Article(id=1198667702433837217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650902400000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-26, revisedDate=1655049600000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714250428, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1684512000000, pubDateStr=2023-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714250428, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714250428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714250428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667701179740314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='113', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714250130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563551357, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667702668718247, articleId=1198667702433837217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Thermal ageing state detection of cable joint silicone rubber based on non-linear ultrasonic, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the thermal ageing problem of silicone rubber, a non-linear ultrasonic testing method was introduced to carried out related experimental research. The silicone rubber samples of cable joint were conducted thermal ageing test at 200℃ for different time, and the variation trends of relative non-linear coefficient, micro structure, and surface morphology of the aged samples were tested and analyzed. The results show that with the increase of thermal ageing time, the relative non-linear coefficient of the silicone rubber shows an obvious increasing trend. On the basis of the test results, it is obtained that there is a good linear correlation between the relative non-linear coefficient and the thermal ageing time, and the determination coefficient R2 is greater than 0.95. After thermal ageing, the organic content of silicone rubber decreases gradually, the crosslinking degree increases gradually, and the micro defects such as local holes, cracks, and filler precipitation begin to appear on the surface. The microstructure undergoes a certain degree of degradation, which results in the enhancement of ultrasonic non-linear effect.

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针对硅橡胶的热老化问题,引入非线性超声检测方法展开相关的试验研究。对电缆接头硅橡胶试样在200℃下进行不同时长的热老化试验,测试分析老化试样的相对非线性系数、微观结构、表面形貌的变化趋势。结果表明:随着热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的相对非线性系数呈现明显的上升趋势,基于测试结果拟合得到相对非线性系数与热老化时间之间具有良好的线性关联度,可决系数R2>0.95;热老化后硅橡胶的有机成分逐渐减少,交联程度逐渐增大,表面开始出现局部孔洞、裂纹、填料析出等微观缺陷,微观结构发生一定程度的劣化,导致超声非线性效应增强。

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方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术和电力设备状态检测的研究。
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柯力(1997-),男(汉族),湖北黄石人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究。

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柯力(1997-),男(汉族),湖北黄石人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究。

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基于非线性超声的电缆接头硅橡胶热老化状态检测
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柯力 1 , 方春华 1 , 高广德 1 , 夏荣 2 , 欧阳本红 2 , 游海鑫 1 , 周国锐 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023,56(5): 103-108
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023, 56(5): 103-108
基于非线性超声的电缆接头硅橡胶热老化状态检测
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柯力1, 方春华1, 高广德1, 夏荣2, 欧阳本红2, 游海鑫1, 周国锐1
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2中国电力科学研究院有限公司武汉分院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 柯力(1997-),男(汉族),湖北黄石人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究。

通讯作者:

方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术和电力设备状态检测的研究。
Thermal ageing state detection of cable joint silicone rubber based on non-linear ultrasonic
Li KE1, Chunhua FANG1, Guangde GAO1, Rong XIA2, Benhong OUYANG2, Haixin YOU1, Guorui ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electricity and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2China Electric Power Sciences Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2023-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.016
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针对硅橡胶的热老化问题,引入非线性超声检测方法展开相关的试验研究。对电缆接头硅橡胶试样在200℃下进行不同时长的热老化试验,测试分析老化试样的相对非线性系数、微观结构、表面形貌的变化趋势。结果表明:随着热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的相对非线性系数呈现明显的上升趋势,基于测试结果拟合得到相对非线性系数与热老化时间之间具有良好的线性关联度,可决系数R2>0.95;热老化后硅橡胶的有机成分逐渐减少,交联程度逐渐增大,表面开始出现局部孔洞、裂纹、填料析出等微观缺陷,微观结构发生一定程度的劣化,导致超声非线性效应增强。

电缆接头  /  硅橡胶  /  非线性超声  /  热老化  /  微观测试

Aiming at the thermal ageing problem of silicone rubber, a non-linear ultrasonic testing method was introduced to carried out related experimental research. The silicone rubber samples of cable joint were conducted thermal ageing test at 200℃ for different time, and the variation trends of relative non-linear coefficient, micro structure, and surface morphology of the aged samples were tested and analyzed. The results show that with the increase of thermal ageing time, the relative non-linear coefficient of the silicone rubber shows an obvious increasing trend. On the basis of the test results, it is obtained that there is a good linear correlation between the relative non-linear coefficient and the thermal ageing time, and the determination coefficient R2 is greater than 0.95. After thermal ageing, the organic content of silicone rubber decreases gradually, the crosslinking degree increases gradually, and the micro defects such as local holes, cracks, and filler precipitation begin to appear on the surface. The microstructure undergoes a certain degree of degradation, which results in the enhancement of ultrasonic non-linear effect.

cable joint  /  silicone rubber  /  non-linear ultrasonic  /  thermal ageing  /  microscopic test
柯力, 方春华, 高广德, 夏荣, 欧阳本红, 游海鑫, 周国锐. 基于非线性超声的电缆接头硅橡胶热老化状态检测. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (5) : 103 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.016
Li KE, Chunhua FANG, Guangde GAO, Rong XIA, Benhong OUYANG, Haixin YOU, Guorui ZHOU. Thermal ageing state detection of cable joint silicone rubber based on non-linear ultrasonic[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (5) : 103 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.016
随着社会经济的快速发展及城市化进程的不断深入,电力电缆因其运行维护费用低、运行故障率低等特点正逐步取代架空线路,成为城市配电网的主要供电方式。电缆中间接头作为电力电缆的重要组成部分,在电力传输中起到连接、过渡的作用,其可靠性是电力系统安全运行的关键。硅橡胶凭借其优良的力学、热学及电学性能,被广泛应用于电缆中间接头的主绝缘材料[1-5]。在电缆实际运行过程中,电缆中间接头导体处的温度要远高于电缆本体导体处的温度[6],而长期的高温环境会加速硅橡胶的老化,导致其各项性能下降,影响接头内部电场及温度的分布情况,最终造成电缆线路运行故障。
目前,针对硅橡胶绝缘老化损伤的评估手段包含试样分析法和无损检测法两类。试样分析法包括拉伸试验法、介电性能测试法、傅里叶红外光谱测试法等[7-9]。这类方法需要从试样上提取部分材料进行分析,属于破坏性试验,会对检测试样造成不可恢复的损伤。无损检测方法包括超声检测技术、射线检测技术等,其中,相较于其他可被应用于非金属材料的无损检测方法,超声检测技术因对人体无害、不污染被测试样表面的特点,在电气绝缘材料的缺陷检测中得到了广泛的研究与应用[10-13],已有研究者将超声检测技术引入硅橡胶的老化损伤评估,并发现热老化后硅橡胶的超声声速会发生显著变化[14]。然而,传统的超声无损检测技术仅能反映材料内部的宏观缺陷,对于材料早期损伤形成的微纳级缺陷并不敏感[15]
区别于传统的超声检测技术,非线性超声检测技术基于声波在传播过程中与材料微观组织相互作用所产生的非线性效应,能够对材料的微观结构变化进行有效表征。近年来,该技术被广泛应用于金属、非金属材料的早期微损伤检测中。也有相关研究者将非线性超声检测技术引入硅橡胶复合绝缘子缺陷评估领域,取得了一定的成果[16-18]。然而,应用于电力设备内、外绝缘的硅橡胶在性能和工作环境方面均有较大差异,出现的损伤类型也不尽相同,非线性超声检测技术能否有效应用于电气内绝缘材料的评估尚未见研究。
针对目前电气内绝缘硅橡胶热老化损伤评估手段的不足,本文以电缆接头绝缘硅橡胶为研究对象,利用非线性超声检测技术对其热老化损伤进行检测试验研究。首先制备不同热老化时长的电缆接头硅橡胶试样,利用非线性超声测试系统对试样进行检测并通过计算得到其归一化相对非线性系数;随后研究硅橡胶微观组织构成、表面形貌随热老化程度的变化规律;讨论分析造成相对非线性系数变化的原因,验证该方法的可行性,以期为电缆接头硅橡胶老化状态的无损检测评估提供一种新的思路。
材料发生热老化损伤时,其内部的微观结构会发生变化,导致声波在其中传播时出现明显的非线性效应。非线性超声检测的原理就是通过这种非线性效应来表征材料内部微观结构的变化。传统超声检测技术所使用的超声波幅值较小,可忽略非线性项的影响,认为声波在固体介质中的传播遵循线性应力-应变关系,即式(1)所示的材料广义胡克定律。
σ=Eε
式(1)中:σ为应力;ε为应变;E为杨氏模量。
当使用大振幅超声波进行检测时,声波的传播受应力-应变关系中非线性项的影响增强,此时,广义胡克定律不再适用,需要利用固体介质的非线性应力-应变本构关系[19]来进行描述,如式(2)所示。
σ=Eε1+βε+
式(2)中,β为用于表征非线性效应程度的二阶非线性系数。
一维纵波在固体介质中沿x方向传播的运行方程为式(3)
ρ2ut2=σx
式(3)中:ρ表示材料密度;u为质点在x方向上的位移;t为传播时间;x为声波的传播距离。结合式(3),可得到该纵波的波动方程如式(4)所示。
ρ2ut2=E2ux2+βux2ux2
假设一列幅值为A1、角频率为ω、波数为k的单频正弦超声纵波进入固体介质中,结合式(4),采用微扰法[20]可以得到式(5)
β=8k2xA2A12
式(5)中,A1A2分别为基波及二次谐波幅值。
式(5)可知,在不改变波数k以及声波传播距离x的情况下,β只与基波和二次谐波幅值有关。因此,定义相对非线性系数β′,其表达式如式(6)所示。
β'=A2A12
通过测量基波和二次谐波的幅值大小,即可表征材料的非线性效应程度,反映材料内部的微观结构变化,从而评估材料的热老化损伤情况。
选用由某厂家提供的同一批次生产的10 kV电缆中间接头绝缘用硅橡胶试样作为测试对象。为获取不同热老化程度的试样,参考ISO 11346-2004、GB/T 3512—2014及ISO 23529-2010对硅橡胶试样进行热老化,选择200℃作为加速热老化试验温度,热老化时间设定为0、72、168、336、504、672、840、1 008 h,并将试样依次编号为Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8。
非线性超声测试平台以美国RITEC RAM-5000 SNAP为核心,搭配双工器、放大器、超声探头等仪器共同组成,如图1所示。
试验采用脉冲反射法作为测量方法。为尽可能多地接收产生的谐波信号,选择奥林巴斯公司生产的纵波超声探头,探头的中心频率为1 MHz,其对于0.5 MHz的基波频率及1 MHz的二次谐波频率都有良好的响应。通过计算机软件控制检测系统产生频率为0.5 MHz、周期数为5的正弦脉冲激励,并采用汉宁窗调制信号;在探头与被测试样之间均匀涂抹CG-98型超声探伤耦合剂,以减小声波的能量衰减及由耦合处气隙引入的非线性效应。
为确保试样的一致性,完成非线性超声检测试验后,将试样尺寸裁切成100 mm×100 mm×2 mm,并将表面打磨平整。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样进行测试,观察试样表面形貌的变化,分析试样的官能团组成及其相对含量。
超声波在材料内部的传播特性与材料的物理性质密切相关,当超声波经过材料后会携带其内部信息。对不同热老化时间的试样进行非线性超声测试,每块试样选取靠近中心处的7个不同位置进行检测以减小试验误差。一次回波及二次回波的部分时域图如图2所示。
传统超声检测技术通过研究信号的时域波形对材料损伤程度进行评估,聚焦于分析回波时间及回波幅值大小。从图2可以发现,随着热老化时间增加,试样的超声时域波形发生了相应的变化。其中,当加热时间小于504 h时,试样Y2、Y3、Y4的波形相较于Y1发生了一定程度的畸变,但4种试样的波形在幅值及时间上的差异较难分辨;当加热时间大于504 h时,试样Y5~Y8的回波幅值显著下降,而回波时间无明显变化。回波的畸变及回波时间、幅值不明显的变化导致声速的测量容易引入误差,难以对试样的热老化程度作出准确地评估。
非线性超声检测技术主要利用超声波与材料中微观损伤发生作用时产生的高次谐波信号来评估材料内部的损伤程度,需从频域信号上对缺陷进行分析。利用RAM-5000软件对一次回波时域信号进行快速傅里叶变换处理,得到其对应的频谱图如图3所示。其中图3(a)为包含基波频段与二次谐波频段的整体频谱图,图3(b)为仅包含二次谐波频段的局部频谱图。
图3(a)可以看出,接收到一次回波信号的基频段为0.5 MHz,同时在二倍频段1 MHz处也有明显响应。结合式(6),通过提取频谱图中基波幅值A1及二次谐波幅值A2计算得到相对非线性系数β′,并利用β′对材料的非线性程度进行表征。其中,空白试样Y1所对应的基波幅值最大,随着热老化程度的不断加深,基波幅值出现不同程度的变化,其中试样Y2~Y4的基波幅值变化趋势不明显,而Y5~Y8的基波幅值出现大幅度下降。推测是由于热老化的累积效应导致试样内部组织结构遭到破坏,出现难以直接观测到的微观缺陷,从而造成超声波在传播过程中的能量损失增大,导致基波幅值下降。
通常来说,超声波的频率越高其能量衰减越大,而从图3(b)发现,Y1~Y8的二次谐波幅值无明显单调减小的规律,且衰减幅度远小于对应基波幅值的降低幅度。结合相对非线性系数定义,对试验结果进行进一步分析,研究相对非线性系数与热老化时间的关系。提取每块试样不同位置检测结果对应的频谱图中的基波及二次谐波幅值A1A2并代入式(6)中,计算得到试样Y1~Y8各检测位置的相对非线性系数,绘制出不同热老化程度试样的归一化相对非线性系数误差棒散点图,并对其进行线性拟合,结果如图4所示,拟合表达式如式(7)所示。
y=1.88199+0.00499xR2=0.95403
图4可以发现,随着热老化时间的增加,试样Y1~Y8的归一化相对非线性系数逐渐增大。当加热时间小于504 h时,归一化相对非线性系数的变化幅度较小,分散性较大;当加热时间大于504 h时,归一化相对非线性系数的变化幅度明显增大,这说明热老化的累积效应加剧了材料内部的劣化,超声的非线性效应增强,导致二次谐波增大,这是造成二次谐波衰减幅度小于基波衰减幅度的主要原因。
式(7)中,R2为可决系数,反映了回归方程的整体拟合程度。由式(7)可知拟合所得R2大于0.95,表明归一化相对非线性系数与热老化时间的线性拟合度较高。
相较于聚焦信号时域波形特征的传统超声检测方法,非线性超声检测方法的表征参数变化趋势明显,且与加热时间具有良好的关联性,证明利用相对非线性系数可以更好地表征试样的热老化损伤程度。
红外光谱图可以反映试样的官能团和分子结构特征,通过试样表现在吸收光谱中的特征峰即可推断其主要结构,对各组分进行定性或定量分析。对不同热老化时间的试样进行红外光谱测试,得到空白试样Y1的红外光谱图如图5所示。
图5中,780 cm-1处对应Si-(CH3)2基团的特征吸收峰,1 002 cm-1处对应Si-O-Si基团的特征吸收峰,1 254 cm-1处对应Si-CH3基团的特征吸收峰,2 970 cm-1处对应C-H基团的特征吸收峰[21]。实验发现对于不同热老化程度的试样,红外光谱图中的特征峰波段基本保持一致,仅在特征峰吸收强度上发生改变。
各试样特征官能团吸光度的变化如图6所示。从图6可以看出,Si-O-Si的含量随着热老化时间的增加逐渐增加并趋于稳定,表明硅橡胶的交联程度不断增大且逐渐趋于饱和;Si-CH3、Si-(CH3)2和C-H的含量都有所下降,表明硅橡胶在热老化过程中有机成分逐渐减少。
利用扫描电子显微镜对不同热老化程度的试样进行检测,分析其表面形貌的变化情况,部分检测结果如图7所示。由图7可以看出,空白试样表面无明显缺陷,经高温老化后,试样表面开始出现无规则的孔洞、裂纹,试样内部发生不同程度的填料析出现象,导致试样表面微粒状物质增多,并伴随有大范围的褶皱凸起。
电气内绝缘硅橡胶是一种有机硅高聚物,其主链由硅、氧原子交替构成,侧链则是与硅原子相连的碳氢有机基团。在高温下硅橡胶主要发生侧链甲基氧化和主链降解断裂两种反应:当氧气含量充足时,主要发生侧链的甲基氧化反应,宏观表现为硅橡胶变硬变脆;当氧气含量较少时,主要发生主链的降解断裂反应,宏观表现为硅橡胶变软发粘[22-23]。由傅里叶红外光谱测试结果可知,随着热老化程度的加深,主链、侧链的反应使得硅橡胶的有机成分不断减少,其中侧链的氧化反应占据主导地位;侧链基团氧化形成的自由基引起主链的交联反应,导致线性硅氧烷通过交联形成了三维的网状结构,而这种结构导致高分子链的活动性下降,硅橡胶变硬变脆,在宏观上容易引起硅橡胶表面及内部出现龟裂现象;结合微观形貌检测结果可知,长期处于高温环境使得硅橡胶中的填料逐渐析出、脱落,表面出现孔洞、裂纹及凸起现象,导致声波传播路径增加,能量衰减增大,表现为回波幅值显著下降。图8展示了超声波进入不同类型试样后时域、频域波形的变化情况,对超声非线性效应产生的机理进行扩充解释。
对比图8(a)(b)可以看出,当材料内部不含缺陷时,单频超声波信号通过材料后,其时域波形未发生畸变,对应的频域波形仍保持单一频率;而当材料内部存在微缺陷时,内部空间介质的不连续会导致单频超声波信号产生非线性效应,具体表现为其时域波形发生了一定程度的畸变,对应的频域波形中产生了以主频率为倍数的高次谐波信号。
综上所述,试样内部结构的变化与微缺陷的出现增强了超声波在传播过程中的非线性效应,声波信号发生畸变,引起高次谐波产生,从而导致非线性系数增大。
(1)长时间处于高温环境加速了电缆接头硅橡胶材料的老化,随着热老化时间的增加,电缆接头硅橡胶的归一化相对非线性系数整体呈现增大趋势。
(2)对热老化后硅橡胶的归一化相对非线性系数和热老化时间进行函数拟合,结果表明两者之间具有较好的线性关联度,说明可以利用非线性超声检测方法对硅橡胶的热老化损伤程度进行有效评估。
(3)热老化后硅橡胶材料的内部组织结构遭到破坏,有机成分逐渐减少,表面出现明显的孔洞、裂纹、凸起,并发生填料析出现象,这些变化是引起超声非线性效应的主要原因。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51807110)
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2023年第56卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.016
  • 接收时间:2022-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-26
  • 修回日期:2022-06-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51807110)
作者信息
    1三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2中国电力科学研究院有限公司武汉分院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术和电力设备状态检测的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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