Article(id=1198667880482046174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667875570516115, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655308800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-16, revisedDate=1660838400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714292879, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1687190400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714292879, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714292879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714292879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667875570516115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='109', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714291707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563574379, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618633332585027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667875570516115, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618633332585028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667875570516115, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667881350267135, articleId=1198667880482046174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on influence factors of resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard during thermal ageing, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the effect of high temperature, the oil-immersed paper in operating transformer ages gradually, and its resistivity changes with ageing. To get a more complete understanding of the various factors except water that affect the resistivity of oil-immersed paper during the ageing process, at first, we conducted accelerated thermal ageing on the paperboards in vaccum to prepare samples with different degrees of polymerization (DP). Then the water content in the samples was controlled strictly, and their resistivity was measured in vacuum to explore the influence of DP on their resistivity. After that, the paperboards with different DP were immersed in mineral oil with different resistivity to explore the influence of the resistivity of oil on that of oil-immersed paperboard. Finally, the oil-immersed paperboards were accelerated aged, and the change of their resistivity after ageing was observed. The test results show that the resistivity of paperboard slightly increases after ageing, and the increasing trend is partially offset after inmmersing in oil, but there is no significant effect law of oil with different resistivity on resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard. When the water content is simmilar, the resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard decreases significantly with the increase of ageing products. It is concluded the decrease in resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard during ageing is caused by the gereration of polar substances such as water, acid, furfural, and so on. There is quantitative relationship between DP and the resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard.

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在运变压器内油浸纸在高温作用下逐渐发生老化,其电阻率会随老化程度的加深而变化。为了更加全面地了解老化过程中除水分外影响油浸纸电阻率的各种因素,首先对未浸油纸板在真空下进行加速热老化,制作出不同聚合度的样品,并严格控制样品含水量,在真空环境下对其进行电阻率测试,以此探究未浸油纸板聚合度对其电阻率的影响;之后将不同聚合度的纸板分别浸入不同电阻率的变压器矿物油中,探究变压器油电阻率对油浸纸板电阻率的影响;最后对浸油后的纸板在氮气条件下进行加速热老化,观察老化后油浸纸板电阻率的变化。结果表明:单纯的纸板老化会使得其电阻率上升,油浸之后部分抵消了纸板单独老化时电阻率上升的趋势,但不同电阻率的油样对油浸纸板电阻率没有明显的影响规律,而在含水量相近的条件下,油浸纸板电阻率随着老化产物的增多而下降明显。老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率的下降,是由于纸板和油老化后产生的水分、酸、糠醛等极性物质导致的,且油浸纸板聚合度与其电阻率之间存在量化关系。

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金硕(1988-),男(汉族),河南南阳人,讲师,主要从事多物理场仿真、电力设备状态检测方面的研究。
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谢一鸣(1993-),男(汉族),安徽淮南人,工程师,主要从事电力设备状态检测方面的研究;

阮江军(1968-),男(汉族),浙江绍兴人,教授,主要从事多物理场仿真、电力设备状态检测方面的研究。

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谢一鸣(1993-),男(汉族),安徽淮南人,工程师,主要从事电力设备状态检测方面的研究;

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谢一鸣(1993-),男(汉族),安徽淮南人,工程师,主要从事电力设备状态检测方面的研究;

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阮江军(1968-),男(汉族),浙江绍兴人,教授,主要从事多物理场仿真、电力设备状态检测方面的研究。

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figureFileSmall=tvD2A2HgizRuzVXxR6pI8g==, figureFileBig=xXCUb4kCspvq23vk6gzYBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217470462515396699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=CN, label=图12, caption=油浸纸板电阻率与DP的关系, figureFileSmall=tvD2A2HgizRuzVXxR6pI8g==, figureFileBig=xXCUb4kCspvq23vk6gzYBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217470462611865694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Physical parameters and ageing conditions of 4 groups of paperboard, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批次含水量/%DP老化条件
10.5961 136105 ℃/24 h
20.562635160 ℃/31 h
30.581467160 ℃/182 h
40.698387160 ℃/678 h
), ArticleFig(id=1217470463912099937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4组纸板物理参数以及老化条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批次含水量/%DP老化条件
10.5961 136105 ℃/24 h
20.562635160 ℃/31 h
30.581467160 ℃/182 h
40.698387160 ℃/678 h
), ArticleFig(id=1217470463979208804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Resistivity of three paperboards with different DP under vacuum and their CV, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DP纸板编号电阻率/(Ω·m)变异系数/%
1 1361#1.015×10155.58
2#1.115×1015
3#1.124×1015
6351#1.167×10152.68
2#1.173×1015
3#1.225×1015
4671#1.403×10154.62
2#1.521×1015
3#1.522×1015
3871#1.431×10156.41
2#1.624×1015
3#1.563×1015
), ArticleFig(id=1217470464033734758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

真空中3张纸板在不同DP下的电阻率及其变异系数

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DP纸板编号电阻率/(Ω·m)变异系数/%
1 1361#1.015×10155.58
2#1.115×1015
3#1.124×1015
6351#1.167×10152.68
2#1.173×1015
3#1.225×1015
4671#1.403×10154.62
2#1.521×1015
3#1.522×1015
3871#1.431×10156.41
2#1.624×1015
3#1.563×1015
), ArticleFig(id=1217470464155369578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Resistivity and water content of oil-immersed paperboard in oil 1# and resistivity of oil 1#, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DP电阻率/(Ω·m)纸板含水量/%油电阻率/(Ω·m)
1 1363.544×10140.191.384×1014
6352.223×1014
4673.436×1014
3872.628×1014
), ArticleFig(id=1217470464235061356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿物油1#中油浸纸板电阻率、含水量及油电阻率

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DP电阻率/(Ω·m)纸板含水量/%油电阻率/(Ω·m)
1 1363.544×10140.191.384×1014
6352.223×1014
4673.436×1014
3872.628×1014
), ArticleFig(id=1217470464289587311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Resistivity and water content of oil-immersed paperboard in oil 2# and resistivity of oil 2#, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DP电阻率/(Ω·m)纸板含水量/%油电阻率/(Ω·m)
1 1362.311×10140.347.498×1013
6352.592×1014
4672.984×1014
3872.483×1014
), ArticleFig(id=1217470464344113266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667880482046174, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

矿物油2#中油浸纸板电阻率、含水量及油电阻率

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DP电阻率/(Ω·m)纸板含水量/%油电阻率/(Ω·m)
1 1362.311×10140.347.498×1013
6352.592×1014
4672.984×1014
3872.483×1014
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DP电阻率/(Ω·m)纸板含水量/%油电阻率/(Ω·m)
1 1362.617×10140.194.425×1013
6352.560×1014
4672.978×1014
3872.734×1014
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矿物油3#中油浸纸板电阻率、含水量及油电阻率

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DP电阻率/(Ω·m)纸板含水量/%油电阻率/(Ω·m)
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6352.560×1014
4672.978×1014
3872.734×1014
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批次油浸纸板含水量/%DP油含水量/×10-6老化条件
10.2781 0311.3105 ℃/1 d
20.40160212.2140 ℃/7 d
30.45934318.9140 ℃/20 d
40.51329642.4140 ℃/30 d
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4组油浸纸板和油物理参数以及老化条件

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批次油浸纸板含水量/%DP油含水量/×10-6老化条件
10.2781 0311.3105 ℃/1 d
20.40160212.2140 ℃/7 d
30.45934318.9140 ℃/20 d
40.51329642.4140 ℃/30 d
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DP油浸纸板电阻率/(Ω·m)油电阻率/(Ω·m)
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6022.117×10144.662×1012
3436.892×10131.136×1012
2962.779×10133.109×1011
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老化过程中油和油浸纸板电阻率

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DP油浸纸板电阻率/(Ω·m)油电阻率/(Ω·m)
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6022.117×10144.662×1012
3436.892×10131.136×1012
2962.779×10133.109×1011
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热老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率影响因素研究
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谢一鸣 1 , 阮江军 2 , 金硕 3 , 吴兴旺 1 , 杨海涛 1 , 吴杰 1 , 胡啸宇 1 , 汪隆臻 4 , 王先锋 5
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(6): 46-53
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(6): 46-53
热老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率影响因素研究
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谢一鸣1, 阮江军2, 金硕3, 吴兴旺1, 杨海涛1, 吴杰1, 胡啸宇1, 汪隆臻4, 王先锋5
作者信息
  • 1国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230031
  • 2武汉大学 电气与自动化学院, 湖北 武汉 430072
  • 3湖北工业大学 新能源及电网装备安全监测湖北省工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430068
  • 4国网安徽省电力有限公司马鞍山供电公司,安徽 马鞍山 243000
  • 5桂林赛盟检测技术有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
  • 谢一鸣(1993-),男(汉族),安徽淮南人,工程师,主要从事电力设备状态检测方面的研究;

    阮江军(1968-),男(汉族),浙江绍兴人,教授,主要从事多物理场仿真、电力设备状态检测方面的研究。

通讯作者:

金硕(1988-),男(汉族),河南南阳人,讲师,主要从事多物理场仿真、电力设备状态检测方面的研究。
Study on influence factors of resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard during thermal ageing
Yiming XIE1, Jiangjun RUAN2, Shuo JIN3, Xingwang WU1, Haitao YANG1, Jie WU1, Xiaoyu HU1, Longzhen WANG4, Xianfeng WANG5
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
  • 2School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 3Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 4State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Ma'anshan Power Supply Company, Ma'anshan 243000, China
  • 5Guilin CEMT technology Co., Ltd., Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2023-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.008
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在运变压器内油浸纸在高温作用下逐渐发生老化,其电阻率会随老化程度的加深而变化。为了更加全面地了解老化过程中除水分外影响油浸纸电阻率的各种因素,首先对未浸油纸板在真空下进行加速热老化,制作出不同聚合度的样品,并严格控制样品含水量,在真空环境下对其进行电阻率测试,以此探究未浸油纸板聚合度对其电阻率的影响;之后将不同聚合度的纸板分别浸入不同电阻率的变压器矿物油中,探究变压器油电阻率对油浸纸板电阻率的影响;最后对浸油后的纸板在氮气条件下进行加速热老化,观察老化后油浸纸板电阻率的变化。结果表明:单纯的纸板老化会使得其电阻率上升,油浸之后部分抵消了纸板单独老化时电阻率上升的趋势,但不同电阻率的油样对油浸纸板电阻率没有明显的影响规律,而在含水量相近的条件下,油浸纸板电阻率随着老化产物的增多而下降明显。老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率的下降,是由于纸板和油老化后产生的水分、酸、糠醛等极性物质导致的,且油浸纸板聚合度与其电阻率之间存在量化关系。

油浸纸板  /  矿物油  /  电阻率  /  加速热老化  /  聚合度

Under the effect of high temperature, the oil-immersed paper in operating transformer ages gradually, and its resistivity changes with ageing. To get a more complete understanding of the various factors except water that affect the resistivity of oil-immersed paper during the ageing process, at first, we conducted accelerated thermal ageing on the paperboards in vaccum to prepare samples with different degrees of polymerization (DP). Then the water content in the samples was controlled strictly, and their resistivity was measured in vacuum to explore the influence of DP on their resistivity. After that, the paperboards with different DP were immersed in mineral oil with different resistivity to explore the influence of the resistivity of oil on that of oil-immersed paperboard. Finally, the oil-immersed paperboards were accelerated aged, and the change of their resistivity after ageing was observed. The test results show that the resistivity of paperboard slightly increases after ageing, and the increasing trend is partially offset after inmmersing in oil, but there is no significant effect law of oil with different resistivity on resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard. When the water content is simmilar, the resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard decreases significantly with the increase of ageing products. It is concluded the decrease in resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard during ageing is caused by the gereration of polar substances such as water, acid, furfural, and so on. There is quantitative relationship between DP and the resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard.

oil-immersed paperboard  /  mineral oil  /  resistivity  /  accelerated thermal ageing  /  degree of polymerization (DP)
谢一鸣, 阮江军, 金硕, 吴兴旺, 杨海涛, 吴杰, 胡啸宇, 汪隆臻, 王先锋. 热老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率影响因素研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (6) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.008
Yiming XIE, Jiangjun RUAN, Shuo JIN, Xingwang WU, Haitao YANG, Jie WU, Xiaoyu HU, Longzhen WANG, Xianfeng WANG. Study on influence factors of resistivity of oil-immersed paperboard during thermal ageing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (6) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.008
油浸式电力变压器因其绝缘性能、导热性能较好、价格较低等优点而广泛应用于供配电系统中[1]。油浸式变压器的使用寿命主要取决于内部油纸绝缘[2-3]。变压器运行期间,油纸绝缘受热、电和化学等应力影响,性能会发生老化[4]。相较于油,作为固体绝缘的油浸纸、纸板存在取样困难、难以替换的问题[5-6],一旦发生老化,其绝缘、力学等方面的性能无法恢复。因此油浸纸板的老化程度决定着变压器内部的绝缘状态。油浸纸的老化主要归因于热老化[7],油浸纸板会在热作用下逐渐发生氧化、水解、聚合物链断裂,进而形成水分、酸、呋喃化合物、碳氧化物等老化副产物,加速油纸绝缘的老化,并降低其聚合度(degree of polymerization,DP)以及绝缘和力学性能,同时造成其介电参数如电阻率等的变化[6]
油浸纸板电阻率与老化、水分的相关性较大,若直接以油浸纸板自身的电阻率作为绝缘劣化指标,则可降低变压器油、绝缘结构等因素对介电响应方法的影响[8]。为了探究热老化过程中影响油浸纸板电阻率的因素,文献[9]研究了在SF6环境下加速热老化未浸油纸板电气参数的变化;文献[10]通过仿真指出极化-去极化电流曲线的初始部分受油电阻率的影响,末端受油浸纸板电阻率的影响;文献[11]通过试验讨论了油老化对油浸纸板电阻率的影响;文献[12]通过试验拟合出油浸纸板电导率与老化时间的关系,但并没有指出油浸纸在老化过程中的含水量;文献[13]通过试验探索了油浸纸板时域特征量在矿物油和植物油中的变化规律,但试验过程中油浸纸板的含水量变化较大;文献[14]对干燥后不同老化状态的纸板在真空和新变压器油浸渍条件下分别进行极化电流测量,研究了未浸油纸板和油浸纸板电阻率随老化的变化规律,其中未浸油纸板是利用老化后的油浸纸脱脂干燥而成。
综上,以往研究大部分集中于油、纸共同老化的试验,在老化过程中并未严格控制或指出油浸纸样的含水量,而变压器油纸绝缘中的水分不仅是由老化产生,其主要来源是大气[7],电阻率对水分比对老化更敏感[15],水分可能掩盖其他老化副产物的作用,因此,在含水量未知的前提下,无法判断油浸纸板电阻率受老化影响的程度。另外,对未浸油纸样的研究较少,纸样老化导致的纤维素结构变化、矿物油的电阻率也有可能对油浸纸的电阻率造成影响。因此本文在严格控制含水量的前提下,通过一系列试验设计,系统地讨论聚合度、矿物油、老化产物对油浸纸板电阻率的影响程度,分析老化过程中导致油浸纸板电阻率变化的原因,并确定油浸纸板DP与其电阻率之间的量化关系。
Nynas Nytro 10XN型矿物油,瑞典尼纳斯有限公司;硫酸盐木浆牛皮绝缘纸板,厚度为1 mm,潍坊汇胜绝缘技术有限公司。
①首先将若干绝缘纸板裁剪成直径为90 mm的圆片,其中3张纸板作为电阻率测试样品(分别记为纸板1#、2#、3#),其余纸板用于含水量、DP测量以及备用;②将纸板放入烘箱,在105℃/真空条件下(真空度为133 Pa)干燥24 h。之后立刻存入装有干燥剂的密封袋中,密封袋中湿度为2%~7%;③静置至常温(25℃)后在真空条件下测量纸板的电阻率,同时对同一批备用纸板进行DP和含水量测量。测量结果取3个纸板的平均值;④将纸板重新放回烘箱,在160℃/真空条件下加速热老化;⑤定期取出不同老化程度的样品,重复步骤③~④,每经历一次老化后,从老化后的备用纸板中选取若干张留作试验二样品。总共制作4组不同DP的样品。试验过程中对3张纸板样品进行连续测量,以减少材料之间分散性造成的影响。考虑到老化温度较高,而老化产生的小分子酸、糠醛、水分等副产物的沸点远低于老化温度,且老化过程中一直抽真空,老化副产物可以挥发至烘箱里,然后通过真空泵随气体排出,因此,认为绝缘纸的老化产物对试品的进一步老化及后续的测量没有明显影响[16]
①将矿物油在90℃下真空干燥脱气2 d,记为油1#;②从试验一制作好的4组不同DP纸板中挑选出若干张样品,依然按照DP分为4组;③从4组中各选1张纸板,另取3张备用纸板,作为含水量测试样品,在105℃下真空干燥24 h;④干燥完后立刻放入油1#中,油纸质量比为20∶1,在常温下真空浸油 6 d,然后在常压下密封静置2 d;⑤在常温(25℃)下对油浸纸板和油进行电阻率测量,同时测量其他纸样和油的含水量,取3张纸板含水量的平均值作为测量值;⑥将油1#置于25℃、相对湿度为70%的环境下吸湿56 h,记为油2#,之后重复步骤③~⑤;⑦将油2#置于90℃下真空干燥脱气2 d,记为油3#,之后重复步骤③~⑤。
试验一和二的流程如图1所示。
重新裁剪若干直径为90 mm的绝缘纸板,其中3张样品(分别记为油浸纸板1#、2#、3#)用于电阻率测量,12张作为含水量和DP测量样品,剩余备用。油和纸板干燥浸油流程与试验二相同,同时加入适量铜片,浸油完成后,对3张纸板进行电阻率测量,同时进行油含水量和油浸纸板含水量、DP测量。测量完成后,将3张用于电阻率测量的样品再次放入油中,在140℃、氮气环境下加速老化,分别于老化7、20、30 d时取出样品,再次测量上述参数。试验过程中对3张纸板样品进行连续测量,以避免材料之间分散性造成的影响。试验三的流程如图2所示。
参考DL/T 449—2015进行油浸纸板的含水量测试。首先将油浸纸板用打孔机剪碎成直径不超过5 mm的小圆片,放入30 mL无水甲醇溶液中萃取搅拌2 h,同时准备30 mL无水甲醇溶液作为空白组搅拌2 h。随后用进样器分别从萃取组和空白组各取20 mL溶液注射至卡尔费休水分测定仪中,测量溶液中水分的百万分比浓度,取样3次测量平均值作为实测值。随后利用式(1)进行计算。
mc=106106-x1×[x1m0m-x0m0m]×10-4
式(1)中:x1为萃取组中的水分百万分比浓度;x0为空白组中的水分百万分比浓度;m为脱脂后纸样的质量,g,脱脂操作为对样品使用正己烷反复漂洗3~5次后干燥;m0为空白组中无水甲醇质量,g;mc为纸板含水量,%。
而测试油含水量时,取约2.5 mL油样,直接注入卡尔费休水分测定仪中进行测量油样中水分的百万分比浓度,取3次测量结果的平均值。
参考GB/T 29305—2012进行油浸纸板DP测试。首先用25 mL蒸馏水和25 mL铜乙二胺溶剂制备两瓶50 mL的铜乙二胺溶液,将绝缘纸板样品剪成碎纸片,用正己烷反复脱脂后用镊子撕碎,置于其中一瓶铜乙二胺溶液中搅拌直至无可见纤维颗粒,记为样品组。另一瓶无样品铜乙二胺溶液记为空白组。使用乌氏黏度计测量两瓶铜乙二胺溶液的流出时间,取3次测量结果的平均值作为实测值。利用式(2)~(4)计算样品DP。
c=mD0.5
[ν]=KXDPα
νs=c[ν]×10k[ν]c=ts-t0t0
式(2)~(4)中:c为溶液的浓度,g/dL;mD为溶解于铜乙二胺溶液中脱脂后纸样的质量;[v]为本征黏度;XDP为纸样聚合度;vs为比黏度,tst0分别为样品组和空白组的流出时间,s;Kα为马克-豪温克特征系数;k为马丁常数,k=0.14。
参考GB/T 1410—2006对未油浸纸板和油浸纸板进行电阻率测试,测量电极尺寸如图3所示。
固体样品的体积电阻率按式(5)计算。
ρv=UAIpold
式(5)中:U为施加直流电压,V;ρv为固体体积电阻率,Ω·m;Ipol为极化电流,A;d为试样的厚度,m;A =π(D1+g)2/4为被保护电极的有效面积,m2,其中D1为测量电极直径,D1=0.05 m,g为测量电极和保护电极之间的间隙,g=0.001 m。
放置固体样品时,先用游标卡尺测量空电极的高度,记为h0,再将样品放入测量电极与高压电极之间,然后用游标卡尺测量带有样品的电极高度,记为h1,放入玻璃容器中密封。记录样品厚度d=h1-h0
为屏蔽外界干扰,先将装有三电极的容器放置在有金属外壳的烘箱内,烘箱内放有干燥剂,保持烘箱内湿度为2%~7%,测试未浸油纸板时,真空泵可为烘箱提供真空度为133 Pa的真空环境。按照图4所示连接测试电路:通过Keithly 247型高压源加压,串联Keithly 6514型电流表,利用计算机实时记录电流数据。
参考IEC 60247-2004进行油电阻率测量,油电阻率的计算公式为式(6)
ρoil=KC0UI
式(6)中:ρoil为油电阻率,Ω·m;K为常数,K=0.113;C0为油杯的空杯电容,C0=58.6 pF;U为测量电压,V;I为测量电流,A。
测量油浸纸板和油电阻率时,为避免出现非线性现象[7],电压设置均为200 V;测量温度为25℃;为使样品充分极化,测量时间设置为10 000 s,为使样品充分放电,放电时间设置为4 h。由于极化电流是随时间衰减的曲线,本试验取10 000 s时刻所对应的电流值作为电阻率计算的代入参数;计算机采样频率为10 ms;为保证样品和测量环境稳定,测量均在接线完成后0.5 h左右开始。
试验一中4组纸板的DP、含水量以及老化条件如表1所示。从表1可以看出,由于老化过程中持续高温抽真空,老化产生的水分均被蒸发,故纸板含水量并无明显变化。
纸板1#的极化电流测试结果如图5所示,纸板2#和3#极化电流的趋势与纸板1#相同,在此不多做赘述。从图5可以看出,随着老化程度的加深,极化电流的初始段变化无明显规律,末段值则相继下降,在极化时间为2 000~3 000 s时,不同老化程度纸板1#的极化电流曲线出现了交叉,推测是由于干燥的纸板从烘箱拿出来后极易吸附空气中的水分子,水分子依附在纤维上,使得不同纸板极化电流的初始段发生不同的变化,而在测量过程中由于不断抽真空,导致依附在纤维表面的气态水分子被不断抽走,随着测量时间的增加,气态水分子逐渐被排出,导致极化电流曲线后段出现交叉。
表2列出了不同DP纸板1#~3#的电阻率数据,并以计算出的变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)来表示它们的分散性。CV计算公式为式(7)
CV=σμ=1Ni=1N(xi-1Ni=1Nxi)1Ni=1Nxi
式(7)中:xi为测量值;N为样本个数;σ为标准差;μ为平均值。
表2可以看出,变异系数均小于6.5%。
3张纸板电阻率随DP的变化趋势如图6所示。
图6可以看出,随着DP的下降,电阻率呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,其中2#纸板电阻率增幅最大,为45.65%。文献[17-18]中试验表明纤维素的热裂解过程会导致纤维素分子中的羟基数量减少,而羟基是极性基团,从而使得纸板的极性下降,电阻率上升。
在纸板真空浸油后,矿物油1#、2#、3#的含水量分别为2.6×10-6、4.0×10-6、3.1×10-6,其极化电流测量结果如图7所示。需要指出的是矿物油2#在经过56 h的吸湿处理后,含水量达到了25.6×10-6,但当纸板浸油完成后,其含水量下降至4×10-6,这是因为纤维素是亲水性材料,而真空浸油后,油中的水分基本迁移至纸板中。从图7可以看出,矿物油1#~3#的极化电流依次逐渐上升,考虑到含水量并没有变化太多,故推测油极化电流的上升是由纸板放入后,油中存在的纤维素和取样时从空气中吸入的颗粒逐渐增多造成的。图8为试验二完成后油罐底部示意图,方框内为肉眼可见的纤维杂质。
矿物油1#中油浸纸板的极化电流测量结果如图9所示。矿物油2#和3#中油浸纸板极化电流的趋势与矿物油1#类似,在此不再赘述。表35分别列出了矿物油1#~3#中油浸纸板的电阻率、含水量以及3种油的电阻率。从表3~5可以看出,矿物油2#中的油浸纸板含水量为0.34%,较矿物油1#和矿物油3#中的0.19%都要高,证实了油中水分向纸板中迁移。
图10为不同老化程度纸板浸入不同电阻率矿物油后电阻率的变化,图10中,mc纸为纸中含水量。结合图10表2表3可知,总体而言,油浸纸板的电阻率介于纸板和油电阻率之间,这与纸板老化后产生的孔隙有关。文献[19]研究表明绝缘纸老化后,纤维细化加重,表面粗糙,纤维间的孔隙增大,老化后(DP为370)的纤维与未老化(DP为1138)的相比,平均纤维宽度减小了57.1%,文献[20]也有相似的结论。因此,纸板老化后会产生较多的孔隙,而电阻率较小的油的浸入会占据这些孔隙,导致整体电阻率下降。需要注意的是,不同油中的纸板不是同一组,无法针对同一张纸板进行对比测试,同时限于试验条件,不同的纸板本身所具有的孔隙和在老化过程中产生的孔隙无法测量,因此,试验结果会受样品分散性影响。
图10可以看出,对于矿物油1#中的油浸纸板,其中DP为635的油浸纸板(记为OP 2#)的电阻率最低,为2.223×1014 Ω·m,DP为467和387的油浸纸板(记为OP 3#和4#)的电阻率较之DP为1136的油浸纸板(记为OP 1#)呈现出下降趋势;对于矿物油2#中的油浸纸板,电阻率在经历了OP 1#到OP 3#的上升后有所下降,同时最终涨幅为7.44%,较之未浸油纸板老化后电阻率的涨幅45.65%,下降了38.21%;对于矿物油3#中的油浸纸板,电阻率先下降后上升,最终涨幅为4.47%。因此,油的出现部分抵消了纸板单独老化时电阻率上升的趋势。
对浸不同油,相同DP的油浸纸板进行纵向比较:
(1)将浸矿物油1#和2#的纸板电阻率进行比较,发现除OP 2#外,浸入矿物油2#的纸板电阻率均小于浸入矿物油1#的纸板,同时,通过测量油浸纸板的含水量可知,浸在矿物油1#中的纸板含水量比矿物油2#中的小0.15%,因此,纸板中的含水量升高是导致纸板电阻率下降的主要原因。对于OP 2#,由于浸入两种油中的纸板不是同一个,推测是由纸板浸油后材料的分散性造成的。
(2)将浸矿物油1#和3#的纸板电阻率进行比较发现,从OP 1#到OP 4#电阻率有增有减,OP 1#到OP 4#的含水量相同,而矿物油3#的电阻率较油1#下降了68.0%,可见油的电阻率对油浸纸板的电阻率并没有明显的影响规律。而文献[7,10]也有类似的结论,即极化电流的初始部分可以反映油的电导性,末端则可反映纸的电导性,而油电导性的变化对纸的影响较小。
综上,虽然矿物油3#的电阻率较矿物油1#下降了68.0%,但是其油浸纸板的电阻率并没有受到明显规律性影响,而当油浸纸中的含水量上升0.15%时,除OP 2#外,其余油浸纸板的电阻率均有明显下降。若把矿物油2#中被纸板吸收的水分当作老化后产生的极性物质,则可推测出初步结论,即老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率的下降并不是由纸板老化后纤维素内部分子键的断裂或油的电阻率下降导致,而是由老化后纸板和油产生的极性物质导致。同时,尽管浸油后的纸板会受到材料分散性的影响,但是从总体趋势来看,除非在老化过程中产生较多的极性物质,否则油浸纸板电阻率随老化的变化无明显规律。
油纸共同老化时油、纸板含水量和纸板DP测试结果如表6所示。从表6可以看出,随着老化程度的加深,油浸纸板和油中的含水量均逐渐增加,这是由于老化过程包含了水解的过程,产生了水分。同时需要注意,由于老化罐密封,水分只由老化产生,油浸纸板中含水量的增加并不明显,仅仅从0.278%增加到0.513%。
为方便比较,图11单独描绘出油浸纸板3#在不同DP下的极化电流曲线,油浸纸板1#和2#趋势与油浸纸板3#相似,在此不多做赘述。从图11可以看出,随着DP的下降,极化电流曲线明显上移,且曲线拐点逐渐提前,这是由于随着老化程度的加深,纤维素聚合物链断裂,形成更多的孔隙,更多的老化副产物浸入绝缘纸板中形成更多的油-纸界面,加强了界面极化,使得极化时间减少。需要注意的是,当DP从1 031降至602时,油浸纸板的极化电流曲线变化不明显,这是由于在老化初期,老化并没有产生较多的水分、酸等老化副产物。表7列出了油浸纸板和油的电阻率,其中电阻率取3张油浸纸板电阻率测量结果的平均值。从表7可以看出,油浸纸板的电阻率在老化过程中下降了近一个数量级。
由于油浸纸板水分含量变化很小,可认为本试验中油浸纸板在老化过程中电阻率的下降是由于除水分外其他老化副产物如酸、糠醛等造成的。结合试验一和二,可以得出如下结论:老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率的下降并不是由纸板老化后纤维素分子链的断裂以及油的电阻率下降导致,而是由老化后纸板和油产生的副产物如水分、酸、糠醛等极性物质导致。纸板的老化会使极性基团羟基减少,导致绝缘性增强,因此,在老化前期,老化副产物较少的情况下,极化电流或电阻率变化并不明显。
图12描绘出了油浸纸板电阻率与DP的变化关系,尽管聚合度下降并不是导致电阻率下降的直接原因,但是它仍然能够表征老化过程中老化副产物的生成量,拟合出油浸纸板电阻率和其DP的关系列于图12中。
(1)在无水分和其他老化副产物干扰的前提下,纸板中纤维素材料热裂解导致极性官能团羟基数量减少,绝缘性能提高,导致纸板的电阻率随DP的下降逐渐上升。较之未老化纸板,热老化纸板电阻率的最大增幅为45.65%。
(2)油浸纸板的电阻率介于纸板和矿物油之间,油的浸渍部分抵消了纸板单独老化时电阻率上升的趋势,这与纸板老化后产生了更多的孔隙有关,同时油电阻率对油浸纸板电阻率并无明显影响规律。
(3)老化过程中油浸纸板电阻率的下降,是由纸板和油老化后产生的副产物如水分、酸、糠醛等极性物质导致的,且在老化前期老化副产物较少,油浸纸板的极化电流或电阻率变化并不明显,极易被外界进入的水分干扰其变化趋势。
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2023年第56卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.008
  • 接收时间:2022-06-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-16
  • 修回日期:2022-08-19
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    1国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230031
    2武汉大学 电气与自动化学院, 湖北 武汉 430072
    3湖北工业大学 新能源及电网装备安全监测湖北省工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430068
    4国网安徽省电力有限公司马鞍山供电公司,安徽 马鞍山 243000
    5桂林赛盟检测技术有限公司,广西 桂林 541004

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金硕(1988-),男(汉族),河南南阳人,讲师,主要从事多物理场仿真、电力设备状态检测方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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