistant thermosetting resins and their chemical structures, figureFileSmall=kcdLnu6t99AygEHQ9zgMtA==, figureFileBig=LIRF9aFnXC0ZYWh64GWRIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345020797245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型耐高温热固性树脂及其化学结构, figureFileSmall=kcdLnu6t99AygEHQ9zgMtA==, figureFileBig=LIRF9aFnXC0ZYWh64GWRIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345113071939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Typical preparation process for EMC, figureFileSmall=1am2iDUsXljaqyAfL7S0kg==, figureFileBig=LA7l6+z3rbYFt1w6fBeubQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345230512457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=图3, caption=EMC的典型制备工艺, figureFileSmall=1am2iDUsXljaqyAfL7S0kg==, figureFileBig=LA7l6+z3rbYFt1w6fBeubQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345285038412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Preparation process for rPN molding compounds, figureFileSmall=2dQE5R/yDv/eZN4GyMzNuA==, figureFileBig=EPQX0Per9JCCkXpX6y5eyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345377313107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=图4, caption=rPN塑封料的制备流程, figureFileSmall=2dQE5R/yDv/eZN4GyMzNuA==, figureFileBig=EPQX0Per9JCCkXpX6y5eyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345436033371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Condition of device packaged by BMI and EMC molding compounds after ageing under high temperature, figureFileSmall=5Gw5wCmxwoi8DzuqpIKNNg==, figureFileBig=M+nKIb9QE25pDcgHuTfWxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345620582752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=图5, caption=BMI与EMC塑封料封装器件高温老化情况, figureFileSmall=5Gw5wCmxwoi8DzuqpIKNNg==, figureFileBig=M+nKIb9QE25pDcgHuTfWxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345758994790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Condition of device packaged by rPN molding compounds after ageing under high temperature, figureFileSmall=sjTkHZp6JFJU5ipr0/ZGFg==, figureFileBig=KQVNAZhbNT0w+3h/pPF9Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345863852399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=图6, caption=rPN塑封料封装器件高温老化情况, figureFileSmall=sjTkHZp6JFJU5ipr0/ZGFg==, figureFileBig=KQVNAZhbNT0w+3h/pPF9Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475345985487223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Typical properties of common cured thermoseting resins, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
典型性能环氧树脂酚醛树脂BMICEPBZ
密度/(g/cm3)1.20~1.251.24~1.321.20~1.301.10~1.351.19
Tg/℃150~220170230~380250~270170~340
最高使用温度/℃180200~200150~200130~280
固化温度/℃室温~180150~190220~300180~250160~250
固化收缩率/%>30.0020.007~3~0
拉伸强度/MPa90~12024~4550~9070~130100~125
拉伸模量/GPa3.1~3.83.0~5.03.5~4.53.1~3.43.8~4.5
断裂伸长率/%3.0~4.30.33.02.0~4.02.3~2.9
介电常数(1 MHz下)3.8~4.54.0~4.53.4~3.72.7~3.03.0~3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217475346102927742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见热固性树脂固化物的典型性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
典型性能环氧树脂酚醛树脂BMICEPBZ
密度/(g/cm3)1.20~1.251.24~1.321.20~1.301.10~1.351.19
Tg/℃150~220170230~380250~270170~340
最高使用温度/℃180200~200150~200130~280
固化温度/℃室温~180150~190220~300180~250160~250
固化收缩率/%>30.0020.007~3~0
拉伸强度/MPa90~12024~4550~9070~130100~125
拉伸模量/GPa3.1~3.83.0~5.03.5~4.53.1~3.43.8~4.5
断裂伸长率/%3.0~4.30.33.02.0~4.02.3~2.9
介电常数(1 MHz下)3.8~4.54.0~4.53.4~3.72.7~3.03.0~3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217475347478659461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Typical chemical structures and properties of commercially available BMI monomers or resins, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号品种及典型结构商业化产品及其典型性能
1# BMI-3000、3000H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为199~204℃;250℃下胶化时间为30 s)
2# BMI-7000、7000H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为167~171℃;250℃下胶化时间为80 s)
3#

BMI-2000系列(日本大和化成;熔点为125~160℃;200℃下胶化时间为180~240 s);

BMI-2300系列(日本大和化成;熔点为70~145℃;200℃下胶化时间为344 s)。

4#

BMI-1000、1000H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为147~168℃;200℃下胶化时间为120~125 s);

BMI-1100、1100H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为147~168℃;200℃下胶化时间为80~120 s)。

5# BMI-4000系列(日本大和化成;熔点为134~163℃;250℃下胶化时间为60~90 s)
6# BMI-5000系列(日本大和化成;熔点为160~170℃;250℃下胶化时间为110 s)
7# BMI-3000(美国Designer Molecules公司;熔点为80 ℃;300℃质量损失<0.5%)
), ArticleFig(id=1217475347545768331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常见商业化BMI单体或树脂的典型化学结构及性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号品种及典型结构商业化产品及其典型性能
1# BMI-3000、3000H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为199~204℃;250℃下胶化时间为30 s)
2# BMI-7000、7000H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为167~171℃;250℃下胶化时间为80 s)
3#

BMI-2000系列(日本大和化成;熔点为125~160℃;200℃下胶化时间为180~240 s);

BMI-2300系列(日本大和化成;熔点为70~145℃;200℃下胶化时间为344 s)。

4#

BMI-1000、1000H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为147~168℃;200℃下胶化时间为120~125 s);

BMI-1100、1100H系列(日本大和化成;熔点为147~168℃;200℃下胶化时间为80~120 s)。

5# BMI-4000系列(日本大和化成;熔点为134~163℃;250℃下胶化时间为60~90 s)
6# BMI-5000系列(日本大和化成;熔点为160~170℃;250℃下胶化时间为110 s)
7# BMI-3000(美国Designer Molecules公司;熔点为80 ℃;300℃质量损失<0.5%)
), ArticleFig(id=1217475347621265806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Typical chemical structures and properties of commercially available CE monomers or resins, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号品种及典型结构商业化产品及其典型性能
1#

(双酚A型CE)

Primaset® BA-200(瑞士Lonza公司;白色晶体;熔体黏度(80℃)为450 mPa·s;Tg>320℃);

C01MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;白色晶体;熔点为80~82℃;热分解温度≥410℃;Tg≥260℃;氰基当量为139~143 g/eq)。

2#

(双酚E型CE)

Primaset® LECy(瑞士Lonza公司;浅黄色液体;黏度(25℃)为80 mPa·s;Tg为305 ℃);

AroCy® L-10(美国Huntsman公司;浅黄色液体;黏度(25℃)为70~110 mPa·s);

C09MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;浅黄至棕黄色液体;黏度(25℃)为30~150 mPa·s;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥250℃;氰基当量为132~136 g/eq)。

3#

(双酚F型CE)

C08MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;白色晶体;熔点为107~110℃;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥260℃;氰基当量为139~143 g/eq)。
4#

(四甲基双酚F型CE)

C06MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;白色晶体;熔点为106~108℃;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥250℃;氰基当量为153~159 g/eq)。
5#

Primaset® PT-30(瑞士Lonza公司;黏稠液体;熔体黏度(80℃)为400 mPa·s;Tg>400℃);

AroCy® L-10(美国Huntsman公司;黏稠液体;黏度(82℃)为300~600 mPa·s;

C05C0100(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;黄色至棕色半固体;黏度(80℃)≤250 mPa·s;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥350℃);

C05C0400(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;黄色至棕色半固体;黏度(80℃)为250~550 mPa·s;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥350℃)。

6# C03CO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;深棕色半固体;黏度(80℃)≤2000 mPa·s;热分解温度≥430℃;Tg≥260℃)。
), ArticleFig(id=1217475347772260755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927009308905598, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

常见商业化CE单体或树脂的典型化学结构及性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号品种及典型结构商业化产品及其典型性能
1#

(双酚A型CE)

Primaset® BA-200(瑞士Lonza公司;白色晶体;熔体黏度(80℃)为450 mPa·s;Tg>320℃);

C01MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;白色晶体;熔点为80~82℃;热分解温度≥410℃;Tg≥260℃;氰基当量为139~143 g/eq)。

2#

(双酚E型CE)

Primaset® LECy(瑞士Lonza公司;浅黄色液体;黏度(25℃)为80 mPa·s;Tg为305 ℃);

AroCy® L-10(美国Huntsman公司;浅黄色液体;黏度(25℃)为70~110 mPa·s);

C09MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;浅黄至棕黄色液体;黏度(25℃)为30~150 mPa·s;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥250℃;氰基当量为132~136 g/eq)。

3#

(双酚F型CE)

C08MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;白色晶体;熔点为107~110℃;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥260℃;氰基当量为139~143 g/eq)。
4#

(四甲基双酚F型CE)

C06MO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;白色晶体;熔点为106~108℃;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥250℃;氰基当量为153~159 g/eq)。
5#

Primaset® PT-30(瑞士Lonza公司;黏稠液体;熔体黏度(80℃)为400 mPa·s;Tg>400℃);

AroCy® L-10(美国Huntsman公司;黏稠液体;黏度(82℃)为300~600 mPa·s;

C05C0100(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;黄色至棕色半固体;黏度(80℃)≤250 mPa·s;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥350℃);

C05C0400(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;黄色至棕色半固体;黏度(80℃)为250~550 mPa·s;热分解温度≥420℃;Tg≥350℃)。

6# C03CO(扬州天启新材料股份有限公司;深棕色半固体;黏度(80℃)≤2000 mPa·s;热分解温度≥430℃;Tg≥260℃)。
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面向电动汽车功率芯片封装应用的耐高温塑封料研究进展
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王晓蕾 1 , 张有生 2 , 戴晟伟 1 , 韩淑军 1 , 齐悦新 1 , 任茜 1 , 刘金刚 1
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(2): 1-9
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(2): 1-9
面向电动汽车功率芯片封装应用的耐高温塑封料研究进展
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王晓蕾1, 张有生2, 戴晟伟1, 韩淑军1, 齐悦新1, 任茜1, 刘金刚1
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100083
  • 2浙江嘉民新材料有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314011
  • 王晓蕾(1999-),女(汉族),山西运城人,硕士生,主要从事芯片封装用环氧塑封料的研究。

通讯作者:

张有生(1967-),男(汉族),江苏苏州人,工程师,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。
Progress on high temperature resistant molding compounds for packaging of power chips in electrical vehicles
Xiaolei WANG1, Yousheng ZHANG2, Shengwei DAI1, Shujun HAN1, Yuexin QI1, Xi REN1, Jingang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Zhejiang Jameen New Material Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314011, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.001
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环氧塑封料(EMC)在电动汽车电控系统用芯片封装中扮演着重要角色。电动汽车电控系统工作温度的不断升高对传统EMC材料的耐热稳定性提出了越来越高的要求。本文综述了国内外近年来在耐高温塑封料领域的研究进展,从耐高温树脂发展概况及其对传统环氧树脂基EMC材料的改性进展等方面进行了阐述。重点综述了双马来酰亚胺(BMI)、氰酸酯(CE)、聚苯并噁嗪(PBZ)树脂改性EMC材料以及邻苯二腈基塑封料的发展状况。最后对电动汽车电控芯片封装用耐高温塑封料的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

功率电子封装  /  环氧塑封料  /  双马来酰亚胺  /  氰酸酯  /  聚苯并噁嗪

Epoxy molding compounds (EMC) play important roles in packaging of chips for electrically controlling systems of electric vehicles (EV). The increasing working temperature of EV controlling system puts forward higher and higher requirements for the thermal stability of traditional EMC materials. In this paper, the progress on the high temperature resistant molding compounds at home and abroad in recent years was reviewed, and the development status of high temperature resistant resins and the progress of high temperature resistant resins modified traditional epoxy resin based EMC materials were described. Especially, the development status of high temperature resistant EMC materials modified by bismaleimide (BMI), cyanate ester (CE), and polybenzoxazine (PBZ) and phthalonitrile (PN) based molding compounds were reviewed. Finally, the future development trend of high temperature resistant molding compounds for packaging of electronic control chip in EV was prospected.

power electronic packaging  /  epoxy molding compounds  /  bismaleimide  /  cyanate ester  /  polybenzoxazine
王晓蕾, 张有生, 戴晟伟, 韩淑军, 齐悦新, 任茜, 刘金刚. 面向电动汽车功率芯片封装应用的耐高温塑封料研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (2) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.001
Xiaolei WANG, Yousheng ZHANG, Shengwei DAI, Shujun HAN, Yuexin QI, Xi REN, Jingang LIU. Progress on high temperature resistant molding compounds for packaging of power chips in electrical vehicles[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (2) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.001
近年来,为了适应电动汽车(EV)/混合动力汽车(HEV)对于节能、减排、低功率损耗等技术特性的应用需求,以SiC、GaN等为代表的第三代半导体(宽禁带)器件在EV/HEV电控系统中得到了越来越广泛的重视与应用[1-3]。如图1所示[4],第三代半导体芯片相较于传统的Si基芯片具有更高的击穿强度、更快的开关速率、更高的热导率以及更低的功率损耗等特性,因此在EV/HEV等高可靠性电控系统中具有广泛的应用前景[5-8]。为了更加有效地利用SiC、GaN基功率芯片的性能,必须保证其能够承受外加高电压和内部产生的高温等苛刻环境,这就需要对SiC基等功率芯片进行有效的封装保护[9-11]。EV/HEV用SiC、GaN基功率芯片由于禁带宽度大,可在高结点温度(Tj)下工作,这对于电控系统质量、体积、成本的控制和热管理而言十分有利。而SiC、GaN基芯片的Tj一般超过200℃,这已经达到或超出了目前Si基芯片常用环氧树脂塑封料(EMC)的极限工作温度,因此SiC基等功率芯片对封装工艺及材料提出了更苛刻的要求[12],包括可承受-50~300℃的严酷温度循环、在250~300℃空气中抗氧化、高散热效率等。上述性能需求对包括EMC在内的传统封装材料的可靠性提出了巨大的挑战。
EMC是芯片封装中最为重要的一类塑封材料,传统EMC主要由具有高绝缘特性的环氧树脂、酚醛树脂固化剂以及催化剂、偶联剂、低应力剂、离子捕捉剂、粘附力促进剂、颜料等成分组成[13]。此外,为了降低上述有机成分固化物的热膨胀系数(CTE),使之与Si基材料(CTE约为3.0×10-6 K-1)相匹配,从而减少封装过程中由于CTE不匹配而造成的芯片与EMC之间脱层、翘曲等可靠性问题,EMC中还包含质量分数高达85%~90%的无机二氧化硅(SiO2)粉体(硅微粉)。由此可见,EMC的耐热稳定性主要受有机树脂成分所限制。环氧-酚醛固化体系的使用温度一般不超过200℃,这可满足绝大多数Si基芯片工作环境的需求,但对于SiC、GaN基功率芯片的封装,传统EMC的耐热等级已经无法达到应用需求。塑封材料的耐温限制已经成为第三代半导体在EV/HEV中获得实际应用的瓶颈问题,提升EMC的耐热等级势在必行[14-18]
经过多年的基础与应用研究,目前已经形成了两条提升EMC耐热性能的工艺途径。一是设计开发具有更高耐温等级的环氧与酚醛树脂,如含多芳环(MAR)结构的树脂体系等[19];二是改用传统的耐高温树脂对EMC进行改性或者直接开发耐高温树脂型塑封料。前者可以最大程度地保持现有芯片的封装工艺与设备,但在提升EMC耐热等级方面程度相对有限;而后者需要在EMC的配方设计过程中充分考虑引入的耐高温树脂与环氧、酚醛以及其他组分间的相容性与界面问题,需要根据改性树脂的特性重新进行封装工艺参数的探索,但在提升EMC的耐热等级方面具有较大的上升空间。
本文简要综述目前国内外在耐高温塑封料基础与应用领域内的进展情况,同时结合其在EV/HEV电控系统中的应用情况进行论述。
一般而言,高分子材料(薄膜、工程塑料、纤维等)按照其耐温等级(主要以玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为依据)大致分为常规高分子材料(Tg≤150℃)、工程高分子材料(150℃<Tg≤250℃)以及特种工程高分子材料(Tg>250℃)等3类[20]。特种工程高分子材料主要应用于航空航天、微电子、新能源等高技术领域,其典型特点在于耐温等级高、环境稳定性优良、力学与介电性能高、阻燃等级高[21],但其加工条件相对较为苛刻,往往需要高温、高压等工艺条件。此外,高分子材料按照其加工工艺特性可分为热固性和热塑性高分子材料等两类。前者在热处理过程中发生分子内化学交联反应,形成空间网络结构,固化物无法通过二次加工进行反复成型;而后者在热处理过程中主要发生物理形变,固化物可多次进行二次加工。EMC组分中的环氧树脂与酚醛固化剂都属于热固性树脂,其固化交联后可形成具有优良尺寸稳定性的结构材料,热固性树脂固化过程中通常不释放小分子挥发物,因此固化物较为致密,孔隙率很低,有利于阻挡水气的进入。鉴于此,目前应用于EMC改性的耐高温树脂主要是热固性工程高分子材料或特种工程高分子材料,其典型品种包括双马来酰亚胺(BMI)、氰酸酯(CE)、邻苯二腈树脂(PN)、聚芳基乙炔树脂(PAA)以及聚苯并噁嗪树脂(PBZ)等,各树脂典型结构如图2所示[22-25]。这些树脂在单纯加热或者加入特定固化剂后均会发生交联固化,形成块状固化物。因此,理论上上述树脂既可以用于传统EMC的改性,也可以单独作为功率芯片塑封材料使用。但这些树脂的固化温度为200~400℃,可能无法适应现有EMC的芯片封装产线与工况。因此,将上述耐高温热固性树脂作为传统EMC的改性材料更具有实际意义。
表1对比了EMC用环氧树脂、酚醛树脂以及上述几类热固性耐高温树脂典型性能[26]。从表1可以看出,从塑封料在实际芯片封装应用中的固化温度等工艺特性以及固化物的物理与化学性能等方面考虑,BMI、CE以及PBZ树脂较为适合应用于现有EMC的耐高温改性。
BMI是目前最具应用前景的耐高温EMC改性树脂之一[27]。一方面,BMI树脂本身具有优良的耐热性,可显著改善环氧的耐热性能。例如,A CHATTERJEE[28]系统研究了高温热处理对BMI与环氧树脂固化物性能的影响。热重分析测试结果显示,BMI固化物的5%热失重温度(T5%)为425℃,较环氧树脂固化物的T5%(353℃)高72℃。将BMI与环氧树脂复合后,复合物的耐热性得到显著提升。另一方面,BMI树脂经过改性后,其工艺性能可与现有的EMC制造工艺高度匹配,而且其与环氧树脂、酚醛固化剂的相容性较好。
BMI单体的固化反应一般选择咪唑类促进剂。这主要是因为BMI分子结构中的双键是高度缺电子的,而咪唑类化合物如常见的2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑(2E4MZ),作为一类阴离子引发剂可降低BMI的固化温度,促进BMI的聚合反应。A SERIS等[29]研究显示,单纯的BMI热聚合温度较高,聚合反应速率较慢且聚合产物成分较为复杂,而咪唑可显著降低BMI的固化温度且聚合产物成分较为均匀。鉴于BMI树脂在改善EMC耐热性方面的潜在应用,目前已经有多种商业化BMI材料开始应用于耐高温EMC的研制与开发中。表2给出了常见商业化BMI单体或树脂的典型化学结构及其主要性能。
W G KIM等[30]报道了BMI改性环氧树脂的固化特性。他们采用邻甲酚醛环氧树脂(EOCN-1020型,日本化药公司)与4,4′-二胺基二苯甲烷型BMI树脂(MB-3000H型,日本三菱油化公司,结构如表2中4#所示)作为研究对象,分别采用4,4′-二胺基二苯甲烷(DDM)与线性酚醛(PN)(PSM-4261,日本Gunnei化学公司)作为固化剂,采用三苯基膦(TPP)作为固化促进剂。通过改变BMI树脂在环氧/BMI/固化剂复合体系中的含量,设计并合成了一系列复合样品。按120℃/4 h+200℃/4 h工艺固化后制得了环氧/BMI复合材料。经性能测试得到如下结论:①环氧/BMI复合材料的Tg随着BMI含量的增加而显著提高;②DDM与BMI的反应速率高于其与环氧树脂的反应速率,而PN与环氧树脂的反应速率远高于其与BMI的反应速率。这为采用BMI改性环氧/酚醛体系的耐高温性能提供了重要的理论依据。
LI X等[31]报道了BMI改性环氧/酚醛EMC的结构与性能的关系及其在高温电子封装中的应用。研究工作采用表2中6# BMI树脂对基于MF型环氧树脂EPPN-501H(日本化药公司)以及MAR型酚醛固化剂MEH-78004S(日本明和化成公司)的EMC进行了改性。为了适应现有EMC的工艺条件(图3),研究工作首先将高熔点(165℃)BMI与酚醛树脂(软化点为50~60℃)按照一定比例在180℃进行预混。BMI/酚醛预混物经DSC测试,在50~300℃未观察到明显的吸热峰(BMI熔融)和放热峰(BMI固化),表明预混破坏了BMI的结晶特性,同时预混过程中BMI与酚醛固化剂未发生显著的反应。预混物的软化点为90~110℃,同时具有适宜的熔体黏度,表明预混工艺赋予了BMI良好的熔融加工性能。此外,BMI/咪唑(2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑,2E4MZ)复合物在200~260℃可观察到明显的放热峰,而且在BMI/2E4MZ复合物中加入环氧后,经DSC测试发现该三元体系在整个测试过程中只出现了单一的放热峰,固化反应温度较BMI/2E4MZ体系大幅下降。表明在2E4MZ催化作用下,环氧树脂首先发生亲核开环反应生成阴离子化的缩水甘油醚化合物,其进一步催化并参与BMI树脂的聚合反应。他们最后将BMI/酚醛预混料、MF型环氧树脂与咪唑固化剂(2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑,2E4MZ)、硅烷偶联剂(3-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷,KBM-403型)、炭黑、蜡等组分进行混合,制得了BMI改性EMC样品。测试结果显示,BMI的引入显著增强了EMC固化交联网络分子链的刚性以及固化物的热稳定性。当BMI在BMI/环氧/酚醛三元树脂体系中的质量分数超过70%时,EMC固化物的Tg与起始热分解温度分别超过了250℃与400℃。此外,BMI改性EMC的力学性能、与Cu的粘接性能、高温老化性能、介电性能等也均得到了显著的提升。该项研究工作表明采用BMI改善EMC的耐热稳定性具有良好的可行性。
除了BMI树脂外,氰酸酯(CE)树脂是另外一类应用于EMC耐热改性的耐高温树脂。CE树脂固化物具有良好的耐高温、耐湿热、耐辐射性能以及优良的介电性能,其分子结构中的-OCN基团在受热和催化剂作用下可发生三聚环化反应,形成稳定的三嗪环交联网络结构。三嗪环具有高度对称的分子结构、较高的结晶度以及较高的交联密度,因此其脆性较高。实际应用中通常将其与环氧树脂、BMI等进行复合改性,从而赋予固化物优良的综合性能。CE树脂及其复合物在航空航天、电工电子等高技术领域中已经得到了广泛的应用[32-34]表3给出了常见商业化CE单体或树脂的典型化学结构及主要性能。
LI J等[35]系统研究了CE树脂改性邻甲酚醛型EMC结构与性能的关系及其在高温功率电子封装中的应用。首先将双酚A型CE树脂与邻甲酚醛型环氧树脂(ECN)按照一定比例溶解于丙酮中,加入乙酰丙酮铜作为催化剂,壬基苯酚为助催化剂。然后将树脂溶液倒入模具中,再将模具放入到真空烘箱中,加热去除丙酮,然后按照150℃/2 h+200℃/ 2 h+250℃/3 h程序进行固化,冷却后对得到的固化物进行各项性能测试。测试结果显示,CE树脂在CE/ECN共聚物中的比例为25%~33%时,可赋予固化物良好的耐热性,其Tg高于230℃,10%失重温度超过400℃。将固化物在250℃高温环境中进行热老化,结果表明,对于CE含量较低的共聚物具有相对较低的质量损失以及较少的起泡等缺陷。他们认为这主要是由于当CE含量较高时,未反应的氰酸酯基发生水解从而影响固化物的热稳定性。因此,在采用CE树脂对EMC进行改性时,其含量与反应程度将会直接影响最终封装材料的性能。
LI J等[36]还采用线性酚醛型CE树脂(NCE)改性四甲基联苯型环氧(TMBP),获得了Tg>300℃、分解温度>400℃、800℃时质量残留率超过45%的熔融可加工型NCE/TMBP共聚物。该树脂在SiC基功率器件封装中具有良好的应用前景。C C TUAN等[37]考察了环氧/CE共聚物在高温封装中的应用。研究工作分别将双酚A型CE树脂(表3中1#)、双酚E型CE树脂(表3中2#)与环氧树脂按一定比例进行反应制备了共聚物,再以乙酰丙酮铝为催化剂,按照130℃/1 h+170℃/1 h+230℃/1 h程序固化后制得了固化物,包括样品A(环氧/双酚A型CE树脂共聚物)与样品B(环氧/双酚E型CE树脂共聚物)。研究结果发现,样品A与B的Tg分别为262℃与260℃,相比于纯环氧固化物(Tg≈170℃)的Tg提高了约90℃。TGA测试结果表明,样品A与B的5%失重温度(T5%)分别为307℃与327℃,较纯CE树脂固化物(T5%≈340℃)有所下降,但较纯环氧固化物(T5%≈300℃)有较为明显的升高。热老化测试结果显示,经150℃/120 h老化后,样品表面的C含量降低,而O含量升高,表明发生了热氧化降解。样品B显示出更低的C元素损失量以及O元素增加量,表明其具有更优的耐热氧化稳定性。良好的综合性能使得这类CE改性环氧树脂在高温电子封装中具有良好的应用前景。WU F等[38]进一步将聚酰亚胺(PI)材料引入CE/EP复合体系中,开发了一系列耐高温模塑料。研究采用商业化PI粉体(Vespel SP-1型,美国杜邦公司)作为改性剂,对基于TMBP型环氧树脂与双酚A型CE树脂(表3中1#)的CE/EP体系进行了改性。测试结果显示,PI粉体在TMBP/CE熔体中具有优良的分散性,固化后可形成均相致密的聚合物网络结构。制得的CE/EP-PI复合固化物的Tg可达270℃,断裂韧性可达2.06 MPa·m1/2,10 MHz~1 GHz下的介电常数与介质损耗因数分别为2.5~2.9与0.005~0.008。将上述固化物置于200℃空气环境中进行热老化,测试结果显示,固化物表现出良好的长期稳定性,经过500 h老化后,质量损失率仅为1.7%,同时固化物的储能模量与断裂韧性出现一定幅度提升。该项研究成果为研制开发耐高温塑封料提供了一条有益的途径。
聚苯并噁嗪(PBZ)是由苯并噁嗪(BZ)单体通过加热聚合制得的一类高性能热固性高分子材料[39]。由BZ单体开环聚合后形成的PBZ分子结构中含有活性-OH,其可进一步固化环氧树脂,因此PBZ与酚醛树脂在结构与性能方面有诸多相似的地方,其作为EMC的改性剂具有其他类型耐高温热固性树脂所不具备的优势。BZ单体根据合成工艺的不同通常可分为双酚型(二酚+苯胺+多聚甲醛)与双胺型(二胺+苯酚+多聚甲醛)两类[40]。其中,双胺型BZ单体具有相对更低的起始固化温度,开环聚合后形成的网络结构具有更高的Tg和更大的分子间距。因此,双胺型BZ单体在EMC的改性中得到了广泛关注。
GOU H等[41]采用双胺型BZ单体(BOZ)对EMC进行了改性研究。他们采用多官能团环氧树脂(EP)作为基体、4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)作为固化剂、乙酰丙酮铁(Fe(acac)3)作为固化促进剂、BOZ作为改性剂,同时配以球型SiO2微粉、硅烷偶联剂、颜料(炭黑)以及脱模剂(蜡)制备了改性EMC(MCEDB,E、D、B分别代表EP、DDM和BOZ)。制备过程首先将DDM于150℃加热5 min得到透明熔体,然后加入Fe(acac)3并搅拌1 min得到DDM/Fe(acac)3预混物。将该预混物与EP、BOZ以及其他组分在高速混合机中混合均匀。然后将混合物置于双螺杆挤出机中,在90~110℃下捏合均匀,压制成片状MCEDB产物。最后,将得到的片状产物进行粉碎后得到MCEDB粉体,进而制得各种测试样品。MCEDB的预固化条件为175℃/3 min,后固化条件为:200℃/2 h+220℃/2 h+240℃/2 h。同时采用类似的工艺条件制备了基于邻甲酚醛环氧树脂(ECON)与线性酚醛(PF)固化剂的普通型EMC作为对比。测试结果显示,BOZ的加入在一定程度上会增大EMC的熔体黏度与胶化时间,这主要归因于BOZ自身较高的熔体黏度与固化温度。对于EP、DDM与BOZ三元共混物,当EP与BOZ的量固定时,固化物的放热峰值温度(Tp)会随着DDM含量的增加总体呈现出下降的趋势,表明DDM作为固化剂可以增加混合物的反应活性。同时,当EP与DDM的量固定时,随着混合物中BOZ含量的增加,其胶化时间会显著增加,表明BOZ的加入会阻碍EP与DDM的固化反应,造成固化物分子链交联度的降低,尤其是BOZ含量较高时更为显著。在EP/DDM/BOZ体系中加入Fe(acac)3后,混合物的Tp值与胶化时间均会显著降低,表明Fe(acac)3可同时促进EP与BOZ固化反应的发生。热性能测试结果显示,MCEDB固化物的Tg随着BOZ含量的增加而显著升高。例如,当EP、DDM、BOZ的质量比为5∶1.5∶3时,MCEDB固化物的Tg为192℃;而EP、DDM、BOZ的质量比为5∶1.5∶11时,MCEDB固化物的Tg值达到235℃。当T<Tg时,MCEDB固化物的CTE显著低于普通型EMC固化物,而当T>Tg时,MCEDB固化物的CTE随着样品中BOZ含量的增加而呈现出逐步增加的趋势。这主要是由于MCEDB固化物的交联程度随着BOZ含量的增加而有所降低。热重分析结果显示,MCEDB固化物的1%失重温度(T1%)随着样品中BOZ含量的增加由353℃升高到376℃,而800℃时的质量残留率由88.5%增加到89.4%,均高于普通型EMC。优良的耐热稳定性主要归因于BOZ开环聚合后,固化物分子链间存在显著的氢键作用,从而增加了交联分子链网络的刚性。力学性能测试结果显示,MCEDB固化物在200℃时的弯曲强度超过66 MPa,弯曲模量大于10 GPa,而相同测试条件下,普通型EMC固化物的弯曲强度与弯曲模量仅为23.2 MPa和2.1 GPa。将MCEDB固化物于200℃老化500 h后,除了交联度相对较低的EP、DDM、BOZ质量比为5∶1.5∶11的MCEDB样品外,其他MCEDB样品均表现出显著优于普通型EMC固化物的耐热老化性能。该项研究结果表明,采用BOZ改善EMC的耐热稳定性具有较好的可行性。
除了BMI与CE树脂外,近年来针对传统EMC材料耐热性相对较差的性能缺陷,其他类型的耐高温树脂也得到了广泛研究。E J R PHUA等[42-43]针对极端高温环境电子封装对有机高分子封装材料的应用需求,研制开发了间苯二酚基腈基树脂(rPN)。多年以来,腈基树脂一直是作为碳纤维或玻璃纤维增强耐高温树脂基复合材料的基体树脂使用。近年来,腈基树脂,尤其是基于间苯二酚的rPN以其某些独特的性能在电子封装材料领域中得到了关注。从结构与工艺特征上来看,rPN分子结构中的极性基团-CN与SiO2或Al2O3填料表面的-OH可形成稳定的化学键,因此树脂与填料的相容性较好。此外,rPN预聚体的熔体黏度较低,非常适宜与无机填料复合。rPN树脂固化过程中不会释放小分子挥发物,固化温度较为适中,固化收缩率低。此外固化物具有较高的交联密度和较低的气孔率,耐热、耐湿性能以及力学、电学性能优良。这些均是耐高温电子封装材料所需要具备的特征。E J R PHUA等将rPN树脂与SiO2或Al2O3填料按照一定比例在200~220℃条件下机械搅拌2 h,然后加入2.5%的1,4-双(4-胺基苯氧基)苯(P-APB)作为固化剂,继续搅拌反应10 min。将制得的混合物进行急冷,冷却后的固体产物经粉碎后进行模压,制得rPN塑封料,制备流程如图4所示。进一步采用rPN塑封料对双列直插式(DIP)功率器件进行封装,封装之前将rPN塑封料加热到180℃,使其黏度足够低而不至于破坏DIP功率器件芯片的金属引线。
图5图6对比了采用不同类型塑封料封装器件的高温老化情况[41-43]
图5可以看出,BMI与EMC塑封的器件经过300℃/1 h热老化后,BMI塑封料出现了炭化、变黑的现象,而EMC塑封料则严重炭化与脆化,失去了封装的功能。从图6可以看出,rPN塑封料封装的DIP器件经过310℃/168 h热老化后,封装体仍然保持了良好的完整性(图6(b)),微观扫描显示,封装体表面未出现明显的开裂(图6(c))。内部扫描结果发现,DIP芯片与引线均保持了良好的完整性(图6(d)),这表明rPN塑封料具有优良的耐热稳定性。这种良好的封装特性取决于rPN/无机填料复合物良好的综合性能。当SiO2或Al2O3填料的质量分数为50%时,rPN固化物的CTE均由纯树脂的48×10-6 K-1降低到29×10-6 K-1左右,热导率分别提高到0.32 W/(m·K)和0.48 W/(m·K)。需要注意的是,由于纯rPN树脂固化物中含有大量强极性基团,其介电常数高达7.36(1 MHz),加入50% SiO2时介电常数可降低到3.99,而加入50% Al2O3时介电常数略微升高到7.66。这对某些关注介电性能的电子封装应用是需要考虑的因素。
随着第三代半导体基芯片越来越多地应用于以电动汽车等为代表的高端电子控制系统中,对芯片的可靠性要求也与日俱增。封装是提升上述芯片可靠性最为重要的工艺之一,而封装材料的综合性能直接影响着封装系统的功效。耐高温是目前环氧树脂基封装材料所面临的最大挑战之一。单纯选择耐高温环氧与酚醛固化剂对于提升现有EMC的耐温等级具有较大的局限性,而采用传统技术相对较为成熟的热固性耐高温树脂对现有EMC进行改性是目前较为有效的技术途径。在各种耐高温树脂中,BMI、CE以及PBZ树脂由于与环氧树脂的相容性较好,同时改性窗口较宽,在未来电动汽车功率芯片封装用高性能EMC的开发中具有良好的应用前景。目前,国内外在该领域的基础与应用研究尚处于起步阶段,希望国内相关产学研机构加强该领域的合作交流,早日实现电动汽车功率器件封装用耐高温EMC材料的国产化。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.001
  • 接收时间:2023-01-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-27
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深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012)
作者信息
    1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100083
    2浙江嘉民新材料有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314011

通讯作者:

张有生(1967-),男(汉族),江苏苏州人,工程师,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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