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A thermochromic microcapsule epoxy resin composite insulation material (TEP) was prepared, and its power frequency permittivity (εr), dielectric loss factor (tanδ), and DC conductivity (σ) were analyzed in this paper. The results show that the temperature characteristic of dielectric constant of composite insulation material has an infelction point at 70℃. When the temperature is lower than 70℃, εr increases rapidly with the increase of temperature. When the temperature is higher than 70℃, the change rate of εr with temperature decreases significantly. The tanδ decreases significantly when the temperature is 50-70℃. The addition of thermochromic microcapsules can effectively reduce the DC conductivity of composite insulation material. In the thermochromic temperature range of 50-70℃, the solid-liquid phase transition occurs inside thermochromic microcapsules, which is the main reason for the special temperature characteristics of εr and tanδ. In the solid-liquid phase transition process, the molecular activity of the core material in microcapsule increases gradually, and the resistance that it needs to overcome in the orientation polarization with the external electric field decreases, resulting in the rapidly increase of εr and the significant decrease of tanδ with the increase of temperature. When the core materials of microcapsule are fully transformed to liquid state, its molecular activity decreases with temperature, leading to the significant decrease of εr with temperature.

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本文制备了热致变色微胶囊环氧树脂复合绝缘材料(TEP),并对其工频介电常数(εr)、介质损耗因数(tanδ)以及直流电导率(σ)的温度特性进行分析。结果表明:复合绝缘材料介电常数的温度特性在70℃时存在拐点,当温度低于70℃时,εr随温度升高迅速增大;当温度高于70℃时,εr随温度的变化率显著下降。tanδ在温度为50~70℃内显著降低。而添加热致变色微胶囊可以有效降低复合绝缘材料的直流电导率。在热致变色温度区间50~70℃内,热致变色微胶囊内部会发生固液相变,这是导致εr和tanδ特殊温度特性的主要原因。在固液相变过程中,微胶囊内芯材的分子活性逐渐增强,使其随外电场转向极化所需克服的阻力减小,导致εr随温度升高迅速增大、tanδ显著降低。当微胶囊内芯材全部转变为液态后,其分子活性随温度变化程度减小,导致εr随温度的变化显著降低。

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黄小羽(1983-),男(汉族),广西贺州人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电缆运维检修方向的研究。

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黄小羽(1983-),男(汉族),广西贺州人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电缆运维检修方向的研究。

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黄小羽(1983-),男(汉族),广西贺州人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电缆运维检修方向的研究。

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热致变色微胶囊环氧复合绝缘材料介电性能的研究
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黄小羽 1 , 王文婷 1 , 焦宇阳 1 , 冀然 1 , 高建 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023,56(11): 41-46
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023, 56(11): 41-46
热致变色微胶囊环氧复合绝缘材料介电性能的研究
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黄小羽1, 王文婷1, 焦宇阳1, 冀然1, 高建2
作者信息
  • 1国网北京电缆公司,北京 100022
  • 2西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
  • 黄小羽(1983-),男(汉族),广西贺州人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电缆运维检修方向的研究。

Study on dielectric properties of thermochromic microcapsule epoxy composite insulation material
Xiaoyu HUANG1, Wenting WANG1, Yuyang JIAO1, Ran JI1, Jian GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Beijing Powercable Company, Beijing 100022, China
  • 2Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2023-11-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.007
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本文制备了热致变色微胶囊环氧树脂复合绝缘材料(TEP),并对其工频介电常数(εr)、介质损耗因数(tanδ)以及直流电导率(σ)的温度特性进行分析。结果表明:复合绝缘材料介电常数的温度特性在70℃时存在拐点,当温度低于70℃时,εr随温度升高迅速增大;当温度高于70℃时,εr随温度的变化率显著下降。tanδ在温度为50~70℃内显著降低。而添加热致变色微胶囊可以有效降低复合绝缘材料的直流电导率。在热致变色温度区间50~70℃内,热致变色微胶囊内部会发生固液相变,这是导致εr和tanδ特殊温度特性的主要原因。在固液相变过程中,微胶囊内芯材的分子活性逐渐增强,使其随外电场转向极化所需克服的阻力减小,导致εr随温度升高迅速增大、tanδ显著降低。当微胶囊内芯材全部转变为液态后,其分子活性随温度变化程度减小,导致εr随温度的变化显著降低。

智能环氧绝缘  /  热致变色  /  介电常数  /  介质损耗因数  /  直流电导率

A thermochromic microcapsule epoxy resin composite insulation material (TEP) was prepared, and its power frequency permittivity (εr), dielectric loss factor (tanδ), and DC conductivity (σ) were analyzed in this paper. The results show that the temperature characteristic of dielectric constant of composite insulation material has an infelction point at 70℃. When the temperature is lower than 70℃, εr increases rapidly with the increase of temperature. When the temperature is higher than 70℃, the change rate of εr with temperature decreases significantly. The tanδ decreases significantly when the temperature is 50-70℃. The addition of thermochromic microcapsules can effectively reduce the DC conductivity of composite insulation material. In the thermochromic temperature range of 50-70℃, the solid-liquid phase transition occurs inside thermochromic microcapsules, which is the main reason for the special temperature characteristics of εr and tanδ. In the solid-liquid phase transition process, the molecular activity of the core material in microcapsule increases gradually, and the resistance that it needs to overcome in the orientation polarization with the external electric field decreases, resulting in the rapidly increase of εr and the significant decrease of tanδ with the increase of temperature. When the core materials of microcapsule are fully transformed to liquid state, its molecular activity decreases with temperature, leading to the significant decrease of εr with temperature.

smart epoxy insulation  /  thermochromism  /  dielectric constant  /  dielectric loss factor  /  DC conductivity
黄小羽, 王文婷, 焦宇阳, 冀然, 高建. 热致变色微胶囊环氧复合绝缘材料介电性能的研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (11) : 41 -46 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.007
Xiaoyu HUANG, Wenting WANG, Yuyang JIAO, Ran JI, Jian GAO. Study on dielectric properties of thermochromic microcapsule epoxy composite insulation material[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (11) : 41 -46 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.007
发热是影响电力设备安全运行的主要威胁之一,电力设备绝缘存在缺陷或异常可能会引起电力设备局部过热,过热温度为60~600℃,为电网系统的安全稳定运行埋下巨大隐患[1-2]。红外热成像技术是目前电力设备带电测温的主要手段,但红外热成像技术壁垒较高,且测量结果受检测设备参数、检测环境、成像角度等因素影响较大[3-4],严重影响了运维效率,增加了运维成本,使得电力设备的过热异常情况难以被及时有效地掌握。
热致变色材料是一种新兴智能材料,其颜色会随温度自发产生相应变化,其热致变色机理主要包括分子间电子转移、分子内质子转移、晶型转化、立体结构变化等[5-6]。若将热致变色材料应用于电力设备绝缘中,则无需借助红外热成像仪等测温装置,电力设备自身即可通过材料颜色变化直观地表达出设备温度异常点,实现电力设备的过热状态自诊断,能极大提高运维效率,对于电力设备的智能化转型升级具有重要意义[7-8]
目前,国内外已有部分学者开展了电力设备用热致变色材料的研究。陈田等[9]利用电子转移型热致变色微胶囊材料制备了可逆热致变色硅橡胶复合绝缘材料,并研究了其紫外老化特性,结果表明复合绝缘材料在紫外老化20天后依然可以保持较好的热致变色特性,而憎水角与交流电气强度在紫外老化后期会有所下降。P L SPRINGER[10]对4种商用热致变色材料在输电线路中的应用进行研究,结果表明4种商用热致变色材料均表现出良好的变色性能和耐久性能,寿命可达5年。谷山强等[11]制备了不可逆热致变色示温涂料并涂覆于铜排表面,能够通过观察颜色变化有效区分铜排短路条件下的发热部位。宋晓丽等[12]制备了多变色不可逆示温材料,能够在温度为300~900℃呈现出7种不同的颜色,有望实现对架空线路雷击故障点的定位与故障温度的判断。胡琴等[13]研制了一种具有较高变色温度的电子转移型热致变色微囊以及可逆热致变色硅橡胶复合绝缘材料,能够在实现热致变色功能的同时获得较高的沿面闪络电压。
优异的介电性能是复合绝缘材料在电力设备中应用的前提,但目前热致变色材料的研究主要集中于制备工艺、性能表征以及应用测试等方面,而关于热致变色材料对于介电性能的影响尚不明确。因此,研究热致变色材料对复合绝缘材料介电性能的影响,对热致变色复合绝缘材料的性能提升与应用推广具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。
本文制备了荧烷类热致变色微胶囊环氧复合绝缘材料(TEP),并对其工频介电常数(εr)、介质损耗因数(tanδ)以及直流电导率(σ)的温度特性进行研究。结合热致变色过程,对复合绝缘材料εr与tanδ的温度特性机理进行了分析。
选取商用荧烷类热致变色微胶囊材料(深圳千色变新材料科技有限公司)作为填料,其在常温下呈红色,在65℃下消色,粒径为2~7 μm;选用E51型环氧树脂作为基体,甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MTHPA)作为固化剂,2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30)作为促进剂。
将环氧基体、固化剂和促进剂的质量比设为100∶80∶1,并向其中添加不同质量份的热致变色微胶囊,分别为0.2份、0.5份、1.0份。将混合物在离心分散仪THINKY MIXER ARE-310中以2000 r/min的转速混合15 min,然后以相同的转速脱气15 min。随后,将混合物缓慢倒入不锈钢模具中进行固化,固化过程设定为80℃/2 h+105℃/2 h+120℃/ 4 h,试样厚度约为0.4 mm。
采用扫描电子显微镜KEYENCE VE-9800型测试热致变色微胶囊的表面形貌以及热致变色环氧复合绝缘材料断面的微观形貌,观察前对试样进行喷金处理。
采用西林电桥测试TEP试样的介电常数与介质损耗因数的温度特性,测试方法依据GB/T 31838.6—2021相关要求。测试电极为三电极系统,测试电压为工频1 kV,测试温度为30~90℃。
按照GB/T 31838.4—2019相关要求对TEP试样的直流电导率进行测试。对试样施加1 kV直流电压,记录流过试样的稳态电流,并计算试样的直流电导率,测试温度为30~90℃。
采用METTLER TOLEDO DSC 822e型差示扫描量热仪测试热致变色微胶囊的相变特性,称取试样质量5 mg左右,测量温度为30~80℃,升温速率为10℃/min,测试环境为氮气氛围。
TEP试样在常温下的外观如图1(a)所示。从图1(a)可以看出,TEP试样在常温下呈红色,随着热致变色微胶囊含量的增加,红色逐渐加深。当热致变色微胶囊含量为0.5份时,TEP试样的可逆热致变色特性如图1(b)所示。从图1(b)可以看出,添加热致变色微胶囊能有效赋予环氧复合绝缘材料可逆热致变色特性,当温度升高至50℃时,TEP试样的颜色开始变浅;当温度高于60℃时,TEP试样基本完全转变为环氧树脂基体本身的颜色,呈淡黄色。因此,通过肉眼观察TEP试样的颜色,即可掌握试样的温度状态,有效提升了试样温度检测的效率。
热致变色微胶囊以及TEP试样断面的微观形貌如图2所示。从图2可以看出,热致变色微胶囊在环氧树脂基体中的分散性较好。
本文采用的热致变色微胶囊材料芯材包含3种成分,分别为显色剂、发色剂和溶剂[14-15],其中显色剂为荧烷,发色剂为脂肪酸,溶剂为长链烷醇,而微胶囊囊壁由蜜胺树脂构成。显色剂、发色剂以及溶剂的摩尔比约为1∶2∶7,溶剂占据了微胶囊芯材的绝大部分。
溶剂会随着温度发生固液相变,是颜色随温度发生变化的核心[14]。当温度较低时,溶剂呈固态,使得微胶囊内的显色剂与发色剂紧密接触,导致显色剂中发色基团的结构发生变化,产生颜色。随着温度的升高,溶剂发生固液相变,将显色剂与发色剂溶解至溶剂中,导致显色剂与发色剂发生相分离,恢复显色剂中发色基团的结构,造成颜色消失[15-16]。因此,荧烷类热致变色微胶囊在较低温度时有颜色,而当温度升高至溶剂的熔点后变为无色,形成了TEP的热致变色特性。
TEP试样介电常数的温度特性如图3(a)所示。从图3(a)可以看出,随着热致变色微胶囊含量的增加,TEP试样的介电常数逐渐增加。为准确描述TEP试样介电常数随温度的变化率,将介电常数对温度求一阶微分,结果如图3(b)所示。从图3(b)可以看出,TEP试样的介电常数温度特性在70℃时存在明显的转折过程,在70℃前TEP试样的介电常数随温度的变化率较高,而在70℃后TEP试样的介电常数随温度的变化率显著降低,并且随着微胶囊含量的增加,70℃前TEP试样介电常数随温度的变化率逐渐增大。
TEP试样介质损耗因数(tanδ)的温度特性如图4所示。从图4可以看出,在50℃到70℃之间,即TEP试样发生热致变色过程的温度区间内,tanδ温度特性均呈“凹坑”特征,tanδ在该温度范围内显著降低,如图中的虚线箭头所示。随着热致变色微胶囊含量的增加,在温度为50~70℃内tanδ的降低幅度逐渐增加,当添加1.0份热致变色微胶囊时,TEP试样在60℃下的tanδ相比50℃下降了37%。另外,随着热致变色微胶囊含量的增加,TEP试样的tanδ逐渐增大。当微囊添加量为0.5份时,TEP试样的tanδ除了50℃附近外均小于0.005,基本满足GB/T 11017.3—2014对环氧复合材料tanδ的要求。因此,热致变色微胶囊的添加量应不超过0.5份。
TEP试样直流电导率的温度特性如图5所示。从图5可以看出,添加热致变色微胶囊能够有效降低复合绝缘材料的直流电导率,可以在一定程度上提升材料的绝缘性能。在温度为30~90℃时,不同微胶囊含量TEP试样的直流电导率均小于1×10-14 S/m,满足GB/T 11017.3—2014对环氧复合材料体积电导率的要求。不同热致变色微胶囊含量TEP试样的直流电导率大小并未表现出明显差异,这可能是由于不同TEP试样中热致变色微胶囊含量的差异较小所致。
DSC测试结果能够反映热致变色过程中溶剂的相变过程。热致变色微胶囊和TEP试样的DSC测试结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,热致变色微胶囊在温度为50~70℃内会发生相变,产生DSC吸热峰。TEP试样在相同温度范围内也存在相变过程,并且随着微胶囊含量的增加,相变过程愈发显著。
结合热致变色微胶囊内的相变过程,可以发现TEP试样介电常数的温度特性转折点对应于相变过程结束的温度点,而TEP试样介质损耗因数反常降低的温度区间对应于相变过程的温度区间。因此,TEP试样介电常数与介质损耗因数的温度特性可能主要由热致变色微胶囊内的相变过程导致。
当温度低于70℃时,热致变色微胶囊内的芯材主要处于固态。随着温度升高,芯材分子逐渐由固态向液态转变,导致芯材分子间距离逐渐增加、分子活性逐渐升高[17],使得芯材分子随外电场的定向程度逐渐增强,进而使热致变色微胶囊整体的介电常数逐渐增大,因此TEP试样的介电常数随温度的升高迅速增大。而当温度高于70℃时,热致变色微胶囊内的芯材已全部转变为液态,芯材分子间距和分子活性随温度升高的程度减弱,因此TEP试样的介电常数随温度的升高增长速率减缓。
复合绝缘材料的介质损耗因数同时包含了电导损耗和松弛极化损耗,介质损耗因数的计算公式如式(1)所示。
tanδ=γ+gωε0εr
式(1)中:γ为直流电导率;g为松弛极化损耗的等效电导率;ω为电压角频率;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为复合绝缘材料的相对介电常数。
根据式(1),能够分别计算得到TEP试样电导损耗以及松弛极化损耗的温度特性,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,TEP试样的松弛极化损耗高于电导损耗至少2个数量级,并且TEP试样的松弛极化损耗表现出与介质损耗因数相似的温度特性,即在温度为50~70℃内呈“凹坑”特征,松弛极化损耗在该温度范围内显著降低。同时,该温度范围对应于热致变色微胶囊的相变温度区间,因此,TEP试样的介质损耗因数在温度为50~70℃内显著降低主要源于热致变色微囊内由相变诱导的松弛极化过程。
当温度升高至50℃后,热致变色微胶囊内的芯材开始由固态转变为液态,此时分子间距逐渐增加、分子活性逐渐增强[17],使得芯材分子在外电场作用下的定向过程所带来的能量损耗逐渐减小,导致温度在50~60℃内TEP试样的介质损耗因数随温度升高逐渐减小。随着温度的继续升高,固液相变不断进行,大量芯材分子已具有较高的活性,能够随外电场进行较大幅度的转向极化过程,从而导致热致变色微胶囊内部的松弛极化损耗逐渐增加,造成TEP试样的介质损耗因数在60~70℃内随温度升高逐渐增大。而随着热致变色微胶囊含量的增加,TEP试样内参与松弛极化过程的芯材含量增多,导致松弛损耗逐渐增加。
已有研究表明,微米和纳米粒子与聚合物基体间会形成界面区,产生大量的电荷陷阱,影响复合绝缘材料载流子的输运过程[18-20]。在TEP试样中,热致变色微胶囊的囊壁与环氧树脂基体之间的界面可能存在大量电荷陷阱,阻碍TEP复合绝缘材料中载流子的输运过程,导致TEP试样的直流电导率相比于纯环氧绝缘有所降低,表明荧烷类热致变色微胶囊材料在环氧复合绝缘体系中具有一定的适用性。
(1)TEP试样的介电常数和介质损耗因数表现出特殊的温度特性,其中TEP试样的介电常数温度特性存在拐点,在70℃前介电常数随温度升高迅速增大,70℃后介电常数随温度的变化率显著降低;TEP试样的介质损耗因数在热致变色温度50~70℃内显著降低;TEP试样的直流电导率相比于纯环氧绝缘基体有所下降。
(2)热致变色微胶囊在变色过程中存在固液相变过程,是导致TEP介电常数与介质损耗因数特殊温度特性的主要原因。在固液相变过程中,微胶囊芯材的分子间距逐渐增加、分子活性逐渐增强,导致芯材分子更容易在外电场作用下发生松弛极化,而松弛极化过程中消耗的能量减小,使得TEP的介电常数随温度升高迅速增大,介质损耗因数在相变过程中显著下降。而热致变色微胶囊与环氧基体的界面可能存在电荷陷阱,降低了复合绝缘材料的直流电导率。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.007
  • 接收时间:2022-12-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-23
  • 修回日期:2023-02-09
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国家电网公司科技项目(5500-202211398A-2-0-ZN)
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    1国网北京电缆公司,北京 100022
    2西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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