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Free metal particles are usually regarded as one of the most hazardous contaminants in the liquid-phase insulation of converter transformers, which can lead to the partial discharge (PD) initial voltage and breakdown voltage of equipment decrease obviously. In this paper, a transformer oil circulation system was constructed, and DC partial discharge and breakdown experiments were conducted on the transformer oil containing metal particles at different oil flow velocity. The PD characteristic parameters were extracted, and the variation of characteristic breakdown voltage with oil flow velocity was obtained. Then the affecting mechanisms of oil flow velocity on the PD and breakdown characteristics were discussed combined with the particle distribution images between electrodes. The results show that when the oil is static, the partial discharge degree of the transformer oil containing metal particles is highest. With the increase of oil flow velocity, the PD initial voltage increases, and the discharge repetition rate and the accumulation discharge magnitude per unit time decrease. When the oil is static, the breakdown voltage of the transformer oil containing metal particles is lowest. With the increase of oil flow velocity, the Weibull distribution curve of breakdown voltage shifts to the right, and the characteristic breakdown voltage increases, that is, the flowing of oil improves the insulating properties of transformer oil and reduces the breakdown possibility remarkably.

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自由金属微粒通常被视为换流变压器液相绝缘中危害最大的污染杂质之一,可导致设备的局部放电(PD)起始电压与击穿电压显著降低。本文构建了变压器油循环系统,开展含金属微粒变压器油在不同油流速度下的直流局部放电与击穿试验,并提取PD特征量,获取了特征击穿电压随油流速度的变化,然后结合油隙的微粒分布影像,讨论油流速度对局部放电和击穿特性的影响机制。结果表明:油静止时,含金属微粒变压器油的局部放电程度最高,随着油流速度的增大,局部放电起始电压升高,放电重复率和单位时间累积放电量降低;油静止时,含金属微粒变压器油的击穿电压最低,随着油流速度的增大,击穿电压的Weibull分布曲线右移,特征击穿电压升高,即油流动提升了变压器油的绝缘性能,大幅降低了击穿发生的可能性。

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王金铜(1989-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与在线监测。

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王金铜(1989-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与在线监测。

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王金铜(1989-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与在线监测。

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articleId=1199639741114183974, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Weibull distribution parameters of DC breakdown voltage of transformer oil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数流速/(m/s)
00.050.100.150.200.250.30
α/kV47.3052.4053.6053.9054.1055.1054.70
β7.0010.259.3211.8611.8010.949.19
), ArticleFig(id=1217470076127728626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741114183974, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变压器油直流击穿电压的Weibull分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数流速/(m/s)
00.050.100.150.200.250.30
α/kV47.3052.4053.6053.9054.1055.1054.70
β7.0010.259.3211.8611.8010.949.19
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含金属微粒流动变压器油的直流局部放电与击穿特性研究
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王金铜 1 , 温刚 1 , 姜东飞 1 , 黄志强 1 , 张玉辉 1 , 潘卓洪 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(9): 66-70
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(9): 66-70
含金属微粒流动变压器油的直流局部放电与击穿特性研究
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王金铜1, 温刚1, 姜东飞1, 黄志强1, 张玉辉1, 潘卓洪2
作者信息
  • 1国网新疆电力有限公司超高压分公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
  • 2华北电力大学(保定) 河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 王金铜(1989-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压绝缘技术与在线监测。

DC partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of flowing transformer oil containing metal particles
Jintong WANG1, Gang WEN1, Dongfei JIANG1, Zhiqiang HUANG1, Yuhui ZHANG1, Zhuohong PAN2
Affiliations
  • 1Ultra High Voltage Branch of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830002, China
  • 2Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment Safety Defense, North China Electric Power University (Baoding), Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2023-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.012
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自由金属微粒通常被视为换流变压器液相绝缘中危害最大的污染杂质之一,可导致设备的局部放电(PD)起始电压与击穿电压显著降低。本文构建了变压器油循环系统,开展含金属微粒变压器油在不同油流速度下的直流局部放电与击穿试验,并提取PD特征量,获取了特征击穿电压随油流速度的变化,然后结合油隙的微粒分布影像,讨论油流速度对局部放电和击穿特性的影响机制。结果表明:油静止时,含金属微粒变压器油的局部放电程度最高,随着油流速度的增大,局部放电起始电压升高,放电重复率和单位时间累积放电量降低;油静止时,含金属微粒变压器油的击穿电压最低,随着油流速度的增大,击穿电压的Weibull分布曲线右移,特征击穿电压升高,即油流动提升了变压器油的绝缘性能,大幅降低了击穿发生的可能性。

金属微粒  /  直流  /  变压器油  /  局部放电  /  击穿特性

Free metal particles are usually regarded as one of the most hazardous contaminants in the liquid-phase insulation of converter transformers, which can lead to the partial discharge (PD) initial voltage and breakdown voltage of equipment decrease obviously. In this paper, a transformer oil circulation system was constructed, and DC partial discharge and breakdown experiments were conducted on the transformer oil containing metal particles at different oil flow velocity. The PD characteristic parameters were extracted, and the variation of characteristic breakdown voltage with oil flow velocity was obtained. Then the affecting mechanisms of oil flow velocity on the PD and breakdown characteristics were discussed combined with the particle distribution images between electrodes. The results show that when the oil is static, the partial discharge degree of the transformer oil containing metal particles is highest. With the increase of oil flow velocity, the PD initial voltage increases, and the discharge repetition rate and the accumulation discharge magnitude per unit time decrease. When the oil is static, the breakdown voltage of the transformer oil containing metal particles is lowest. With the increase of oil flow velocity, the Weibull distribution curve of breakdown voltage shifts to the right, and the characteristic breakdown voltage increases, that is, the flowing of oil improves the insulating properties of transformer oil and reduces the breakdown possibility remarkably.

metal particles  /  DC  /  transformer oil  /  partial discharge  /  breakdown characteristics
王金铜, 温刚, 姜东飞, 黄志强, 张玉辉, 潘卓洪. 含金属微粒流动变压器油的直流局部放电与击穿特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (9) : 66 -70 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.012
Jintong WANG, Gang WEN, Dongfei JIANG, Zhiqiang HUANG, Yuhui ZHANG, Zhuohong PAN. DC partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of flowing transformer oil containing metal particles[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (9) : 66 -70 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.012
换流变压器作为高压直流输电系统中的关键设备之一,其绝缘可靠性直接影响着整个电网的安全可靠运行[1-3]。变压器油作为换流变压器的主要液体绝缘介质,其品质关系着变压器绝缘性能的优劣。然而,由于机械振动、油泵损耗等原因[4-5],实际运行变压器油中不可避免地会混入如自由金属微粒、纤维颗粒一类的固体颗粒污染物[6-7]。其中,金属微粒因具有良好的导电性,极易在靠近内部导体表面时造成局部的电场畸变。若金属颗粒在油道内聚集,会大幅缩短油隙的绝缘有效距离,导致油隙的局部放电(PD)起始电压和击穿电压下降[8-9],对变压器油的绝缘性能危害很大。因此,金属微粒通常被视为变压器液相绝缘中危害最大的污染杂质之一。
国内外学者针对含金属微粒变压器油的PD与击穿特性开展了大量研究。付守海等[10]对交流电场下变压器油中自由金属微粒引起的PD进行了深入研究,分析了微粒粒径和材质以及油中微水含量对放电量的影响。结果表明,铜微粒的起跳电压和PD起始电压最高,铝的最低,铁的介于两者之间,且油中微水含量对PD特性没有明显影响。R SARATHI等[11-12]利用脉冲电流法和特高频(ultra high frequency,UHF)天线研究了交流和直流电场下变压器油中自由金属微粒导致的PD。结果发现在交流电压下,电流脉冲上升时间只有几个纳秒,激发的电磁波信号主频为1.0 GHz;直流电压下PD的UHF信号幅值较高,局部放电起始电压(PDIV)低,正、负极性直流电压下的PD特性一致。WEI C等[13]分别在交流和直流电压下测量了被不同尺寸和颗粒数的铁颗粒和铜颗粒污染绝缘油的击穿电压。结果表明,绝缘油的击穿电压随着颗粒数的增加而降低,直流电压下的击穿电压低于交流电压下的击穿电压,其中直径较大的铁颗粒污染的绝缘油击穿电压较低。
上述研究均在静止变压器油中进行,然而,实际电力变压器常采用强迫油循环或强迫导向油循环的冷却方式,油道间的变压器油通常处于流动状态[14]。文献[15-16]针对流动变压器油中金属微粒引发的局部放电特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,随着流速的增大,PD程度降低,随着油温的升高,放电程度降低,在80℃时出现拐点。但研究仅针对油中单颗金属微粒进行,且对于含金属微粒的流动油的击穿特性研究不足。
已有研究表明,直流电压下油隙中金属微粒更易聚集于高电场区域,致使绝缘油的绝缘强度进一步降低[17-18]。为此,本研究构建变压器油循环系统,分别搭建变压器油中金属微粒PD与击穿特性试验平台,在直流电压下开展不同流速下含微粒变压器油的PD与击穿试验,提取PD特征量,获取不同流速下击穿电压的Weibull分布图,并进一步总结特征击穿电压随流速的变化规律。最后,根据所捕获的油隙微粒分布影像,针对流速对PD和击穿特性的影响机制进行讨论。
本研究搭建的变压器油循环系统如图1所示,主要由主油道、油泵、温度控制单元、流速控制单元、球-球电极等部分组成。油泵驱动变压器油在系统中循环流动。流速控制系统通过变频器改变油泵转速,可实现对油流速度的连续调节。依据变压器运行规范,目前国内变压器油道内油流速度不超过0.30 m/s[14],故试验过程中控制油流速度为0~0.3 m/s。温度控制单元由温度传感器、加热电阻、智能数显温控仪等组成,可实时监测与调节装置内变压器油温度。球-球电极直径为35 mm、电极厚度为10 mm、上下电极弧顶间距为2.5 mm,上下电极尺寸一致,施加电压后间隙内形成稍不均匀电场。主油道上方油枕瓶与外界连通,确保试验过程中平台内部压力始终与外界保持一致。
本研究搭建的流动变压器油PD特性试验平台如图2所示,采用TRC2025型高压直流电源向高压极施加直流高压。从分压器引出的电压信号通过衰减探头接入Tektronix DPO7104型数字示波器。采用并联法测量PD。Ck(1 053 pF)为耦合电容,Z为实验室常用测量阻抗。在研究流动油的击穿特性时,为记录油隙击穿过程中产生的放电信号并保护试验设备,在原有回路中拆除耦合电容与匹配阻抗,改为接入HFCT 39型高频CT传感器,并通过衰减探头(衰减倍数为20倍)接入示波器。试验过程中采用高速摄像机记录微粒分布情况,摄像机帧率为5 000 fps,并利用高强度无频闪LED冷光源对油道内部进行补光,确保图像的清晰度,捕捉到的影像传输至计算机进行保存。
试验变压器油为实际变压器中常用的克拉玛依25#变压器油。试验前,先对变压器油进行过滤、脱气、干燥等处理,并通过注油口将处理后的变压器油充满油道。实际运行变压器油中金属颗粒粒径为50~200 μm,而直径大于100 μm的金属微粒对于绝缘油的危害巨大,故选取平均直径为150 μm的金属微粒进行研究。本研究通过注油口向装置内注入7 g直径为150 μm的铁微粒,控制装置内部微粒浓度为约40颗/mL,以有效模拟微粒的实际污染等级。开启油泵10 min,使油道内的金属微粒与变压器油充分混合后开始试验。
根据IEC 62539-2007,本研究采用双参数Weibull模型对不同流速下含微粒变压器油的击穿电压进行分析[19]。双参数Weibull分布模型的失效分布函数如式(1)所示。
F(t;α;β)=1-exp-tαβ
式(1)中:t为变量,此处为试验获得的流动变压器油击穿电压,随着t的增大,变压器油的失效概率增大;α为尺度参数,当外加电压为α时,绝缘油的累计击穿概率达到63.2%,用于描述绝缘油的特征电场强度;β为形状参数,其数值决定了Weibull分布曲线的形状,代表击穿概率随外加电压增大的变化速率。尺度参数α和形状参数β可利用文献[19]中的方法获取。
采用逐步升压法,测量了不同油流速度下含微粒变压器油的PDIV,每组试验重复10次并求取平均值,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,当变压器油处于静止状态时,其PDIV仅为19.1 kV;随着油流速度的增大,起始电压整体呈升高趋势,当油流速度为0.30 m/s时,PDIV达到25.0 kV,相较于静止状态时PDIV上升了30.9%。可见对于含金属微粒的变压器油而言,流动状态时的PDIV高于静止状态。
众所周知,PD发生是一个随机过程,其放电量、放电次数等特征量均存在明显的随机特征。而金属微粒进入电场区域时位置也是随机分布,进一步导致含金属微粒变压器油的PD特性存在随机性。因而研究含金属微粒流动变压器油中的单次PD信号意义不大,必须统计分析PD特征量,以揭示PD特性随油流速度的变化规律。为了进行有效统计分析,须保证测得的PD信号中包含足够多的放电数据。同时为了获得稳定的PD信号且保证绝缘油不发生击穿,本研究选择29 kV的正极性直流电压进行PD试验。每个流速下连续采集10 min PD信号,重复试验5次。根据放电数据提取放电重复率、平均放电量和每分钟累积放电量3个典型特征量随油流速度的变化,结果如图4所示。
图4(a)可以看出,当变压器油静止时,放电重复率约为335次/min,随着油流速度从0.06 m/s增大至0.30 m/s,放电重复率从255次/min大幅降低至150次/min,可见放电重复率随着油流速度的增大显著降低。油流速度由0 m/s增大到至0.30 m/s时,放电重复率降低了55.2%。从图4(b)可以看出,静止变压器油中平均放电量为107 pC,而当变压器油开始流动后,平均放电量变化较小,最大变化幅值仅为12 pC,考虑到放电量的随机分散性,可以认为油流速度对平均放电量无影响。从图4(c)可知,随着油流速度的增大,单位时间累积的放电量逐渐降低,其变化趋势与放电重复率一致。油流速度由0 m/s增大到至0.30 m/s时,单位时间累积放电量降低了56.9%。
本研究开展了不同流速下流动变压器油的击穿特性试验。试验过程中以2 kV/s的速度逐步升压,记录击穿电压和放电信号。每个流速下的击穿测试重复5次,两次试验间隔不少于5 min,以减少空间电荷和击穿产物的影响。
图5为不同流速下含微粒变压器油的击穿电压威布尔分布结果,相关参数如表1所示。从图5可以看出,油流静止时含金属微粒变压器油的击穿电压Weibull分布曲线分布于最左侧,表明此时变压器油的击穿电压最低,耐受能力最差;随着油流速度的增大,击穿电压Weibull曲线呈现右移的趋势,即油流动提升了变压器油的绝缘性能,提高了击穿电压。从表1可以看出,随着油流速度的增大,变压器油的击穿电压先迅速升高后达到稳定,油静止时变压器油的特征击穿电压最低,仅为47.30 kV,当油流速度达到0.30 m/s时,特征击穿电压提高了15.6%。流动时变压器油击穿电压的形状参数β大于静止时,表明油流动对电压的升高影响较为明显。
现有研究表明,含金属微粒变压器油的PD和击穿特性与油中微粒的分布行为紧密相关,微粒在油中的积聚会显著降低其PDIV与击穿电压[8-9]。本研究利用高速相机捕获了不同油流速度下电极间油隙的金属微粒分布影像,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,施加电压后油静止时,金属颗粒会在球-球电极间汇聚,颗粒间距离较近,且浓度较高;当油流度为0.10 m/s时,油隙内的颗粒浓度显著低于油静止时,颗粒分布变得稀疏,聚集区域变小;当油流速度增大至0.30 m/s后,油隙内颗粒数量变得极少。由于金属微粒的导电性极好,大量颗粒在高电场区汇聚时将导致电极油隙内电场发生严重畸变,引发局部放电。因此当油静止时放电重复率最高,单位时间累积放电量最大。当变压器油流速度增大后,油隙内聚集的微粒数量减少,油隙内电场畸变程度减弱。同时微粒数量的减少也减小了其与电极发生碰撞的概率,致使放电频率下降,累积放电量降低。
此外,利用高频CT与示波器捕获并记录了含微粒流动变压器油发生击穿时的放电信号。流动变压器油(油流速度为0.10 m/s)中典型击穿波形如图7所示。从图7可以看出,油隙的贯穿性击穿在 0 ms时刻发生,在击穿前1 μs、0.206 ms、0.921 ms等时刻发生了数次大小不一的局部放电,而击穿发生后,放电信号幅值出现间歇性波动,这是由于在气象通道中存在大量正负离子相互中和,引发数次电弧放电,诱使信号剧烈波动。由此可见,油隙的完整击穿是由金属微粒导致的局部放电引发的,PD发生后油隙的绝缘强度降低,大幅提升了击穿发生的可能性。即金属微粒在高电场区汇聚将导致油隙内电场发生严重畸变,使得发生电荷转移、电极附近微放电以及电晕放电的次数有所增加,变压器油耐电能力减弱,更易发生击穿。当油流速度增大后,间隙间微粒数量减少,局部放电频率和累积放电量下降,从而降低了油隙击穿的发生概率,提高了特征击穿电压。
(1)相比流动变压器油,静止变压器油的PDIV最低;油流速度由0 m/s增大至0.30 m/s,含金属微粒变压器油的PDIV上升了30.9%,放电重复率降低了55.2%,平均放电量不变,单位时间累积放电量降低了56.9%,即含金属微粒变压器油的PD程度随着油流速度的增大而减弱。
(2)油静止时含金属微粒变压器油的击穿电压Weibull分布曲线分布于最左侧,随油流速度的增大,击穿电压Weibull曲线呈现右移的规律。当油流速度由0 m/s增大至0.30 m/s时,特征击穿电压提高了15.6%,即油流动提升了变压器油的绝缘性能。
(3)油中PD与击穿特性和金属微粒的聚集行为相关。颗粒在高电场区汇聚将导致油隙内电场发生严重畸变,引发局部放电。当油流动后,间隙内的颗粒浓度显著低于油静止时,颗粒分布变得稀疏,因此当油静止时放电程度最高。油隙击穿是由金属微粒导致的局部放电引发的,油流速度增大,PD强度降低,降低了击穿发生的概率。
  • 国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(SGTYHT/21-JS-223)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.012
  • 接收时间:2022-11-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-10
  • 修回日期:2023-01-03
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国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(SGTYHT/21-JS-223)
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    1国网新疆电力有限公司超高压分公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
    2华北电力大学(保定) 河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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