Article(id=1199644782558544135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680969600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-09, revisedDate=1684944000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763947204483, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763947204483, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763947204483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763947204483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199644777219191267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763947203211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563728010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199644782977974546, articleId=1199644782558544135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Simulation on current capacity and temperature field distribution in 220 kV XLPE submarine cable under low frequency, columnId=1199644778280350182, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Advanced Electrical Materials for Large Capacity Offshore Wind Power Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flexible low-frequency transmission system is superior in enhancing transmission capacity, reducing line charging reactive power, and improving voltage quality at the end of transmission channels, which can effectively meet the urgent demand for efficient aggregation and transmission of medium- and long-distance offshore wind power. In order to study the operating characteristics of submarine cables under low frequency condition, an electric-magnetic-thermal-flow coupled finite element simulation model of 220 kV cross-linked polyethylene was built considering the influence of external laying environment, and the steady-state ampacity and temperature field distribution of submarine cables operating at 50 Hz and 20 Hz in different laying sections were analyzed. The finite element simulation was verified by building a steady-state thermal path model of submarine cable on the basis of IEC 60287:1995 and previous simulation results of thermal field distributions in submarine cable under low frequency. The results show that under different laying environments of land section, sea section, and submarine section, the relative errors between the ampacity and temperature field distribution calculation results of simulation model and the analytical equation of IEC are within 3%, indicating that the temperature field simulation model of 220 kV cross-linked cable proposed in this paper has good accuracy and high efficiency. Meanwhile, it is found that the frequency reduction can reduce the AC resistance of cable conductor, improve the current distribution in the cable conductor, and reduce the operating loss of each part of cable, thereby the overall operating temperature of cable is reduced eventually and the cable transmission capacity is improved favorably.

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柔性低频输电系统在提升输电容量、减小线路充电无功、改善输电通道末端电压质量等方面具有优越性,可以有效满足中、远距离海上风电高效汇集送出等迫切需求。为研究海底电缆在低频条件下的运行特性,本文搭建了考虑外界敷设环境影响下的220 kV交联聚乙烯电-磁-热-流多物理场耦合有限元仿真模型,分析了不同敷设段中50 Hz和20 Hz频率下运行的海底电缆稳态载流量和温度场分布情况,并基于IEC 60287:1995建立的海底电缆稳态热路模型和低频海缆发热仿真的典型案例,对有限元仿真进行验证。结果表明:在陆地段、入海段和海底段等不同敷设环境下,仿真模型的载流量和温度场分布计算结果与IEC解析公式的相对误差都在3%以内,表明本文提出的220 kV交联电缆温度场仿真模型具有较好的准确性和有效性;频率降低可以减小线芯交流电阻值、改善电缆导体中的电流分布、减小电缆各部分的运行损耗,从而降低电缆的整体运行温度,有利提升电缆的传输容量。

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吴冰洁(1997-),女(汉族),四川眉山人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆的低频特性分析及仿真;

卢武(1991-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,副教授,主要研究方向为液相放电机理与高压绝缘数值计算。

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吴冰洁(1997-),女(汉族),四川眉山人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆的低频特性分析及仿真;

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吴冰洁(1997-),女(汉族),四川眉山人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆的低频特性分析及仿真;

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卢武(1991-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,副教授,主要研究方向为液相放电机理与高压绝缘数值计算。

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卢武(1991-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,副教授,主要研究方向为液相放电机理与高压绝缘数值计算。

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结构半径/mm导热系数/(W/(m·K))密度/(kg/m3)比热容/(J/(kg·K))
导体48.84009 000385
导体屏蔽层51.20.179302 405
绝缘层93.20.299302 300
绝缘屏蔽层95.20.179302 405
合金铅套104.235.311 370127
PE护套110.20.299302 300
内垫层241.10.221 9001 900
钢丝铠装253.1507 850475
外护套259.10.221 9001 900
), ArticleFig(id=1211320083113177161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644782558544135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

交流海底电缆各层结构主要参数

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结构半径/mm导热系数/(W/(m·K))密度/(kg/m3)比热容/(J/(kg·K))
导体48.84009 000385
导体屏蔽层51.20.179302 405
绝缘层93.20.299302 300
绝缘屏蔽层95.20.179302 405
合金铅套104.235.311 370127
PE护套110.20.299302 300
内垫层241.10.221 9001 900
钢丝铠装253.1507 850475
外护套259.10.221 9001 900
), ArticleFig(id=1211320083201257546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644782558544135, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The temperatures in different layers of AC submarine cable with 700 A of current injected, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置陆地段温度/℃海底段温度/℃入海段温度/℃
50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz
导体中心53.144.343.833.750.141.1
绝缘内侧51.742.140.732.848.740.1
绝缘外侧43.635.233.126.040.833.4
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通入700 A电流时交流海底电缆各层温度仿真数值

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位置陆地段温度/℃海底段温度/℃入海段温度/℃
50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz
导体中心53.144.343.833.750.141.1
绝缘内侧51.742.140.732.848.740.1
绝缘外侧43.635.233.126.040.833.4
), ArticleFig(id=1211320083352252492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644782558544135, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=The comparison of load capacity values for different frequency simulations of submarine cables, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真结果位置运行频率/Hz载流量/A低频下载流量提升效率/%
本文仿真结果陆地段5094115.3
201 085
海底段501 14918.4
201 360
文献[23]仿真结果5070313.4
16.7797
), ArticleFig(id=1211320083406778445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644782558544135, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

海缆不同频率仿真计算的载流量数值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真结果位置运行频率/Hz载流量/A低频下载流量提升效率/%
本文仿真结果陆地段5094115.3
201 085
海底段501 14918.4
201 360
文献[23]仿真结果5070313.4
16.7797
), ArticleFig(id=1211320083469693006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644782558544135, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=The operation losses in different sections of submarine cable under different frequencies, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置陆地段海底段入海段
50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz
线芯损耗/(W/m)55.03351.13451.48947.90453.38249.773
屏蔽层损耗/(W/m)14.6714.7507.7281.16011.6991.395
铠装损耗/(W/m)0.0110.0030.0070.0020.0080.002
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不同频率下海缆各部分损耗的计算结果

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位置陆地段海底段入海段
50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz50 Hz20 Hz
线芯损耗/(W/m)55.03351.13451.48947.90453.38249.773
屏蔽层损耗/(W/m)14.6714.7507.7281.16011.6991.395
铠装损耗/(W/m)0.0110.0030.0070.0020.0080.002
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220 kV交联海缆的低频载流能力及温度场分布仿真研究
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吴冰洁 1, 2 , 丁苒苒 3 , 陈晨 4 , 王耀港 1 , 王哲铭 1 , 卢武 1
绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023,56(12): 34-42
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绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023, 56(12): 34-42
220 kV交联海缆的低频载流能力及温度场分布仿真研究
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吴冰洁1, 2, 丁苒苒3, 陈晨4, 王耀港1, 王哲铭1, 卢武1
作者信息
  • 1上海电力大学 电气工程学院,上海 200090
  • 2国网上海市电力公司培训中心,上海 200438
  • 3国网上海市电力公司市区供电公司,上海 200080
  • 4国网雄安新区供电公司,河北 雄安 071600
  • 吴冰洁(1997-),女(汉族),四川眉山人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆的低频特性分析及仿真;

    卢武(1991-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,副教授,主要研究方向为液相放电机理与高压绝缘数值计算。

Simulation on current capacity and temperature field distribution in 220 kV XLPE submarine cable under low frequency
Bingjie WU1, 2, Ranran DING3, Chen CHEN4, Yaogang WANG1, Zheming WANG1, Wu LU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electric Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
  • 2Training Center of State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 3State Grid Shanghai Urban Electric Power Supply Company, Shanghai 200080, China
  • 4State Grid Xiong'an New Area Electric Power Supply Company, Xiong′an 071600, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.005
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柔性低频输电系统在提升输电容量、减小线路充电无功、改善输电通道末端电压质量等方面具有优越性,可以有效满足中、远距离海上风电高效汇集送出等迫切需求。为研究海底电缆在低频条件下的运行特性,本文搭建了考虑外界敷设环境影响下的220 kV交联聚乙烯电-磁-热-流多物理场耦合有限元仿真模型,分析了不同敷设段中50 Hz和20 Hz频率下运行的海底电缆稳态载流量和温度场分布情况,并基于IEC 60287:1995建立的海底电缆稳态热路模型和低频海缆发热仿真的典型案例,对有限元仿真进行验证。结果表明:在陆地段、入海段和海底段等不同敷设环境下,仿真模型的载流量和温度场分布计算结果与IEC解析公式的相对误差都在3%以内,表明本文提出的220 kV交联电缆温度场仿真模型具有较好的准确性和有效性;频率降低可以减小线芯交流电阻值、改善电缆导体中的电流分布、减小电缆各部分的运行损耗,从而降低电缆的整体运行温度,有利提升电缆的传输容量。

海底电缆  /  低频输电  /  有限元仿真  /  载流量  /  温度场

The flexible low-frequency transmission system is superior in enhancing transmission capacity, reducing line charging reactive power, and improving voltage quality at the end of transmission channels, which can effectively meet the urgent demand for efficient aggregation and transmission of medium- and long-distance offshore wind power. In order to study the operating characteristics of submarine cables under low frequency condition, an electric-magnetic-thermal-flow coupled finite element simulation model of 220 kV cross-linked polyethylene was built considering the influence of external laying environment, and the steady-state ampacity and temperature field distribution of submarine cables operating at 50 Hz and 20 Hz in different laying sections were analyzed. The finite element simulation was verified by building a steady-state thermal path model of submarine cable on the basis of IEC 60287:1995 and previous simulation results of thermal field distributions in submarine cable under low frequency. The results show that under different laying environments of land section, sea section, and submarine section, the relative errors between the ampacity and temperature field distribution calculation results of simulation model and the analytical equation of IEC are within 3%, indicating that the temperature field simulation model of 220 kV cross-linked cable proposed in this paper has good accuracy and high efficiency. Meanwhile, it is found that the frequency reduction can reduce the AC resistance of cable conductor, improve the current distribution in the cable conductor, and reduce the operating loss of each part of cable, thereby the overall operating temperature of cable is reduced eventually and the cable transmission capacity is improved favorably.

submarine cable  /  low-frequency transmission  /  finite element simulation  /  ampacity  /  temperature field
吴冰洁, 丁苒苒, 陈晨, 王耀港, 王哲铭, 卢武. 220 kV交联海缆的低频载流能力及温度场分布仿真研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (12) : 34 -42 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.005
Bingjie WU, Ranran DING, Chen CHEN, Yaogang WANG, Zheming WANG, Wu LU. Simulation on current capacity and temperature field distribution in 220 kV XLPE submarine cable under low frequency[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (12) : 34 -42 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.005
随着化石能源枯竭与环境污染问题日渐严峻,世界各国对于新能源的开发与利用愈发重视[1]。在众多新能源发电形式中,风力发电是技术最成熟、最具开发规模条件的发电方式。与陆上风电相比,海上风电场具有发电量大、受地势环境影响小等优势,是未来国内外风电行业的发展重心[2]。如何高效实现离岸70 km以上的中、远距离大容量海上风电送出是极具挑战和现实意义的难题。
目前海上风电并网主要有柔性直流、工频交流与低频交流三种输电方式。其中工频交流输电常见于近距离、小容量海上风电输送,具有系统结构简单、工程造价低等优点,但随着输电容量的增加,输电线路中产生的容性电流会显著增加,使得电缆绝缘层容升效应明显[3],线路传输容量效率大幅降低,因此工频交流输电不适用于中、远距离海上风电场景。柔性直流输电[4]具有频率波动适应性强、传输距离不受限、传输损耗较低等优点,但柔性直流输电应用于中、远距离海上风电场景时仍然存在直流侧发生故障时故障电流无法快速开断、海上换流站建造成本高等问题。柔性低频输电作为一种近年来兴起的新型输电技术,通过选取工频与直流输电间合适的输电频率,降低了交流输电容性电流和线路阻抗对功率传输的影响[5],且不需要建设海上换流平台,为中、远距离海上风电汇集送出提供了更高效与经济的选择。
目前柔性低频输电系统的相关研究主要集中在系统运行稳定化、拓扑结构优化、经济运行等方面[6],对海上风电汇集送出的传输设备可靠性研究仍然较少,尚需解决核心设备安全运行与设计制造等一系列难题。其中,海底电缆作为海上风电系统的关键传输设备,了解其负载能力和温度场动态变化规律对于保证柔性低频输电系统的安全、可靠运行具有重要意义。由于实验测试方法需要复杂的平台设备且无法还原海底电缆的真实敷设环境,目前主要采用有限元仿真和热路模型求解作为电缆温度场和载流量的计算方法。现有的海底电缆有限元仿真大多基于电磁-热-流多物理场耦合数学模型展开,相关研究表明工频交流和直流海底电缆的稳态载流量和温度场分布与埋设深度、海水和土壤温度、敷设方式等因素密切相关[7-8]。现有的海底电缆热路模型计算大多基于国际电工委员会发布的IEC 60287:1995和IEC 60853:1985标准对单芯海底电缆稳态、暂态载流量和温度场进行计算[9]。通过对标准规定的电缆本体热阻和热容值进行修改,并引入海底电缆外部环境的等效热阻和热容算式,可以将热路模型求解扩展到三芯海底电缆的短时过载电流评估中[10]
到目前为止,海底电缆载流量与温度场分析仍主要围绕直流和工频交流电缆展开,而针对低频交流运行环境下海底电缆载流量与温度场分布情况的数值与解析计算工作仍然较少,且主要集中在只考虑电缆本体结构的理想化负载与发热情况分析,外部敷设环境对低频交流条件下海底电缆载流量和温度场分布情况的影响规律尚不明确。因此,亟需在现有海底电缆有限元仿真模型的基础上,针对低频交流条件下的海底电缆和周边敷设环境模型进行参数化调整,通过数值计算并辅以热路解析验证的方法来了解相较于工频交流条件,海底电缆在低频交流条件下的温度分布改变情况与机理,为柔性低频输电系统中海底电缆绝缘的优化设计提供参考。
本文以典型的220 kV三芯交流海底电缆为研究对象,通过搭建海底电缆在不同敷设环境下的二维轴对称和三维电磁-热-流多物理场耦合模型,采用有限元仿真对工频交流(50 Hz)和低频交流(20 Hz)下的海底电缆传热和损耗方程进行数值求解,研究稳态运行条件下的交流海缆载流量和温度场分布情况。基于IEC 60287:1995建立三芯交流海底电缆的热路解析计算模型,对有限元仿真结果进行验证。
低频条件下的海底电缆敷设环境可参考2022年6月16日在浙江台州正式投运的世界首个35 kV柔性低频输电示范工程[11]。该工程的三芯海底电缆敷设从大陈岛的35 kV/20 Hz低频风电场起始,经25.7 km的海底传输路径,最终至浙江金清的陆上变频站(35/12 kV,20/50 Hz,11 MW)。该工程中海底电缆的敷设方式主要为埋地敷设,根据敷设环境与施工节点的不同又可以细分为海底埋地敷设、陆上电缆沟敷设以及登陆段带金属保护管的埋地敷设。参照此工程案例,本文在有限元仿真中将低频条件下的海底电缆及其敷设环境划分为陆地段、海底段和入海段分别进行建模,如图1所示。
交流稳态运行工况下,海底电缆本体的发热因素可以归为4个层面:导体损耗、金属层损耗、铠装层损耗、绝缘损耗[12]。其中正常运行且无缺陷的海底电缆绝缘损耗可以忽略不计,金属屏蔽层与铠装层发热损耗为由涡流和环流现象导致的磁滞损耗。通电后线芯导体产生焦耳损耗,受集肤效应影响,该损耗为交流电缆发热的主要因素。
当海缆内通电流后,导体损耗致使海缆本体温度不断升高。热量通过固体传热方式传递至周边土壤,再通过流体传热方式向空气或海水等外界环境传递热能。导体电导率可以视为温度的函数[13],因此温度变化将引起电导率的变化,电导率的变化又会引起焦耳损耗的重新分布,而空气和海水的密度、流动性会因温度的变化而变化,进而影响两者间的流体传热效果。因此,热场、流场与电磁场是互相耦合的物理场。本文针对现有的工程实际状况,综合分析不同敷设环境下电缆与周边介质传热效率的差异,进而获得运行频率改变时电缆温度场分布和载流量的变化情况,具体的研究框架如图2所示。
海底电缆在不同敷设环境下的运行状态,可以通过多物理场耦合方程进行模拟。海底电缆通电后,电缆本体的电磁场控制方程如式(1)所示。
H=JB=AJ=σTE+jωDE=-jωA
式(1)中:H为磁场强度,A/m;J为电流密度,A/m3B为磁感应强度,T;A为矢量磁势,Wb/m;E为电场强度,V/m;D为电位移矢量,C/m2ω为交流角频率,rad/s;σT为导体电导率,S/m。
电导率随温度线性变化的计算公式如式(2)所示。
σT=σ201+αT-20
式(2)中:σ20为电缆导体在20℃时的电导率,本文取5.81×107 S/m;α为导体的电阻率温度系数,本文取0.003 94℃-1T为导体的温度,℃。
电磁场与热场相互耦合的控制方程如式(3)所示。
ρCvT=kT+QeQtotal=Qohm+QmagQohm=12Re(JE*)Qmag=12Re(jωBH*)
式(3)中:ρ为各层材料密度,kg/m3C为各层材料在常压下的比热容,J/(kg·K);流体材料中v为速度矢量,固体材料中v为定值,m/s;k为各层材料导热系数,W/(m·K);Qe为总电磁损耗,W;Qtotal为总电磁损耗,W;Qohm为导体层的焦耳损耗,W;Qmag为金属层与铠装层的磁滞损耗,W;Re为计算结果的实数部分;E*为电场强度的共轭形式,V/m;H*为磁场强度的共轭形式,A/m。
土壤层中的固体传热控制方程如式(4)所示。
Q1=ρ1C1TT1-k12T
式(4)中:Q1为土壤层的热源,W/m3ρ1为土壤层密度,kg/m3C1为土壤材料常压下的比热容,J/(kg·K);T1为土壤层温度,℃;k1为土壤导热系数,单位W/(m·K)。
空气层和海水层中的流体传热控制方程如式(5)所示。
Q2=ρ2C2ρt+vT+q       +τ:v+Tρ2ρ2T|pρ2t+vp
式(5)中:Q2为流体材料的热源,W/m3ρ2为流体材料密度,kg/m3C2为流体材料常压下的比热容, J/(kg·K);q为传导热通量,W/m2τ为粘滞应力张量,Pa;τ:v表示非等温流动过程。
空气域与海水域中流体流速与密度之间关系的控制方程如式(6)~(7)所示。
ρ2v=0
P=μv+vT-23μvI         -ρ2vv
式(6)~(7)中:P为流体压强,Pa;μ为动力黏度,Pa·s;I为单位矩阵。
现有的220 kV等级海缆温度场分布特性仿真案例中一般采用三芯结构[14],该结构中海缆线芯呈“品”字型排列,主要结构包括绝缘层、屏蔽层、护套、铠装等。考虑到低频输电适用于中、远距离海上风电送出场景,要求较大的传输容量,本文以标称截面为1 600 mm2的三芯交流海底电缆(方天公司HYJQF41-F127/220型号)作为研究对象,此海底电缆具有传输电压等级高、容量大等优点,其结构如图3所示,主要参数如表1所示。
陆地段和海底段所建几何模型分别如图4(a)图4(b)所示,海底电缆埋设在土壤深度为1.5 m的区域。海缆线芯距模型底端距离为7 m,陆地段的土壤域上方设置为空气域,海底段的土壤域上方设置为海水域。由于陆地段与海水段的土壤含水量不同,导致其导热系数不同,本研究将陆地段土壤导热系数设置为1.0 W/(m·K),海底段土壤导热系数设置为1.9 W/(m·K)。入海段所建几何模型如图4(c)所示,由于处于陆地段与海水段的临界处,此段的土壤导热系数取值为1.2 W/(m·K)。同时已有大量仿真研究结果表明,海水流速在0~2.0 m/s范围内时对海缆发热情况并无太大影响[15],为了简化计算工作量,本文将海水流速固定为1.0 m/s。由于陆地段和海底段的结构较为简单,本研究采用二维模型进行仿真,而入海段情况较为复杂,采用三维模型进行仿真,如图4(c)所示。
仿真过程中,海底电缆线芯处施加电流I0,外壁处设置为磁绝缘且无滑移。流体域中空气的对流换热系数设置为6.5 W/(m2·K),海水的对流换热系数设置为200 W/(m2·K)[15],流体流向设置为从左至右。空气域与海水域的温度分别设置为40℃和27℃。陆地段和海底段土壤域的左、右两侧,以及入海段土壤域的左、右侧面和下表面设置热通量和法向流速皆为0。陆地段和海底段土壤域的左、右、下边界,以及入海段土壤域的左、右侧面和下表面设置为固定温度20℃[16-18]。设定流体域中边界处的流动速度为0,即无滑移条件。
一般而言,交流海底电缆的绝缘层材料长期运行温度不能超过90℃,否则会造成绝缘材料加速老化,影响海底电缆的绝缘性能[19]。参照此标准,在50 Hz和20 Hz运行频率下,对有限元仿真模型中的交流海底电缆三相线芯分别通入幅值相同、相角相差120°的交流电流,设定电缆本体温度最高不超过90℃,且绝缘层最大温差不超过20℃,计算海缆不同敷设环境理想状态下的稳态载流量。结果表明,运行频率为50 Hz时,陆地段、海底段及入海段的稳态载流量仿真解析值分别为941、1 149、1 080 A;运行频率为20 Hz时,三种敷设条件下的稳态载流量仿真解析值分别提升至1 085、1 360、1 267 A,其中海底段的电缆载流量提升幅度最大,提升了18.4%。
当通入稳态载流量时,不同频率下的海底电缆温度场分布情况如图56所示。
图5~6可知,在工频和低频交流条件下,陆地段和海底段的电缆运行最高温度均位于线芯处,且温度数值由线芯处从内向外逐渐下降。由于陆地段空气域较高的环境温度、较差的散热性以及由对流换热导致的固体与流体温度场动态平衡,陆地段埋设的海底电缆稳态整体温度分布均高于海底段。入海段海底电缆所处位置为海陆交界处,海缆不仅在径向方向存在温度梯度,在轴向也存在一定的温度差,即此处海底电缆的线芯温度会随入海深度的增加而逐渐降低。但由于海缆轴向表皮温度数值较低且变化范围较小,频率改变对其影响不大,本文后续选取如图5(c)所示的海陆交界切面处的电缆截面为观察对象,讨论相同载流量条件下,频率改变对海缆径向温度的影响。
设置交流电缆中通入相同的700 A电流,50 Hz和20 Hz运行条件下不同敷设段的海底电缆温度场分布如图78表2所示。由表2可知,当频率由50 Hz下降至20 Hz时,海底电缆相同径向位置处的温度数值均有明显下降,如陆地段线芯最高温度从53.1℃降至44.3℃,海底段线芯最高温度从43.8℃降至33.7℃,入海段线芯最高温度从50.1℃降至41.1℃。此外,电缆绝缘层两侧的温度差异也随频率降低而显著下降,如陆地段绝缘层两侧温度差由8.1℃降至6.9℃,海底段绝缘层两侧温度差由7.6℃降至6.8℃,入海段绝缘层两侧温度差由7.9℃降至6.7℃,以上结果表明低频运行条件对交流海底电缆的稳态运行温度分布具有明显的改善效果。
本节通过有限元仿真结果与改进后的IEC热路模型计算结果及文献中电缆低频发热的典型仿真结果进行比对,以验证本文提出的有限元仿真模型的计算有效性。首先对IEC 60287:1995中提出的单芯海底电缆稳态载流量计算的热路模型[20]进行优化,建立如图9所示的三芯电缆热路解析计算模型[21]
图9所示,图中WcaWcbWcc分别表示电缆A、B、C三相线芯损耗,W/m;WdaWdbWdc分别表示电缆A、B、C三相绝缘损耗,W/m;t1at1bt1c分别表示A、B、C三相芯线导体屏蔽层的热阻,K·m/W;t2at2bt2c分别表示A、B、C三相芯线绝缘层的热阻,W/m;t3at3bt3c分别表示A、B、C三相芯线绝缘屏蔽层的热阻,K·m/W;t4at4bt4c分别表示A、B、C三相芯线金属护套层的热阻,W/m;t3表示电缆外护套热阻, K·m/W;t4表示电缆外表面与环境之间的等效热阻,K·m/W;t5表示电缆内垫层热阻,K·m/W;λ1为屏蔽层的损耗系数;λ2为铠装层的损耗系数;T0为环境温度,℃;Tc为海缆稳定运行时的线芯温度,℃。
根据图9可以列出热路方程,如式(8)~(10)所示。
Tc-T0=(Wca+0.5Wda)t1+31+λ1Wca+Wdat2        +31+λ1+λ2Wca+Wdat3+t4
t1=t1a+t2a+t3a,  t2=t4a+t5
Wca=I2R
式(10)中:I为通入电流有效值,A;R为交流电阻有效值,Ω/m,其计算公式如式(11)所示。
R=RDC(1+ys+yp)RDC=R20[1+0.00393(Tc-20)]
式(11)中:RDC为直流电阻有效值,Ω/m;ys为集肤效应系数;yp为邻近效应系数;R20为线芯在20℃下的单位长度电阻,Ω/m。
根据IEC 60287:1995,三芯电缆导体的集肤效应系数与邻近效应系数计算公式如式(12)所示。
ys=xs4192+0.8xs4, xs2=8πfRDC×10-7ksyp=xp4192+0.8xp4(dcs)20.312(dcs)2+1.18xp4192+0.8xp4+0.27,  xp2=8πfRDC×10-7kp
式(12)中:xs表示用于计算集肤效应的Bessel函数的参数;xp表示用于计算邻近效应的Bessel函数的参数;f表示电缆导体所通电流的频率,Hz;dc为导体直径,mm;s为各导体轴心距离,mm;根据IEC 60287:1995,当电缆导体为紧压圆形导体时,kskp均取1。R20为海底电缆线芯在20℃下的单位长度电阻值,本文取0.011 3 Ω/m。联立式(8)~(12)可以得到式(13)
I=Tc-T0-Wda0.5t1+3t2+t3+t4Rt1+3R1+λ1t2+3R1+λ1+λ2t3+t4
基于式(10)~(12),可以看出频率改变将影响交流电阻有效值(RDC)。当海缆线芯运行温度为90℃,运行频率由50 Hz降至20 Hz时,导体交流电阻值由0.014 4 Ω/km降至0.013 6 Ω/km。因此降低交流电的输送频率可以降低海缆的交流电阻值,从而影响电缆导体的发热量,使海缆的发热损耗减小,以达到提升海缆载流能力的目的。
基于式(13),可以计算出海底电缆陆地段和海底段的稳态载流量分别为928 A和1 120 A。与2.1节中有限元仿真计算结果相比,误差分别为1.3%和2.5%,计算误差率均小于3%,验证了本文有限元仿真计算模型的准确性。
频率改变引起海缆载流量变化在其他文献中也有相似结论。文献[22]以1 000 MW海上风电经100 km海底电缆送出为例,计算了一次投资成本和运行损耗成本,研究结果表明低频条件下海底电缆的经济运行频率在16~21 Hz。文献[23]中以220 kV三芯交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆为对象,基于限元分析软件建立了海底电缆的磁电热仿真模型,对海底电缆的低频特性仿真进行了研究,将其与本文仿真结果进行对比,如表3所示。由表3可知,当海底电缆运行频率由50 Hz降至16~21 Hz时,海底电缆的负载能力显著提升,提升效率范围约为10%~20%,可认为本文的仿真结果具有较高的准确性,此模型可为工程实际提供理论参考。
此外,文献[23]还对频率改变对海缆温度分布的影响进行了研究,结果表明,同一运行频率下,海缆温度由线芯由内向外降低;随着运行频率的降低,海缆各部分温度均有所下降,当运行频率由50 Hz降至5 Hz时,海缆线芯最高温度从80.8℃降至65.7℃,如图10所示。这与本文2.1节中海底电缆在通入700 A电流运行时频率改变引起的海缆各层结构温度分布变化的仿真结论相似。
由2.1和2.2节计算结果可知,当海底电缆以低频运行时,可以提升海缆的稳态载流量,减少海底电缆绝缘层两侧的温度差异,从而延缓海底电缆绝缘材料的老化并改善海底电缆的长期运行性能。这一影响机制可通过对不同频率下电缆导体中的电流分布和电缆各部分的运行损耗情况进行分析。图11图12分别为当交流电缆中通入相同的900 A电流,50 Hz和20 Hz运行条件下不同敷设段的海底电缆各层材料电流密度分布情况。从图1112可以看出,电缆中心附近可以观察到较为明显的集肤效应和邻近效应,当运行频率为50 Hz时,陆地段流经电缆线芯的最大电流密度为1.22×106 A/m2,海底段流经电缆线芯的最大电流密度为1.84×106 A/m2,入海段流经电缆线芯的最大电流密度为1.53×106 A/m2,海缆屏蔽层与铠装层的电流密度较小;当运行频率为20 Hz时,陆地段流经电缆线芯的最大电流密度为4.7×105 A/m2,海底段流经电缆线芯的最大电流密度为1.57×106 A/m2,入海段流经电缆线芯的最大电流密度为1.02×106 A/m2。通过降低频率,可以显著降低海缆各层材料的电流密度,并弱化线芯、金属屏蔽层与铠装层中存在的电流分布不均匀现象。
对线芯、金属护套及铠装区域进行全局计算。当交流电缆中通入900 A电流时,50 Hz和20 Hz下海缆各部分的损耗如表4所示。从表4可以看出,负载电流大小和运行频率相同时,陆地段海缆的总损耗最大,入海段次之,海底段最小。同时20 Hz下各段海缆的损耗明显小于50 Hz时,这意味着当通入电流大小不变时,降低频率可以减弱集肤效应的影响,改善导体的电流分布,从而减少导体线芯产生的损耗,改善屏蔽层和铠装层的环流影响,致使损耗随之降低,最终达到改善电缆整体温度、提升海缆载流量的目的。
本文基于有限元法,搭建了海底电缆处于不同敷设环境下的电磁-热-流多物理场耦合模型,对50 Hz工频与20 Hz低频条件下海底电缆的稳态载流能力和温度场分布情况进行了分析,得到如下结论:
(1)当运行频率相同时,海底段电缆的稳态载流量最大,入海段电缆次之,陆地段电缆最小。当运行频率由50 Hz降至20 Hz时,不同段敷设的海底电缆稳态载流量均有显著提升,其中海底段的电缆载流量提升幅度最大,提升了18.4%。因此,在外部环境不变的情况下,降低频率可有效提高海缆载流量,提高传输容量。
(2)通过对IEC 60287:1995中的海缆载流量计算方法进行改进,得到了可以计算三芯电缆稳态温度场分布情况的热路解析计算模型。该解析模型与多物理场耦合模型的载流量计算数值解误差在3%以内,验证了本文有限元仿真计算模型的准确性和有效性。
(3)通过对工频50 Hz与低频20 Hz条件下海缆电流分布与损耗情况进行计算,发现降低海缆运行频率会显著弱化海缆各部分结构的电流不均匀分布情况并降低电缆损耗,从而改善电缆整体温度分布特性,提升交流海底电缆的长期运行性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51707113)
  • 上海市“晨光计划”项目(21CGA63)
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2023年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.005
  • 接收时间:2023-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-09
  • 修回日期:2023-05-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51707113)
上海市“晨光计划”项目(21CGA63)
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    1上海电力大学 电气工程学院,上海 200090
    2国网上海市电力公司培训中心,上海 200438
    3国网上海市电力公司市区供电公司,上海 200080
    4国网雄安新区供电公司,河北 雄安 071600
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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