Article(id=1209867853642199518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209867853138883038, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1672848000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-05, revisedDate=1678636800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766384574565, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1705680000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766384574565, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766384574565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766384574565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209867853138883038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='121', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766384574446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563804426, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619598207054470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209867853138883038, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619598207054471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209867853138883038, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209867853889663456, articleId=1209867853642199518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress of hydrocarbon resin based high-frequency copper clad laminate, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the characteristics of high-frequency copper clad laminates were summarized, the dielectric properties of their base resins were compared, and the research progresses of hydrocarbon resin (PCH) high-frequency copper clad laminates were mainly introduced. By summarizing the current researches on hydrocarbon resin based high-frequency copper clad laminates, the existing problems were pointed out, and their future development trends were prospected.

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本文综述了高频覆铜板的特点,并对其基体树脂的介电性能进行对比,重点介绍了碳氢树脂(PCH)高频覆铜板的研究进展。通过对目前碳氢树脂高频覆铜板研究的总结,找出现存的问题并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。

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夏婷(1997-),女(汉族),陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料的研究。
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李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

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李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

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李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

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基体树脂Dk(1 MHz)Df(1 MHz)
环氧树脂3.5~3.90.025
改性环氧树脂3.4~3.60.02
PI3.60.008
BT2.9~3.20.001 5~0.003 0
CE2.7~3.00.003~0.005
PPO2.450.007
改性PPO2.50.001
碳氢树脂2.2~2.60.001~0.005
PTFE2.10.000 4
), ArticleFig(id=1217475407268466755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209867853642199518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用树脂的介电性能表

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基体树脂Dk(1 MHz)Df(1 MHz)
环氧树脂3.5~3.90.025
改性环氧树脂3.4~3.60.02
PI3.60.008
BT2.9~3.20.001 5~0.003 0
CE2.7~3.00.003~0.005
PPO2.450.007
改性PPO2.50.001
碳氢树脂2.2~2.60.001~0.005
PTFE2.10.000 4
), ArticleFig(id=1217475407348158541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209867853642199518, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Hydrocarbon resin materials for high-frequency high-speed plates, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产商产品名称牌号备注
Sartomer公司苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物Ricon100Mn为4 500,苯乙烯含量为25%
Sartomer公司苯乙烯-丁二烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物Ricon250Mn为5 300,苯乙烯基含量为35%
Nippon Soda公司聚丁二烯B-1000Mn为1 100,1,2构型含量为89%
Kraton Polymers公司聚异戊二烯Cariflex IR

式1,构型含量为91%;反式1,构型含量为1.5%;

2,4构型含量为6.5%

Kraton Polymers公司苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物D1118苯乙烯含量为33%
), ArticleFig(id=1217475407423656016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209867853642199518, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高频高速覆铜板用碳氢树脂材料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产商产品名称牌号备注
Sartomer公司苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物Ricon100Mn为4 500,苯乙烯含量为25%
Sartomer公司苯乙烯-丁二烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物Ricon250Mn为5 300,苯乙烯基含量为35%
Nippon Soda公司聚丁二烯B-1000Mn为1 100,1,2构型含量为89%
Kraton Polymers公司聚异戊二烯Cariflex IR

式1,构型含量为91%;反式1,构型含量为1.5%;

2,4构型含量为6.5%

Kraton Polymers公司苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物D1118苯乙烯含量为33%
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碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研究进展
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李会录 , 夏婷 , 苏建锋 , 李颖
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(1): 1-8
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(1): 1-8
碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研究进展
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李会录, 夏婷, 苏建锋, 李颖
作者信息
  • 西安科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

通讯作者:

夏婷(1997-),女(汉族),陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料的研究。
Research progress of hydrocarbon resin based high-frequency copper clad laminate
Huilu LI, Ting XIA, Jianfeng SU, Ying LI
Affiliations
  • College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.001
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本文综述了高频覆铜板的特点,并对其基体树脂的介电性能进行对比,重点介绍了碳氢树脂(PCH)高频覆铜板的研究进展。通过对目前碳氢树脂高频覆铜板研究的总结,找出现存的问题并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。

高频  /  碳氢树脂  /  低介电  /  覆铜板

In this paper, the characteristics of high-frequency copper clad laminates were summarized, the dielectric properties of their base resins were compared, and the research progresses of hydrocarbon resin (PCH) high-frequency copper clad laminates were mainly introduced. By summarizing the current researches on hydrocarbon resin based high-frequency copper clad laminates, the existing problems were pointed out, and their future development trends were prospected.

high frequency  /  hydrocarbon resin  /  low dielectric  /  copper clad laminate
李会录, 夏婷, 苏建锋, 李颖. 碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.001
Huilu LI, Ting XIA, Jianfeng SU, Ying LI. Research progress of hydrocarbon resin based high-frequency copper clad laminate[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.001
随着自动驾驶技术、物联网(IOT)技术和增强现实/虚拟现实(AR/VR)技术等快速提高,消费电子、计算机、通信电子设备等电子元器件逐步朝着高速、小型化、高集成化方向发展[1-4]。为了实现高可靠、低延迟的通信,对所有承载信号传输、转换和记录功能的电子器件载体和元器件互连材料提出了更高的要求[5-6]。作为电子元器件的重要组成部分,为电子元件之间提供电气连接的印制电路板(PCB)不仅需要具有更高的集成度,还需要具有更大的数据传输容量。PCB的材料、堆叠设计、通道设计、功率噪声滤波、终端方案等都会对其数据传输能力产生很大影响[7-8]。一般而言,介电常数(Dk)和介质损耗因数(Df)低的基板在高频信号传输过程中可以更好地达到高保真、低延迟的效果。
碳氢树脂分子链中C-H的低极性(C的电负性为2.5,H的电负性为2.1),且分子链呈锯齿状排列的构象使其具有优良的介电性能[8]。因此,碳氢树脂是高频覆铜板的理想基体树脂之一,是目前高频覆铜板领域的研究热点。本文主要论述目前碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研究现状并对其未来发展方向进行展望。
在国家加快发展电子元器件和5G产业的背景下,覆铜板产业发展迅速,覆铜板的技术水平也从中低端逐渐向高端发展,高频高速覆铜板也成为覆铜板行业研发的主流方向[9-10]
高频是指频带的频率在300 MHz以上,是5G通信技术的突出特点之一。随着高频技术的发展,各种工业应用材料的介电性能变得越来越重要。根据信号传输速率公式,高频信号传输速度与层间介质树脂介电常数的关系可表示为式(1)[1,3,11]。从式(1)可以看出,基板的介电常数越低,信号的传输速度越快。
V=kcεr
式(1)中:Vc分别为信号传输速度(m/s)和真空中的光速(m/s);k为常数;εr为基板的介电常数。
在高频电路中,基板的介质损耗也是信号传输损耗要考虑的问题,其表达式为式(2)。从式(2)可知,基板的介质损耗越小,信号传输的衰减就越小。
α=k'fεrtanδ
式(2)中:α为信号传输损耗;tanδ为基板的介质损耗因数;f为频率;k'为常数。
因此,覆铜板的介电性能在很大程度上影响着信号的传输速度和传输效率,如图1所示[12],有效介电常数和介质损耗因数与不同频率下的传输损耗成正比。因此,研究和开发低介电常数和低介质损耗因数的高性能基板材料是PCB高频应用的前提。
研究表明,随着频率的增大不同基体树脂传输损耗的变化趋势也不同[3,13]。目前,应用于高频覆铜板的基体树脂有环氧树脂、聚苯醚树脂及改性聚苯醚树脂(PPO)、氰酸酯树脂(CE)、聚酰亚胺树脂(PI)、聚四氟乙烯树脂(PTFE)、BT树脂和碳氢树脂。表1给出了部分高性能树脂基体的介电性能[14-16]
作为高频高速覆铜板所用材料,快速传输信号是基本要求,且在信号传输过程中,要确保信号不受到干扰,保证信号质量,因此高频高速覆铜板需具有以下特性:
(1)耐高温性能好。玻璃化转变温度和热分解温度高,可保证高频高速覆铜板在高温条件下的尺寸稳定性。
(2)尺寸稳定性好。热膨胀系数(CTE)低,众所周知,材料尺寸在受热条件下都会发生一定的波动,但较低的CTE可以保证高温下覆铜板尺寸的变化率较小,且不会产生变形。
(3)低介电性能。介电常数需稳定且尽可能低以满足高频信号传输的速度要求,同时低介质损耗因数有利于保证信号的完整性。
(4)低吸湿性。吸湿性是影响介电性能的关键指标,如果材料的吸湿性高,水分子会进入绝缘材料和铜箔的接触面从而影响覆铜板的介电性能。
(5)耐化学腐蚀性好。保证覆铜板不容易受到化学物质腐蚀,可以延长电路板的使用寿命。
聚合物的分子结构对其介电性能和粘接性能有重要影响。然而,对高分子材料的低介电性能和强附着力的要求往往是矛盾的。一方面,与微带导体的强附着力要求聚合物链中含有氨基、环氧基、异氰酸酯等极性官能团,通过静电作用增强聚合物链与微带导体(通常是铜箔)之间的界面作用力,从而提高集成电路板的耐久性和可靠性[17];另一方面,本征偶极矩的取向极化和极性官能团的偶极极化会使得材料的介质损耗因数大幅升高,因此低介电材料(尤其是低介质损耗因数)要求聚合物链中含有非极性官能团[18]
碳氢树脂是不含任何极性基团的碳链聚合物,仅由C和H元素组成[19],具有优异的介电性能。常见的碳氢树脂有苯乙烯-丁二烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物、丁二烯均聚物等。由于C-C键和C-H键的电子极化率小,碳氢树脂在较宽的频率和温度范围内表现出较低的介电常数和超低的介质损耗因数。同时碳氢树脂具有优异的加工性能,相对于其他高频覆铜板树脂材料,其成型工艺简单、成本低,被认为是下一代高频覆铜板的首选树脂材料,被誉为最有发展前景的高频高速覆铜板材料。
碳氢树脂类覆铜板主要由碳氢树脂与低介电陶瓷粉复合制备胶液,然后浸渍玻璃纤维布制备半固化片压制而成[20]。覆铜板常用的碳氢树脂体系有聚丁二烯体系、聚丁苯(SB、SBS)共聚体系、环烯共聚物(COC、DCPD)体系、SI和SIS共聚体系、三元乙丙共聚体系、PPO改性聚丁苯体系、PPO改性SI及SIS共聚体系等[8,21]。目前碳氢树脂被美国Sartomer公司和KratonPolymers公司、日本NipponSoda公司和Asahi-Kase公司、德国TOPAS公司等公司所垄断,国内基本没有相比拟的同类树脂[7,20-21]。尽管我国的一些公司在该领域也申请了大量的专利,例如生益集团、华正、台耀等,但整体的研究及开发水平与国外还存在一定差距。目前主要的高频覆铜板用碳氢树脂材料品种如表2所示。国外以美国Rogers公司研发的碳氢树脂覆铜板性能更为卓越,其基材主要有碳氢树脂填充陶瓷类、碳氢树脂填充陶瓷加玻璃布类等,其中RO4725JXRTM产品在10 GHz时Dk为2.64,Df为0.002 6,属于碳氢树脂加陶瓷和玻璃布类[22]。而国内只有少数商品化的基材,如广东生益科技公司研发的射频和微波电路基材S7 136H产品,在10 GHz时的Dk为3.42,Df为0.003 0,属于碳氢树脂加陶瓷和玻璃布类[22]。目前,国内制造的高端PCB大多数采用的是国外公司所研发制造的高性能基材[22-24]
聚丁二烯是一种热固性碳氢树脂,主要包括聚丁二烯如顺-1,4-聚丁二烯、反-1,4-聚丁二烯、1,2-聚丁二烯等,在电子、绝缘、胶黏剂、涂料、汽车轮胎和增韧改性剂等领域得到了广泛应用。高1,2-聚丁二烯的侧链含有大量的双键(不饱和度高),为非晶态结构,主要用作粘合剂和密封剂,而极性基团的缺失在一定程度上限制了其应用范围。对于低分子量非硫化聚丁二烯液体橡胶,易蠕变的特性使其在室温下难以形成稳定的涂膜。因此高频覆铜板用聚丁二烯体系低介电材料的开发也成为其研究的难点。
ZHANG X等[3]构建了具有不同SiO2形貌和表面官能团的新型二氧化硅/聚丁二烯(SiO2/PB)复合材料,该复合材料在低频段和高频段均表现出极低的介电常数和介质损耗因数。SiO2表面乙烯基与PB大分子之间的交联反应极大地抑制了SiO2/PB复合材料的界面极化。SiO2/PB复合材料在低频段 (2 MHz)下表现出低介电特性(Dk为2.67,Df为0.001 5);在高频段(10 GHz)下具有低介电常数(2.66)和超低介质损耗因数(0.002 2),可用于不同频段的高速通信用高频高速覆铜板中。此外该SiO2/PB复合材料的CTE低至154×10-6-1,相较于纯PB材料降低了3个数量级,大幅提高了其尺寸稳定性。作者利用双层理论阐明了SiO2/PB复合材料的界面极化响应行为,并首次提出了增强界面极化的“共振”现象。研究结果为聚丁二烯材料在高频覆铜板领域的应用改性研究提供了很好的思路。
通过机械共混很难保证高含量SiO2填料能均匀地分散在聚合物基体中。为了同时提高聚烯烃高频覆铜板的力学性能和介电性能,WU B等[25]提出采用γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-550)对SiO2进行表面改性,并与聚烯烃进行复合制备了KH-550改性SiO2/聚烯烃层压板。当填料质量分数为55%时,层压板在10 GHz下的Dk为3.61,Df为0.003 69。此外,层压板还表现出优异的力学性能。虽然对SiO2进行表面改性大幅提高了层压板的力学性能,但是其介电常数和介质损耗因数降低并不明显,还需要进一步改性。他们又分别使用γ-甲基丙烯氧基三甲氧基硅烷(MPS)和1,2-聚丁二烯(PB)对KH-550改性SiO2进行同步功能化得到S-SiO2、 V-SiO2,并与聚烯烃复合制备了S-SiO2/聚烯烃或 V-SiO2/聚烯烃覆铜板[26]。结果表明,当填料质量分数为50%时,V-SiO2/聚烯烃覆铜板在10 GHz下表现出较低的介电性能(Dk为3.42,Df为0.003 55)。同时,在较宽的高频范围内表现出良好的介电性能稳定性。相较于之前简单地利用硅烷偶联剂对SiO2改性,将硅烷偶联剂和聚丁二烯同步功能化后,在介电性能方面有了一定的改善。此外,利用硅烷偶联剂对SiO2表面进行处理,再将PB链接枝到SiO2颗粒表面,不仅解决了填料与聚合物之间相容性差、分散性差的问题,同时保证了材料较低的介质损耗因数,为碳氢树脂高频覆铜板制备过程中填料相容性差的问题提供了解决思路。但是聚丁二烯体系覆铜板的介质损耗因数相对于现用碳氢树脂高频覆铜板材料还是偏高,还需要进一步改善。
除了对常用填料SiO2进行表面改性等方法来改善碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的性能之外,YANG S等[27]采用Ba2Ti9O20和SiO2陶瓷粉末作为复合填料对聚合物基体进行填充,结果发现Ba2Ti9O20和SiO2复合填充的PB复合材料孔隙率为1.36%,在10 GHz下介质损耗因数为0.002,抗弯强度为75.26 MPa。因此,Ba2Ti9O20和SiO2复合填充的PB基板在高频电路中具有广阔的应用前景,但是这两种填料复合填充对PB基板介电性能的改善效果并不明显,还需要进一步开发其他填料种类。
目前纯聚丁二烯体系制备的高频覆铜板存在树脂与铜箔界面粘接强度低、易蠕变等问题,难以与其他材质(如铜箔)粘附和层压。为此研究者们提出在聚丁二烯的基础上,混合其他树脂来改善聚丁二烯体系目前存在的缺陷。
ZHANG Y等[5]设计并合成了双交联网络马来酸酐聚丁二烯-氨基端基聚酰亚胺低聚物(MAPB-PIO)并通过双面涂覆于PTFE膜上制备了新型三明治层介电膜(MAPB-PIO/PTFE/MAPB-PIO)。MAPB-PIO/PTFE/MAPB-PIO薄膜在10 GHz下具有超低介电常数(Dk为1.992 9)和超低介质损耗因数(Df为0.001 2)。同时,界面剥离强度达到0.912 N/mm。另外,该MAPB-PIO/PTFE/MAPB-PIO薄膜成功地应用于柔性电路板,显示出优异的高频信号传输能力。
为解决非硫化聚丁二烯液体橡胶的成膜和蠕变问题,ZHANG X等[28]通过溶液涂布工艺,设计并制备了热固性、可转移、对称的“三明治”结构聚丁二烯胶膜,然后用酸性KMnO4氧化处理聚丁二烯胶膜,成功地将羟基和羧基引入到胶膜表面。与未改性的对称“三明治”聚丁二烯胶膜相比,表面改性胶膜的介电常数和介质损耗因数仍然较低(10 GHz下Dk为2.416,Df为0.002 6),这为聚丁二烯类树脂高频覆铜板存在的成膜与蠕变问题提出了解决方案。
在树脂混合方面,聚苯醚(PPO)树脂具有极低的Df,在常用的树脂基体中仅次于PTFE树脂。此外,PPO还具有玻璃化转变温度高、CTE低、力学性能优异、耐酸耐碱等优点,但其与PB树脂的相容性较差。因此,HU W等[28]提出采用苯乙烯基聚苯醚(SPPO)和低极性热固性聚丁二烯树脂制备具有优异电性能和热性能的高频基体树脂体系。结果表明,通过末端苯乙烯化,SPPO与PB固化后在共混物中形成连续相。SPPO/PB共混物具有优良的耐溶剂性和热稳定性,同时保持了良好的介电性能。特别是当PB质量分数为50%时,固化体系的玻璃化转变温度高达226.5℃,介电性能优异,在10 GHz下介电常数为2.46,介质损耗因数为0.002 2,能满足电子工业中印制电路板基体树脂的要求。DONG J等[30]在1,2-聚丁二烯(PB)/苯乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS)二元树脂体系中加入环烯烃共聚物(COC)树脂,制备了介电性能、力学性能和吸水性能优异的PB/SEBS/COC三元聚烯烃体系,采用玻璃纤维布(GFCs)和SiO2填充树脂基体制备了聚烯烃/GFCS/SiO2复合材料。结果表明,聚烯烃/GFCS/SiO2复合材料层压板的CTE随着SiO2含量的增加而减小。COC和SiO2的加入对复合材料的孔隙率有显著影响,从而直接影响复合材料的介质损耗因数。当SiO2质量分数为40%时,基板表现出良好的介电性能(10 GHz下Dk为3.28,Df为0.001 8),热稳定性好(热导率为0.72 W/(m·K),CTE为24.98×10-6-1),力学性能好(弯曲强度为237.35 MPa),吸水率低(0.026%)。SiO2填充的PB/SEBS/COC复合材料作为高频高速基板具有潜在的应用前景。该研究将3种树脂混合制备的碳氢树脂高频覆铜板介电性能和热稳定性都比较好,这为后续研究碳氢树脂高频覆铜板提供了借鉴。此外,殷卫峰等[31]在氰酸酯-双马(BT)树脂中加入碳氢(CH)树脂,合成氰酸酯-双马-碳氢(BT-CH)复合体系和BT-CH覆铜板。结果表明,BT-CH基板的Df比BT基板提高了25%,其在153℃下热氧老化28 d后Df仅增大6%,表明其具有优异的耐热氧老化性能。
目前,聚丁二烯体系高频覆铜板的研究较为广泛,多数是以聚丁二烯体系为主体,然后与其他碳氢树脂体系进行复合形成二元或者三元体系。然而,聚丁二烯体系高频覆铜板也存在制备过程容易流胶、耐老化性能欠缺等问题有待进一步解决。
环状烯烃共聚物(COC)是一种新型的透明工程材料,在微波、毫米波甚至太赫兹波段都具有优异的电学性能,主要应用于光学、封装材料、生物医药、电子元器件等领域。环烯烃共聚物也具有极低的介电常数和介质损耗因数(在10 GHz下Dk为2.2,Df为0.000 2)、低热膨胀系数(CTE为60×10-6-1)和低吸水率(<0.1%),适合作为高频刚性电路板的基板材料。COC薄膜也表现出良好的柔韧性,可将其引入SEBS/BN复合材料中降低介质损耗因数和吸水率。LI H等[32]设计了一种三路GYSEL功分器,制备了COC基层压板并测量其性能。结果表明,COC是一种低损耗材料,COC基层压板微波电路具有低介质损耗和低成本的显著优势。
ZHENG S等[33]制备了一种基于环烯烃共聚物的新型覆铜板,该覆铜板的介电常数为2.34,介质损耗因数为0.001,是微波/毫米波电路应用的先进候选材料之一。此外,他们还提出了基于COC低损耗材料的激光刻蚀技术,可满足微波电路的制作要求。
大部分环烯烃类覆铜板是将环烯烃与其他树脂进行混合使用或在其他树脂基层上加入环烯烃膜,从而改善碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的性能。如DONG J等[30]在1,2-聚丁二烯(PB)/苯乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS)二元树脂体系中加入环烯烃共聚物树脂,制备了介电性能、力学性能和吸水性能优异的PB/SEBS/COC三元聚烯烃体系。其基板表现出良好的介电性能(在10 GHz下Dk为3.28,Df为0.001 8)。WANG H等[34]将环烯烃共聚物膜作为外边层应用。首先采用热压法将六方氮化硼(hBN)片材填充到高弹性苯乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS)基体中,并沿面内方向规整取向得到SEBS/hBN膜,然后将纯COC膜作为外表面层,SEBS/hBN膜作为中间层,设计了“三明治”结构薄膜。结果表明,SEBS、COC和hBN的结合使复合材料具有更好的性能可调性,“三明治”结构薄膜表现出低介电常数(2.7~3.6)、低介质损耗因数(<0.001,10 GHz)、高热导率(3.8~17.6 W/(m·K))和低吸水率(<0.1%)。表明COC薄膜在柔性电路板材料领域具有巨大的应用潜力,“三明治”结构设计可为复合材料的性能优化提供参考。WANG Q等[35]从填料方面入手,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了核壳结构的Sr2CeO4@SiO2,并在环烯烃共聚物中引入不同体积分数的Sr2CeO4@SiO2粉体,制备了碳氢树脂基复合材料。由于SiO2壳层的保护作用,粉末的稳定性显著提高,复合材料的隔湿性和耐腐蚀性增强,有利于电子设备在恶劣复杂环境下正常工作。当填料体积分数为20%时,复合材料在10 GHz下的介质损耗因数为0.002 3,介电常数为3.5,热导率为0.9 W/(m·K),吸水率为0.32%,热膨胀系数为37.7×10-6-1,具有优异的介电性能和导热性能,同时保持了良好的耐湿性和尺寸稳定性,在高频基板领域显示出潜在的应用前景。但核壳结构的Sr2CeO4@SiO2制备条件较为苛刻,成本较高,要在实际工业中应用还需要进一步改善。
WANG S等[36]提出了一种由低介电半互穿网络聚合物制备环状聚烯烃(COC)/聚苯乙烯玻璃体(PSVMs)的简单方法,并采用石英玻璃纤维作为增强填料制备了COC-PSVM复合材料。结果表明,COC-PSVM及其石英玻璃纤维增强COC-PSVM复合材料具有优异的热学性能、力学性能和介电性能。当COC质量分数为70%时,复合材料在5 GHz下的介电常数达到2.45,介质损耗因数为0.003 72,并且NCB键在热作用下的动态可逆性使COC-PSVM复合材料具有完全可回收性。这为低介质损耗印制电路板树脂基体的制备提供了一种新的策略,同时有利于减少电子垃圾对环境的污染。
对于环烯烃共聚物在碳氢树脂高频覆铜板中的应用在实验室中有较大的研究进展,但实际工业中应用还比较少,未来应对其实验条件的优化以及成本等问题进行研究,促进其实现工业生产应用。
碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的基体树脂除了聚丁二烯与环烯烃体系外,聚丁苯体系、环戊二烯体系等目前也正在积极开发中,并且就专利申请情况来看,聚丁苯体系在各公司的研发体系中也得到重点关注。
WU B等[13]通过在SiO2表面包覆乙烯-丙烯-双环戊二烯(EPDM)制备了不同壳层厚度的核壳结构EPDM@SiO2粒子,在聚烯烃基体中加入核壳结构SiO2粒子,制备了5G高频下高导热、低介电的覆铜板。结果表明,以壳层厚度为13 nm的EPDM@SiO2为填料,聚烯烃为基体制备的覆铜板有良好的介电性能(10 GHz下Dk为3.57、Df为0.003 2)和高热导率(0.56 W/(m·K)(80℃)),并且在较宽频率范围(3~18 GHz)内仍表现出稳定的介电性能,与WANG Q等[35]制备的基于核壳结构Sr2CeO4@SiO2填充的环烯烃共聚物有类似的性能。
聚合物电介质通常具有良好的电绝缘性、高电气强度、高韧性和低密度,但热导率却非常低,为此YU X等[37]提出通过对掺杂少量纳米金刚石(NDs)的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)薄膜进行固态拉伸来解决这一问题。结果表明,在低电场和高电场下,当NDs质量分数为2%时,制备的复合薄膜在拉伸方向上具有超高的热导率,可达到60 W/(m·K),介质损耗因数非常低。证明掺杂纳米粉体后在薄膜中引入的界面并不必然导致高电场下介质损耗因数的升高和热导率的降低,这为新型聚合物介电和功能材料的设计提供了新的方向。
除此之外,WU B等[24]发现在1,2-聚丁二烯/苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物/乙烯-丙烯-双环戊二烯(1,2-PB/SBS/EPDM)中添加适当的交联剂可以有效地提高材料的交联反应程度,从而可以制备具有较低介电性能的复合材料。所得材料在3~15 GHz范围内具有理想的介电性能,平均Dk为2.36,平均Df为0.005 4,有望在高频基板材料中得到应用。
WU N等[23]探讨了有机过氧化物BIPB作为引发剂对SiO2/1,2-PB/SBS/EPDM复合材料的影响。结果表明,随着有机过氧化物BIPB含量的增加,复合材料的介电常数降低。而介质损耗因数则先减小后增大。含3份BIPB的SiO2/1,2-PB/SBS/EPDM复合材料具有较好的介电性能,介电常数为3.37,介质损耗因数为0.002 8。
GUO J等[11]采用增韧改性聚苯醚(MPPE)基树脂和苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS)树脂基体制备了层压板。结果表明,当MPPE与SEBS的质量比为5∶1时,复合材料层压板在10 GHz下的介质损耗因数为0.002 7。为了改善层压板的介电性能、热性能,在树脂基体中引入Li2TiO3(LT)陶瓷粉末。当LT填料与树脂的质量比为2∶5时,复合材料层压板在10 GHz下的介质损耗因数为0.002 6,弯曲强度为125 MPa。该材料在制造高频高速覆铜板方面具有很强的竞争力。
目前,国内部分企业已经开始了碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研发和生产,如生益科技、无锡睿龙新材料、中英科技等。它们在规模和技术方面已迎头赶上,碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的国产替代空间巨大[38]。根据目前所查询的专利情况来看[39],国内碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的研发体系可分为两种,一种是以具有优异介电性能以及加工性能的碳氢树脂为主,通过调节碳氢树脂、填料以及各种助剂的比例制备性能优异的碳氢树脂高频覆铜板。无锡睿龙新材料公司刘永成等[40]利用聚丁二烯聚合物、聚丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物等中的一种或几种为基体,并用偶联剂对增强材料进行表面改性增加组分间的相容性、粘结性,然后与基体树脂复合制备了碳氢树脂高频覆铜板。得到的碳氢树脂高频覆铜板在10 GHz下介电常数为3.05~3.35,介质损耗因数为0.002 2~0.004 2,介电性能优异,粘结强度较好。
高分子材料的低介电常数、介质损耗因数和强附着力的性能要求往往是矛盾的。碳氢树脂的介电性能较好,但以碳氢树脂为主体的高频覆铜板容易出现粘结力差的情况,为此许多公司采用改性碳氢树脂进行高频覆铜板的研发。无锡睿龙新材料公司的刘永成等[41]、浙江大学的张启龙等[42]采用羟基改性聚丁二烯聚合物、羟基改性聚丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物等中的一种或几种制备的高频覆铜板既保证了碳氢树脂高频覆铜板的低介电性能,又提高了剥离强度。
另一种研发体系是将碳氢树脂与其他树脂进行改性配合制备高性能碳氢树脂高频覆铜板。瑞声科技公司的夏克强等[43]利用自聚二烯烃类树脂、氰酸脂树脂、苯并环丁烯树脂或用含有C-C不饱和键的官能团封端的聚苯醚树脂中的一种、两种或多种制备的碳氢树脂高频覆铜板介质损耗因数较低,但介电常数相对较偏高。广东全宝科技公司的林晨等[44]采用的树脂基体是改性聚丁二烯树脂和苯并噁嗪树脂;广东生益科技公司的苏民社等[45]采用的树脂基体是含有60%以上乙烯基的聚丁二烯或聚丁二烯与苯乙烯的共聚物树脂;郴州功田电子陶瓷公司的陈功田等[46]采用的基体是聚丁二烯、腈基树脂/改性马来酰亚胺树脂的混合物;上海材料研究所的聂婭等[47]采用的基体是碳氢树脂、双马来酰亚胺树脂、聚苯醚树脂。他们均通过调节各组分用量从而制备出了介电性能优异、剥离强度高、耐热性好的碳氢树脂高频覆铜板。
碳氢树脂作为高频覆铜板材料的研究热点,由于其优异的性能在高频覆铜板中得到了广泛的应用,将其与含有不饱和双键的聚苯醚、马来酰亚胺、苯并噁嗪等树脂进行复合,可以得到绝缘性能、耐热性、粘附性、机械强度、剥离强度、加工性能优异的高频覆铜板[48-49]
目前碳氢树脂类高频覆铜板所用基体树脂主要有聚丁二烯体系、环烯烃体系以及少量的聚丁苯体系。不论是对碳氢树脂进行改性或者是与其他树脂共混使用,目前的技术都不算十分成熟,大部分碳氢树脂高频覆铜板还存在粘结力弱、填料相容性差等缺陷[50],并且在碳氢树脂高频覆铜板性能方面,其耐热性较差也是目前研发的一个难点。因此对于碳氢树脂高频覆铜板还需进一步从填料、碳氢树脂的改性等方面进行研究提高其耐热性,尽早开发出高频覆铜板专用碳氢树脂体系,突破国外技术垄断,实现完全国产化。
  • 陕西省科技厅重点研发计划(2022-GY352)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(52220105002)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.001
  • 接收时间:2023-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-05
  • 修回日期:2023-03-13
基金
陕西省科技厅重点研发计划(2022-GY352)
国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(52220105002)
作者信息
    西安科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

夏婷(1997-),女(汉族),陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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