Article(id=1199642610789875913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669046400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-22, revisedDate=1670688000000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946686693, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1697731200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946686693, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946686693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946686693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199642605748322423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946685491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563690021, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619118382871114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619118382871115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199642611242860753, articleId=1199642610789875913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Review of new nondestructive testing methods based on acoustic, optical, and thermal characteristics for insulators, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Defects will occur during production and operation of insulator, which will cause the accumulation of surface charge, and affect the distribution of electric field of insulators. In serious cases, surface flashover will occur, and then affect the operation safety of electrical equipment. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the nondestructive testing and evaluation methods of defects in insulators. Firstly, this paper summarized the influence of insulator defect types such as bubble, crack, and metallic foreign matter on insulator insulation performance, and analyzed the generation and development mechanism of different defects. Then, the testing principle and research status of new nondestructive testing methods based on acoustic, optical, and thermal characteristics were summarized and introduced. Finally, the detection methods were comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of speed and accuracy, the detection effects of different detection methods on insulator defects were evaluated, and the research direction of insulator defect detection in the future were prospected.

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绝缘子在生产、运行过程中会产生缺陷,造成表面电荷积聚,影响绝缘子电场分布,严重时会发生沿面闪络,影响电气设备的安全运行。因此,研究绝缘子中缺陷的无损检测及评价方法具有重要意义。本文首先总结了气泡、裂纹和金属异物等绝缘子缺陷类型对绝缘子绝缘性能的影响,分析了不同缺陷的产生和发展机理;然后,归纳并介绍了基于声、光和热特性的新型无损检测方法的检测原理和研究现状;最后,从检测速度和精度等角度对检测方法进行综合评价,评估不同检测方法对绝缘子缺陷的检测效果,并对未来绝缘子缺陷检测的研究方向进行展望。

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李阳(1989-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘子缺陷检测技术的研究工作;

王健(1985-),男(汉族),副教授,主要从事直流气体绝缘装备、电气设备绝缘缺陷在线监测、空天环境下的绝缘与放电等领域的研究工作。

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李阳(1989-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘子缺陷检测技术的研究工作;

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李阳(1989-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘子缺陷检测技术的研究工作;

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王健(1985-),男(汉族),副教授,主要从事直流气体绝缘装备、电气设备绝缘缺陷在线监测、空天环境下的绝缘与放电等领域的研究工作。

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王健(1985-),男(汉族),副教授,主要从事直流气体绝缘装备、电气设备绝缘缺陷在线监测、空天环境下的绝缘与放电等领域的研究工作。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1211296912817394411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211296912825783020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, companyId=1211296912817394411, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211296912829977325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, companyId=1211296912817394411, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2华北电力大学,北京 102206)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1211296915677909883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=insulator), Keyword(id=1211296915770184575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=defect generation mechanism), Keyword(id=1211296915858264964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=nondestructive testing method), Keyword(id=1211296917066224518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=acoustic-optical-thermal characteristics), Keyword(id=1211296917162693513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=绝缘子), Keyword(id=1211296917326271373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=缺陷产生机理), Keyword(id=1211296917426934672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=无损检测方法), Keyword(id=1211296917531792275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=声光热特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1211296921776428027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=70, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陆国俊, 黃炎光, 覃煜, journalName=南方电网技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陆国俊,黃炎光,覃煜,等.基于电力设备状态评价体系的GIS状态评估方法[J].南方电网技术,2014,8(1):70-74., articleTitle=基于电力设备状态评价体系的GIS状态评估方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211296921856119805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=2, pageStart=12, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=韩帅, 郭瑞, 王健, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩帅,郭瑞,王健,等.GIS盆式绝缘子表面缺陷及其诊断方法研究综述[J].绝缘材料,2022,55(2):12-22., articleTitle=GIS盆式绝缘子表面缺陷及其诊断方法研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211296921931617280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=7, issue=5, pageStart=1011, pageEnd=1025, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=WANGJ, HUQ, CHANGY, journalName=CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANGJ, HUQ, CHANGY, et al. 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气泡位置场强最大值/(kV/mm)
VFTO工频电压
A11.5875.178
B8.9394.469
C8.7214.361
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不同电压作用下绝缘子最大场强

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气泡位置场强最大值/(kV/mm)
VFTO工频电压
A11.5875.178
B8.9394.469
C8.7214.361
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检测方法优点缺点
超声导波法检测效率高、速度快、灵敏度高,成本低,可定位缺陷位置仅限于断电检测,对缺陷定位精度不够
非线性超声检测法能够检测出微米级间隙缺陷,检测效率高、速度快易受外界环境影响,抗干扰能力较弱
太赫兹检测法太赫兹波穿透能力强、成像分辨率高、抗干扰能力强不能对缺陷的类别进行区分
X射线检测法可进行可视化无损检测,检测结果可长期保存探测距离与灵敏度较低,并且背景噪声严重,不利于成像
电磁感应热成像检测法检测速度快、检测结果形象直观,可定量化检测,能更好的区分背景和缺陷被检测试样表面温度容易受到环境影响出现噪声,检测结果可能出现偏差
频域热特征成像检测法非接触测量、检测速度快、结果形象直观、可定量测量传播深度增加,时序热图缺陷识别效果不理想,高频率热图噪声多,缺陷距离表面越远,检测效果越不明显
), ArticleFig(id=1211296920203564016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642610789875913, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

绝缘子缺陷检测技术对比

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检测方法优点缺点
超声导波法检测效率高、速度快、灵敏度高,成本低,可定位缺陷位置仅限于断电检测,对缺陷定位精度不够
非线性超声检测法能够检测出微米级间隙缺陷,检测效率高、速度快易受外界环境影响,抗干扰能力较弱
太赫兹检测法太赫兹波穿透能力强、成像分辨率高、抗干扰能力强不能对缺陷的类别进行区分
X射线检测法可进行可视化无损检测,检测结果可长期保存探测距离与灵敏度较低,并且背景噪声严重,不利于成像
电磁感应热成像检测法检测速度快、检测结果形象直观,可定量化检测,能更好的区分背景和缺陷被检测试样表面温度容易受到环境影响出现噪声,检测结果可能出现偏差
频域热特征成像检测法非接触测量、检测速度快、结果形象直观、可定量测量传播深度增加,时序热图缺陷识别效果不理想,高频率热图噪声多,缺陷距离表面越远,检测效果越不明显
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基于声、光、热特性的绝缘子新型无损检测方法综述
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李阳 1 , 李凌 1 , 张晓林 1 , 王延瑞 1 , 徐兴龙 1 , 张建民 2 , 王哲 2 , 王健 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2023,56(10): 12-21
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2023, 56(10): 12-21
基于声、光、热特性的绝缘子新型无损检测方法综述
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李阳1, 李凌1, 张晓林1, 王延瑞1, 徐兴龙1, 张建民2, 王哲2, 王健2
作者信息
  • 1云南电网有限责任公司丽江供电局,云南 丽江 674100
  • 2华北电力大学,北京 102206
  • 李阳(1989-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘子缺陷检测技术的研究工作;

    王健(1985-),男(汉族),副教授,主要从事直流气体绝缘装备、电气设备绝缘缺陷在线监测、空天环境下的绝缘与放电等领域的研究工作。

Review of new nondestructive testing methods based on acoustic, optical, and thermal characteristics for insulators
Yang LI1, Ling LI1, Xiaolin ZHANG1, Yanrui WANG1, Xinglong XU1, Jianmin ZHANG2, Zhe WANG2, Jian WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Lijiang Power Supply Bureau of Yunnan Electric Power Grid Co., Ltd., Lijiang 674100, China
  • 2North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2023-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.002
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绝缘子在生产、运行过程中会产生缺陷,造成表面电荷积聚,影响绝缘子电场分布,严重时会发生沿面闪络,影响电气设备的安全运行。因此,研究绝缘子中缺陷的无损检测及评价方法具有重要意义。本文首先总结了气泡、裂纹和金属异物等绝缘子缺陷类型对绝缘子绝缘性能的影响,分析了不同缺陷的产生和发展机理;然后,归纳并介绍了基于声、光和热特性的新型无损检测方法的检测原理和研究现状;最后,从检测速度和精度等角度对检测方法进行综合评价,评估不同检测方法对绝缘子缺陷的检测效果,并对未来绝缘子缺陷检测的研究方向进行展望。

绝缘子  /  缺陷产生机理  /  无损检测方法  /  声光热特性

Defects will occur during production and operation of insulator, which will cause the accumulation of surface charge, and affect the distribution of electric field of insulators. In serious cases, surface flashover will occur, and then affect the operation safety of electrical equipment. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the nondestructive testing and evaluation methods of defects in insulators. Firstly, this paper summarized the influence of insulator defect types such as bubble, crack, and metallic foreign matter on insulator insulation performance, and analyzed the generation and development mechanism of different defects. Then, the testing principle and research status of new nondestructive testing methods based on acoustic, optical, and thermal characteristics were summarized and introduced. Finally, the detection methods were comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of speed and accuracy, the detection effects of different detection methods on insulator defects were evaluated, and the research direction of insulator defect detection in the future were prospected.

insulator  /  defect generation mechanism  /  nondestructive testing method  /  acoustic-optical-thermal characteristics
李阳, 李凌, 张晓林, 王延瑞, 徐兴龙, 张建民, 王哲, 王健. 基于声、光、热特性的绝缘子新型无损检测方法综述. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (10) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.002
Yang LI, Ling LI, Xiaolin ZHANG, Yanrui WANG, Xinglong XU, Jianmin ZHANG, Zhe WANG, Jian WANG. Review of new nondestructive testing methods based on acoustic, optical, and thermal characteristics for insulators[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (10) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.002
电气设备中的绝缘子因其维护成本低、集成度高、供电可靠性高等优点在变电站中得到广泛应用[1-4]。由于生产过程和长期运行的影响,绝缘子的内部或表面不可避免地存在缺陷(如裂纹、气泡、金属异物等),导致设备绝缘性能劣化,对电网的保护和控制作用失效[5-6],在严重的情况下,甚至可能导致停电事故。因此,定期对设备内部部件进行状态检测,对确保其安全、稳定、可靠地运行具有重要意义。
在电气设备绝缘子的制造、操作、维护、安装、存储、运输过程中,通常会出现以下两种缺陷:一种是范围较小但危害较大的集中性缺陷,例如制造装配过程中的机械损伤、瓷质裂纹、内部气泡等[7-10];另一种是分布范围较广的缺陷,比如由于密封不良,绝缘子受潮、受污染,或者在强电场和高温的长期作用下发生老化,这将降低绝缘子整体的绝缘性能,导致绝缘电阻减小、损耗增加、发热严重,从而进一步加速老化、缩短设备的绝缘寿命等[11-12]。当绝缘子中出现裂纹缺陷时,其在长期运行过程中发生击穿的风险最高[13-15]。文献[16]用特高频法检测实际裂纹缺陷绝缘子模型中产生的局部放电,发现裂纹宽度越小,放电越强烈。绝缘子中各种缺陷的存在都会影响其绝缘性能,因此,对绝缘子缺陷进行有效的检测有助于降低高压电力设备的运行成本并延长其使用寿命。
目前,绝缘子缺陷的检测主要以局部放电的形式进行,包括脉冲电流法、超高频法和超声法等。LI X等[17]建立了基于交叉参考脉冲电流和超高频方法的测量体系,揭示了绝缘子表面金属颗粒缺陷的局部放电特性和可检测性,具有良好的测量精度和灵敏度。MENG X等[18]提出了基于语义分析的绝缘子局部放电超高频信号严重性评估方法,充分利用了结构化文本数据和非结构化文本数据,可更全面、直观地反映绝缘子状态。ZHENG Y等[19]提出了一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性的超声无损检测方法,通过构建密度与超声速度的映射关系来监测绝缘子的机械强度。然而,这些方法只能间接地评估盆式绝缘子的状态,而不能准确地确定缺陷类型和定位故障位置[20]。通过开展在线检测和抽样评估,及时发现绝缘子缺陷并进行消除,减少因绝缘子缺陷导致的电力设备故障,可大幅提升高压电力设备的运行稳定性。
本文在国内外研究成果的基础上,介绍绝缘子缺陷产生、发展的机理和无损检测方法,分析在生产、运行过程中出现的缺陷类型,并对基于声、光和热学特性的绝缘子检测方法进行综述、总结和展望。
绝缘子包括瓷绝缘子和复合绝缘子等,在瓷绝缘子制造的过程中,结晶粒子遭受着明显拉伸应力的作用,部分瓷绝缘子在烧结过程中也会存在气孔等缺陷。复合绝缘子工作环境十分恶劣,受大风、雷电、酸雨、覆冰和日晒等外界环境因素的影响,其附加应力增大,机械和电性能下降,极易产生力学性能故障。另外,生产过程导致的质量问题也会使复合绝缘子出现护套与芯棒脱粘、平板硅橡胶破损以及护套内部气孔或断层等缺陷,从而导致芯棒断裂、掉线等严重问题。绝缘子中产生的气泡、裂纹、异物等缺陷是降低其绝缘性能的重要因素。因此,有必要研究绝缘子缺陷的产生和发展机理。
在实际生产过程中,由于人工手动操作,绝缘子内部会产生难以发现的小气泡。气泡的存在会导致场强发生畸变,影响绝缘子的绝缘性能。目前,国内外学者针对绝缘子内部气泡缺陷的研究主要集中于对电场分布的影响[21],根据三电容模型,这些气泡最有可能导致局部放电,使得运行中的绝缘子失效,严重时还会导致绝缘子断裂,最终影响电力系统的稳定运行。
绝缘子存在气泡缺陷时,其最大场强畸变系数如式(1)所示[22]
m=3ε1ε2+2ε1
式(1)中:m为最大电场强度畸变系数;ε1为空气介电常数;ε2为相对介电常数。
何柏娜等[23]在绝缘子内部选取3个具有代表性的气泡位置,分别为绝缘子不存在缺陷时电场强度最大值A处、电场强度最小值C处以及靠近绝缘子上表面最大场强B处,如图1所示。测试快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)和工频电压作用下,绝缘子各气泡处的最大场强,如表1所示。从表1可以看出,气泡越靠近绝缘子金属端,其最大电场强度越大。
在高压电力设备中,绝缘子通常采用陶瓷注射成型工艺制成。然而,在高压绝缘子的制造过程中,常常出现裂纹等表面缺陷。这些裂纹缺陷可能是由于制造工艺中模具内部产生气泡,导致裂纹形成;也可能是在断路器闭合和开路运行期间,绝缘子受到振动作用而产生。裂纹的持续扩展可能会引发局部放电,从而在该区域造成严重的灼伤,最终导致绝缘子的损坏。
文献[24]表明,在绝缘子裂纹靠近高压导体的情况下,垂直于电场方向的深裂纹中的场强可能是裂纹周围场强的5.6倍,并且接近气体放电的场强判据,可在工作电压下引发局部放电。对于裂纹缺陷的检测,王克胜等[25]建立具有正常和带有裂纹缺陷的绝缘子三维模型,计算了绝缘子表面电场分布和振动模态,发现当绝缘子有裂纹时,裂纹附近的电场会发生明显的畸变,而母线附近裂纹末端的电场畸变更严重。高晋武[26]利用超声导波对绝缘子裂纹进行检测,发现超声导波距离缺陷位置越近,其能量衰减率变化越大。YIN J等[27]利用新的UWB微波诊断系统,通过模拟绝缘子中横向和纵向界面的毫米级裂纹,测试得到在3~10 GHz范围内,无裂纹和有裂纹情况下的模式转换接收信号的差异分别为30~50 dB和20~40 dB,在无裂纹与有裂纹情况下,接收到的信号电平相差40~60 dB。王黎明等[28]利用脉冲红外热波法对支柱瓷绝缘子不同深度裂纹进行检测,如图2所示,其中t为温度,τ为时间。对数温度-时间曲线的二阶微分峰值时间与缺陷深度的平方成反比,可由此计算缺陷深度。
在绝缘子的运输、储存和安装过程中异物容易积聚在表面,改变电场分布,导致电荷积聚和局部放电,甚至损坏绝缘子本体。
目前国内外已经有不少学者开展了关于绝缘子表面脏污缺陷的研究。孙保强等[29]研究了直流电压及交流电压下的复合绝缘子积污特性;李恒真等[30]采用粒径从几μm到几百μm的污秽进行试验,表明颗粒粒径是影响绝缘子积污特性的重要因素,绝缘子上、下表面污秽粒径分布范围大致相同,上表面平均粒径大于下表面。
绝缘子表面脏污容易造成表面电荷积聚,引发局部放电。目前主要采用模态分析法对绝缘子表面的污秽状况进行检测分析,该方法具有灵敏度高、无损检测等优点。袁文泽等[31]通过三维有限元软件进行数值仿真分析,研究了污秽参数对盆式绝缘子模态特性的影响,并在220 kV GIS模型上进行盆式绝缘子的模态试验,对其表面污秽状况检测技术进行了相关研究。李星等[32]研究表明,温度升高时绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷局部放电降低,放电量和放电频次增加。
绝缘子缺陷的产生机理包括绝缘子自身材料固化过程的缺陷、残余应力以及脱膜产生的界面状态等。导致绝缘子材料老化的因素主要有光、热、电等,老化的直接后果是绝缘子伞群表面的憎水性能下降,闪络电压降低、耐污闪能力下降,如不及时发现并更换老化严重的绝缘子,可能会发生闪络事故。由于受到浇注工艺、温度等因素的影响,在浇注过程中会产生大量的残余应力,导致绝缘子内部应力在局部区域显著增大,在外部载荷激励和残余应力的共同作用下,绝缘子会在应力集中处破裂,在运行中引发长时间的局部放电,从而导致整个绝缘子破损。
绝缘子在长期运行中,材料会发生老化,如硅橡胶材料在户外使用过程中需要长期承受热氧、湿热环境、化工气体等环境因素的影响而老化。绝缘子老化可能造成电晕放电、裂纹、材料粉化等比较严重的后果。而且绝缘子老化后,其绝缘性能会降低,影响电网的安全运行。
张学敏等[33]选取11组绝缘子样本进行实验,根据实验结果和样本的老化分类,建立了复合绝缘子老化检测模型,将绝缘子的老化状态分为5个等级,通过测量太赫兹信号的回波损耗,可大致得出复合绝缘子所处老化等级,判断老化状态。随着频率的增加,整个频带中的所有曲线都显示出下降趋势。汪佛池等[34]对运行8年和15年的绝缘子样品进行老化评估,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,运行8年的样品表面粗糙程度增大,老化严重,运行15年的样品表面凹凸不平,裂纹更加明显,绝缘子老化更加严重。
孙进等[35]通过FTIR测试绝缘子内部结构来对比绝缘子不同部位的老化情况,分别对伞裙上片的表面(a)和内部(b),伞裙下片的表面(c)和内部(d)4个部位进行FTIR测试,结果如图4所示。图4中1 280~1 255 cm-1处为Si-CH3键的吸收峰,1 130~1 000 cm-1处为Si-O-Si键的吸收峰,将Si-O-Si键的吸收峰进行归一化处理后,可对比表面和内部硅橡胶的Si-CH3键含量。从图4可以看出,表面Si-CH3键的吸收峰强度明显减弱,表明表面的老化程度远高于内部。
绝缘子的力学性能对电气设备的安全运行起着关键作用,在绝缘子固化过程中会产生残余应力。若有外部激励,残余应力将发展为裂纹或其他缺陷,从而导致局部放电和设备损坏[36-37]
外部施加的固化温度能够促进固化反应,提高反应速率,这也会使得绝缘子的残余应力增大。而在固化过程中,各个时间点的应力分布趋势基本一致,且凝胶点也影响了绝缘子的应力大小[38]。如图5所示展示了盆式绝缘子表面主应力最大值附近3个主应力的矢量分布。盆体材料受到化学收缩和物理冷缩效应作用时,由于硬度更大的中心嵌件和屏蔽环的约束,应力集中积累,且离约束区域越近的地方,产生的应力积累越多。
李永飞等[39]分析了气泡缺陷的位置及尺寸对绝缘子应力分布的影响,发现气泡缺陷会使绝缘子相应位置处的应力分布发生畸变,气泡的位置和尺寸也会对局部的应力分布产生影响。
国内外学者针对绝缘子缺陷无损检测方法做了大量的研究,主要包括射线检测[40]、磁粉检测[41]、涡流检测[42]、渗透检测[43]、超声波检测[44]等。上述方法是常规的无损检测方法,操作简单,单一的检测方法对于缺陷的诊断难度较大,具有一定的局限性。而基于声、光、热特性的新型绝缘子无损检测方法检测速度快、检测效率高,并且灵敏度高,检测结果形象直观,对于绝缘子缺陷检测具有较大的应用前景。
超声导波法通过检测导波在绝缘子中的传播特性,实现对绝缘子宏观缺陷、组织结构的检测。超声导波检测法因其检测速度快、检测精度高、成本低、检测范围广等优点,近年来得到了很大的发展。与超声检测的点扫描相比,超声导波检测采用线扫描,可以同时检测到绝缘子内部和外部的缺陷[45]。通过Lamb波在绝缘子中的传播特性,实现对绝缘子内部气泡、附着物以及裂纹等缺陷的检测,并精确定位缺陷的位置。由于超声导波的频率和模态不同,导波的传播速度和特性也不相同,对不同类型绝缘子、不同缺陷的敏感程度也不相同[46]。超声导波检测示意图如图6所示。
超声导波检测法可以检测绝缘子中各种气泡、裂纹、脱膜等缺陷。缺陷增大,接收的信号减小,这是由于超声导波在遇到缺陷时会发生反射和折射等现象造成能量损失[47]。超声导波可对不同类型绝缘子内部的缺陷进行检测[48]。何战峰等[49]选取芯棒缺陷不同轴向长度,运用匹配追踪算法估计出芯棒缺陷位置。目前超声导波检测法仅适用于离线状态下对绝缘子缺陷进行检测,且对于缺陷定位的精度不够。
非线性超声检测(NUT)方法主要是检测超声波与闭合裂纹相互作用引起的高次谐波或次谐波,当微小缺陷与大振幅的超声波相互作用时,会出现强非线性失真线,产生高次谐波[50]。超声波经过固体材料后,波形会发生畸变,除了基频波外,还会产生倍频波(二次谐波)[51]
对同一试样的检测过程中波数和传播距离保持不变,当正弦波施加到有缺陷的固体材料上时,会导致波形失真,即非线性系数发生变化[52]。探测激光采集初始时域信号后,通过傅里叶变换得到具有明显频率特征的频谱。当基波通过闭合表面裂纹时,裂纹区域的局部表观刚度在拉伸和压缩作用下发生变化,产生较高的谐波,这种波畸变可用于检测闭合表面裂纹[53]图7为表面基波产生与探测的基本原理。
非线性超声检测技术可检测气泡、裂纹等缺陷。陈振华等[54]通过超声设备,采用高通滤波技术获取非线性超声波的高次谐波信号,将其用于微小缺陷的检测,结果表明,该方法对缺陷检测具有更高的时域分辨率和缺陷敏感度,能够更准确地确定材料内部缺陷的位置和尺寸。非线性系数均值和非线性波动系数都能表征缺陷。图8为有缺陷区域的非线性超声检测频域信号图,对截取的直入射信号做傅里叶变换,可对其非线性系数进行分析。缺陷的尺寸和间隙最大的定义为第一类缺陷,较小的定义为第二类和第三类缺陷。即缺陷尺寸和间隙越小,相关性越高[55]。根据相关数可有效检测缺陷。
太赫兹波(THz)是一种频率介于红外波和微波之间的电磁波,在绝缘子检测领域得到广泛应用[56-57]。折射率、吸收系数是描述电磁波与物质作用的重要物理量,把空载情况下得到的时域信号作为参考信号,可分别通过式(1)式(2)计算得到样品的吸收系数(a(ω))和折射率(n(ω))[58-60]。太赫兹发射和探测系统如图9所示[61]
aω=-10lnATHzωArefω
nω=cϕω2πfd+1
式(1)~(2)中:ω为光谱频率;ATHz为样品信号的频域幅值;Aref为样品的参考信号频域幅值;φ(ω)为样品信号和参考信号的相位差;f为频率;d为样品厚度;c为光速。
当绝缘介质存在气隙、裂纹缺陷时,折射率会发生变化,从而改变透射系数和反射系数,因此可以通过太赫兹波检测绝缘介质中是否存在缺陷。
使用太赫兹时域光谱系统对绝缘子气隙、蚀损缺陷进行检测,如果存在气隙缺陷,其幅值和相位较无气隙时发生变化;如果存在位于复合绝缘子表面的损伤即蚀损,缺陷中心处反射波形与正常波形之差的平方和大于其他位置[62],如图10所示。程志强[63]基于太赫兹成像技术研究了3种不同厚度的环氧树脂材料和硅橡胶材料的吸收光谱,结果表明,在不同厚度的样品中,信号强度和时间延迟的衰减明显不同。硅橡胶材料在不同THz频段下表面划伤、分层、夹杂缺陷的吸收峰值不同,在表面划伤缺陷中出现2个新的吸收峰,分别在1.18 THz和1.29 THz处;在分层缺陷中,在1.03 THz处出现了一个特征吸收峰;在夹杂缺陷中,夹杂浮灰的样品的特征吸收峰出现在0.96 THz处,夹杂环氧树脂粉末的硅橡胶样品的特征吸收峰出现在0.84 THz处,这两个特征峰的区别是由样品夹杂材质的不同引起的。环氧树脂复合材料在不同THz频段下的分层、夹杂、裂纹缺陷的吸收峰值不同,在分层缺陷中,吸收峰出现在0.7 THz处;在夹杂缺陷中,吸收峰出现在0.73 THz和1.26 THz处;在裂纹缺陷中,吸收峰出现在0.62 THz处。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术能够检测出复合绝缘子内部交界面处的气孔缺陷,可使用反射式和放射式检测,对于复合绝缘子来说,反射式检测效果更好。另外,太赫兹时域光谱技术还可识别出厚度为0.4 mm的缺陷,精度高、效果明显。现有的太赫兹技术只能将缺陷的位置和尺寸以成像的方式展现,不能对缺陷的类别进行区分。
X射线常用于检测绝缘子的气泡、裂纹等缺陷。X射线在穿过绝缘子时,会被绝缘子阻挡,而射线与绝缘子之间存在一定的相互作用。由于射线被吸收或散射,射线强度会有不同程度的降低,不同缺陷对射线的吸收和散射不同,穿过绝缘子的射线强度也会不同[64]。由于散射和光电效应,X射线与物质相互作用时强度会降低。当用X射线检测绝缘子时,绝缘子质量衰减系数会随着X射线光子能量的增加而急剧下降。
运用X射线成像系统可检测环氧树脂浇注件柱式绝缘子的气泡缺陷,但应该注意探头的位置,探头位置不同造成的结果也大不相同[65-66]。绝缘子中存在金属颗粒,会引发附近电场集中,加剧表面电荷积聚,引发绝缘子沿面闪络。不同绝缘子金属颗粒会对X射线成像系统检测结果产生影响,将微粒设置在绝缘子底部,X射线检测法能够有效检测出铜金属微粒缺陷,但对于铝金属微粒,检测效果较差[67]。对于气隙、裂纹等缺陷,使用X射线图像方法进行检测时采用多尺度模块对缺陷区域内的像素进行加权,可提高缺陷识别的精度。对于自由金属颗粒、金属异物等缺陷,X射线成像效果更为明显,检测性能提升较大[68-70]。X射线成像图如图11所示,从图11可以看出,X射线检测图像的噪声严重,识别准确度相对较低,缺陷容易淹没。此外,X射线检测仪器较大,无法在现场进行检测。
电磁感应热成像技术结合了涡流和红外热成像检测技术的优点,可以快速、准确、直观地检测金属等导通性材料的内部缺陷[71]。电磁感应热成像技术具有非接触、高灵敏度和可视化等优点,测试时涡流由诱导剂诱导产生,使绝缘材料升温,缺陷的存在会影响涡流分布,然后通过表面温度场分布显示缺陷信息[72]。最近,电磁感应热成像技术已在材料缺陷检测方面得到广泛应用,例如碳纤维增强塑料材料、压缩机叶片的裂纹检测[73]。当热量在导通性绝缘子中传导时,缺陷的存在会干扰涡流分布或影响热传导过程;对于非导通性绝缘子的导通缺陷,涡流会在缺陷内产生大量焦耳热,并在材料表面以异常温度分布的形式呈现。图12为电磁感应热成像系统原理图,通过该系统对获取的热图序列进行分析和处理,可以判定内部导通性缺陷的存在[74]。复合绝缘子热响应分析如图13所示,根据动态热过程特征在样品表面取点1、2、3、4,其中点1和2是内部缺陷对应的表面区域,点3和4是热扩散影响区域。
图12可以看出,所有曲线均存在微小波动,说明被检测试样表面温度容易受到环境影响出现噪声,检测结果可能出现偏差。
文献[75]表明,电磁感应热成像技术可检测绝缘子裂纹缺陷,缺陷深度越大则温度越高。相对于其他浅层缺陷,在缺陷深度为4 mm时,缺陷处的温升最大。张敬浩[76]选取缺陷深度分别为0.4、0.6、0.8 mm的金属材料作为实验对象,加热2 s,用红外热像仪记录,以0.5 s为间隔提取对应帧数下的温度图像,利用温度差方法确定材料及缺陷的长度和宽度,发现深度越大,缺陷处温度最大值越大,进而温度差分就越大。
频域热特征成像检测结合了主动式红外热成像法和周期激励红外热成像法[77-78],可用来检测绝缘子缺陷。刘立帅等[79]通过上述两种方法对试件表面温度响应进行频谱分析,提取出试件对不同频率激励信号的热响应,相当于同时进行了不同频率的周期激励检测。
S M SHEPARD等[80]截取圆柱形复合绝缘子试样,选取缺陷类型为硅橡胶护套孔隙和分层,孔隙缺陷深度分别为2、3、4 mm,分层缺陷深度分别为2 mm和4 mm,对试样施加脉冲热激励,完成频域分析。结果表明,试样温度变化的有效部分大多集中在低频段,而热图缺陷在低频段内的幅值图和相位图表现更为明显,较高的频段则会出现噪声。基于频域热特征成像检测技术,随着传播深度增加脉冲热流急剧衰减,时序热图缺陷识别效果不理想,而较高频率的热图会引入较多的噪声;缺陷离表面越远,检测效果越不明显。
目前,国内外学者对绝缘子缺陷的检测提出了很多的方法,但单个检测方法具有局限性,如表2所示。
基于声学特性检测方法中超声导波法和非线性超声检测法主要针对绝缘子气泡、裂纹等缺陷进行检测。共同优点包括:检测效率高、检测速度快、灵敏度高。超声导波检测技术成本较低,可快速定位缺陷的位置,也可精确区分缺陷的类别;非线性超声检测技术能够对材料早期性能退化、结构内部微损伤和复杂形状结构进行检测,是传统超声检测法的进一步发展,并且能对微损伤进行定位。
基于光学特性检测方法中太赫兹检测技术和X射线检测技术能够直观地显示缺陷影像,并且便于对缺陷进行定性、定位和定量。X射线检测能够进行可视化无损检测,并且检测结果可长期保存,但其射线对人体有害,需要保护措施;太赫兹检测技术中,太赫兹波穿透能力强、成像分辨率高、抗干扰能力强。但其共同缺点是探测距离与灵敏度较低,并且背景噪声严重,不利于成像。
基于热学特性检测方法中电磁感应热成像检测和频域热特征成像检测都具有检测速度快、检测结果形象直观,并且都可定量化检测。电磁感应热成像技术可检测具有高导通性材料缺陷,还能更好地区分背景和缺陷;频域热特征成像技术具备非接触测量、可定量测量等优点,具有广阔的应用前景。
上述无损检测方法可对绝缘子各种缺陷进行检测,其中基于声学特性检测方法的超声导波法和基于光学特性的X射线检测法适用于瓷绝缘子的缺陷检测;基于声学特性检测方法中的非线性超声法、基于光学特性检测方法中的太赫兹检测以及基于热学特性检测方法中的电磁感应热成像检测法和频域热特征成像检测法可对于硅橡胶等复合绝缘子的缺陷进行检测。区分不同种类绝缘子,对其缺陷进行检测,可大幅提高检测效率,为下一步绝缘子缺陷检测研究发展提供参考。
绝缘子是高压电气设备中不可或缺的一部分,而绝缘子缺陷可能会加剧电场的畸变,造成表面电荷积聚,影响电场分布,严重时还会发生沿面闪络,致使闪络电压严重下降,影响高压电气设备的安全运行。因此需要对绝缘子的缺陷进行有效的检测加深研究。
为进一步提高基于声学特征检测方法进行缺陷定位的精确度,应探究超声导波对运行中绝缘子进行实时监测的效果;在后续研究中应考虑如何将滤波以及信号进行放大和提取,从而提高非线性超声检测的抗干扰能力和检测精度并降低其检测成本。基于光学特征检测方法,可以考虑建立一个完备的绝缘子缺陷类型对应的特征库,利用某些算法依据特征量法来识别缺陷类型;可以设计出体积较小的检测设备,实现在线检测。基于热学特征检测方法,可确立热波信号的独立性,建立热波信号混叠模型,提取不同区域的热波信号,增强缺陷区域图像,提高缺陷检测效果;为探测离表面较远的缺陷,可以通过改进外部激励,提高激励能量并改善激励波形来进一步增大检测深度。
目前国内对于绝缘子缺陷的无损检测技术虽然各自具有不同的优点,但大多具有一定的局限性,如何将多种检测方法配合使用,是今后绝缘子缺陷检测的研究方向。
无损检测技术在检测绝缘子缺陷上发挥着重要的作用,考虑检测技术的优势和劣势,具有健康监测、在线监测、综合检测等优点的无损检测技术可以避免人为因素错误,对缺陷检测的准确性和有效性有着较大的帮助。目前人工智能、数字化技术等方面技术有较大的提升,可为绝缘子缺陷检测技术的发展提供技术支撑。
  • 云南电网有限责任公司2022年第一批(补充)科技项目(051400KK52220003)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.002
  • 接收时间:2022-11-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-22
  • 修回日期:2022-12-11
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云南电网有限责任公司2022年第一批(补充)科技项目(051400KK52220003)
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    1云南电网有限责任公司丽江供电局,云南 丽江 674100
    2华北电力大学,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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