Article(id=1198667706535870839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652630400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-16, revisedDate=1658073600000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714251406, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1684512000000, pubDateStr=2023-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714251406, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714251406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714251406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667701179740314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='113', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714250130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563551357, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=6, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667707001438604, articleId=1198667706535870839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress of silicone modified epoxy resin, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the research progresses of functional polysiloxane, silane coupling agent, POSS, and other organosilicon modified epoxy resins were reviewed from two aspects of physical and chemical modification. Combined with the development demand of material science, it was proposed that the water-based and photocurable environment-friendly silicone modified epoxy resin would be the future development direction.

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本文从物理和化学改性两个方面重点综述了官能基聚硅氧烷、硅烷偶联剂、POSS及其他有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究进展。结合材料科学的发展需求,提出水性和光固化环保型有机硅改性环氧树脂将是今后的发展方向。

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邱甲云(1996-),女(汉族),陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事有机氟硅改性环氧树脂复合材料的研究;

安秋凤(1965-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事功能性有机氟/硅材料的合成、应用及其基础理论研究。

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邱甲云(1996-),女(汉族),陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事有机氟硅改性环氧树脂复合材料的研究;

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有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究进展
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邱甲云 , 安秋凤 , 史书源 , 卢攀
绝缘材料 | 综述 2023,56(5): 1-6
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2023, 56(5): 1-6
有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究进展
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邱甲云, 安秋凤, 史书源, 卢攀
作者信息
  • 陕西科技大学 陕西省轻化工助剂重点实验室,陕西 西安 710021
  • 邱甲云(1996-),女(汉族),陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事有机氟硅改性环氧树脂复合材料的研究;

    安秋凤(1965-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事功能性有机氟/硅材料的合成、应用及其基础理论研究。

Research progress of silicone modified epoxy resin
Jiayun QIU, Qiufeng AN, Shuyuan SHI, Pan LU
Affiliations
  • Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710021, China
出版时间: 2023-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.001
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本文从物理和化学改性两个方面重点综述了官能基聚硅氧烷、硅烷偶联剂、POSS及其他有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究进展。结合材料科学的发展需求,提出水性和光固化环保型有机硅改性环氧树脂将是今后的发展方向。

有机硅  /  POSS  /  硅烷偶联剂  /  改性  /  环氧树脂

In this paper, the research progresses of functional polysiloxane, silane coupling agent, POSS, and other organosilicon modified epoxy resins were reviewed from two aspects of physical and chemical modification. Combined with the development demand of material science, it was proposed that the water-based and photocurable environment-friendly silicone modified epoxy resin would be the future development direction.

silicone  /  POSS  /  silane coupling agent  /  modification  /  epoxy resin
邱甲云, 安秋凤, 史书源, 卢攀. 有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (5) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.001
Jiayun QIU, Qiufeng AN, Shuyuan SHI, Pan LU. Research progress of silicone modified epoxy resin[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (5) : 1 -6 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.001
环氧树脂是一种以脂肪族、脂环族或芳香族有机结构为基本骨架,结构中含有两个或多个反应性环氧基等官能团,且在适当条件及固化剂作用下可交联固化的一类热固性树脂。环氧树脂由于具有粘附力强、收缩率小、成本低廉等优点,在防腐涂料、胶黏剂、电子灌封材料以及复合材料等领域得到广泛应用[1-4]。环氧树脂种类繁多,其中双酚A型环氧树脂(典型结构见图1)应用最广泛,其应用份额在环氧树脂市场上占比超过80%[5-6]。尽管环氧树脂性能优异,但也存在缺陷,如质地较硬且脆、耐候性较差、断裂韧性欠佳等,这些缺陷极大地限制了其在尖端领域的应用。
聚有机硅氧烷(简称有机硅)是以Si-O-Si链段为骨架,兼具有机物与无机物两种材料特性的一类高分子聚合物,其表面能低(γ最低可达19 dyn/cm)、主链Si-O键能大(422.5 kJ/mol),玻璃化转变温度(Tg)可低至-123℃(如聚二甲基硅氧烷PDMS),耐候性与耐冷热性能好,链段柔韧且疏水,用其改性环氧树脂可明显改善环氧树脂涂层的柔韧弹性、耐候性并提高涂层的防水防尘与阻燃性能,因而成为近年来的研究热点[7-12]
目前,有机硅对环氧树脂进行改性主要分为物理共混改性和化学共聚改性两大类。
物理共混改性是将有机硅与环氧树脂进行物理混合,然后再固化。物理改性法具有成本低、工艺简单的特点,然而,由于聚有机硅氧烷的溶度参数(SP)为7.3~7.5,而环氧树脂的SP为10.09,它们的分子结构与溶度参数均存在较大差异,使聚有机硅氧烷与环氧树脂的相容性差,极易出现相分离与混浊等现象,或使体系无法均相固化,导致改性效果不佳[13]。基于此,可以采用添加过渡相(增溶剂)、加入小分子有机硅偶联剂和界面改性剂的方式来改善它们的相容性,从而提高改性效果。
文献[14-15]采用聚[(3-氨基丙基)甲基硅氧烷](PAMS)与环氧树脂体系反应共混,将PAMS从环氧树脂相中分离为球形,从而制备了环氧-聚硅氧烷网络结构,在反应和交联过程中产生共混增容作用,提高了复合材料和胶黏剂的抗冲击性能。
J C CABANELAS等[16]采用PAMS作为环氧体系的固化剂制备了聚硅氧烷-环氧涂料,并证实了环氧涂层由亲水性转变为疏水性,使得环氧体系的吸水率显著降低。
M Y SHON等[17]将3种氨基支化聚二甲基硅氧烷(ABP)与环氧树脂共混改性,考察了其表面改性对环氧树脂涂层防腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,涂覆环氧涂层的碳钢防腐蚀性能明显提升,腐蚀点尺寸和密度随ABP分子量或含量的增加而减小,但ABP与环氧树脂之间存在相分离的倾向,且ABP改性剂的分子量越大、含量越多,其与环氧树脂的相分离趋势越明显。
苏倩倩等[18]分别通过物理共混和化学共聚两种方法,利用聚甲基三乙氧基硅烷(PTS)成功地制备出一系列有机硅改性环氧树脂。研究表明,化学改性环氧树脂固化物比物理共混改性环氧树脂固化物具有更优异的性能。因此接下来着重对有机硅化学共聚改性环氧树脂的研究进行阐述。
化学共聚改性是指利用聚有机硅氧烷分子中的氨基、羟基、烷氧基等活性基团与环氧树脂中的羟基、环氧基进行化学反应,从而实现化学共聚合,以此达到改性目的[19]。有机硅化学改性环氧树脂主要生成有机硅嵌段或接枝环氧树脂共聚物,可以提高两者之间的相容性,此外,将柔软、稳定的Si-O链引入到固化树脂的分子结构中,还可以提高环氧树脂的耐热性和断裂韧性等[20-22]
通过在环氧树脂体系中引入键能较大的柔性聚硅氧烷链段,可在两种材料之间形成相互交织的网络结构,明显改善两者的相容性、减小两相间的尺寸,并改善环氧树脂涂层的柔韧性,提高涂层的耐热稳定性、阻燃性和疏水性[23-25],这些特性为其在结构粘接、封装、航空航天领域中的应用奠定了基础。目前国内外对于有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究已经取得很大进展。
MA S等[26]先将γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)与2,3-环氧丙氧丙基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷(GPPMS)反应,利用氨基打开GPPMS一端的环氧基,合成聚硅氧烷中间体(AGPMS),然后将AGPMS和双酚A环氧树脂(DGEBA)混合均匀进行固化得到有机硅改性环氧树脂涂层。结果发现,所得有机硅改性环氧树脂涂层的冲击强度和柔韧性、热稳定性均有不同程度的提高;但在AGPMS加入量较低的情况下,环氧树脂的拉伸强度略有降低。
利用类似的方法,SHEN Z等[27]通过双酚A型环氧树脂的C-OH与六苯基稠环六聚硅氧烷二硅醇中间体的Si-OH的缩合反应制得了一类稠环苯基低聚硅氧烷桥连环氧树脂,其分子结构如图2所示。研究发现,改性树脂在室温下用聚酰胺进行固化可以获得一种透明状有机硅改性环氧涂层,当稠环苯基低聚硅氧烷含量为44.2%时,所得改性环氧树脂涂层的硬度可达6H且初始分解温度可达到348.96℃,但改性后涂层的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)随着有机硅改性剂含量的增加而降低。而林新冠等[28]用苯基有机硅树脂对环氧树脂进行化学改性,改性后环氧树脂的耐热性和冲击强度得到明显提高。
S AHMAD等[29]以磷酸作为催化剂,将小分子端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷(HPDMS)与双酚A环氧树脂(DGEBA)进行反应,利用HPDMS上的硅羟基与DGEBA上的环氧基在酸催化下发生开环反应先制得单端型聚二甲基硅氧烷改性环氧树脂ESR,再以聚酰胺(PA)作为固化剂,制得一种高光泽的有机硅改性环氧涂层(ESR-PA)。研究表明,硅氧烷与环氧树脂之间具有良好的相容性,ESR-PA涂层的力学性能、耐热性和耐腐蚀性等均优于纯DGEBA涂层。
P MURIAS等[30]通过质量分数为15%的低分子量双(缩水甘油醚丙基)四甲基二硅氧烷或双(3-氨丙基)四甲基二硅氧烷两种硅氧烷分别改性环氧树脂,结果发现,这两种小分子改性剂均显著降低了环氧树脂涂层的玻璃化转变温度,且改性后涂层的弯曲强度、储存模量降低,阻燃性提高,冲击强度略有提高,但硅氧烷改性剂对其布氏硬度几乎没有影响。
孙越等[31]利用水解缩聚法先制得环氧基/苯基/甲基聚硅氧烷(EPMS)树脂,再与常温固化剂APTES协同用于双酚A型环氧树脂E51的固化。研究表明,当EPMS和E51的质量比为3∶7时,EPMS/APPES/E51涂层的初始分解温度相比改性前升高了23.68℃,电化学阻抗弹性模量增大了20多倍(如图3所示),且涂层的疏水性、热稳定性和耐腐蚀性较改性前均明显提高。此外,EPMS的加入对改性涂层的附着力不产生影响,老化后仍然可保持2级的附着力。
硅烷偶联剂是一种包含有机官能基团及2~3个Si-OR的小分子有机硅化合物,其与环氧树脂相容性好,两者易于实现均相反应。硅烷偶联剂可以通过Si-OR与有机、无机材料发生化学键合(偶联),将多种无机材料键合在有机树脂涂层内,对树脂起到增强补强效果,并提高有机树脂涂层的力学性能。
JIN F等[32]用硅烷偶联剂KH-570对石墨烯(GE)进行改性来提高石墨烯表面的反应性,然后用溶液共混法将改性GE与双酚A环氧树脂复合,制得一种GE/环氧树脂复合材料。研究发现,随着KH-570改性GE用量的增加,改性环氧树脂复合材料的热稳定性、弯曲强度、弹性模量和冲击强度均显著提高。
葛建芳等[33]通过氨基硅烷KH-550中活泼氨基与环氧树脂中环氧基的开环反应,制得KH-550改性环氧树脂涂层。结果表明,KH-550可与环氧树脂互溶,反应后二者可实现共价键合,固化体系中KH-550的引入可降低体系的内应力。当固化体系中 m(EP)∶m(KH-550)=10∶1并在40℃下反应3 h时,所得改性环氧材料的固化涂层性能最佳。
姚海松等[34]利用硅烷偶联剂KH-560和侧链双胺型氨基硅油(AEAPS)为原料制备了一系列氨基硅油高分子偶联剂,并将其用作改性剂与4,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷(DDM)协同改性环氧树脂(EP)涂层。结果表明,当EP和APCA-60(APCA-60中AEAPS的侧链端氨基与偶联剂的环氧基的质量比为100∶60)的质量比为10∶1时,所得改性环氧树脂涂层的拉伸强度、冲击强度和断裂伸长率较未改性环氧树脂涂层分别提高了59.55%、94.55%和94.37%,而且改性后EP/APCA-60体系的Tg最高可达161.56℃,韧性和耐热性得到了有效改善。
笼状多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)是一种极小的纳米杂化物,其连接在六面体顶角的有机基团使POSS与有机材料相容性好,因其分子尺寸小(φ仅为1~3 nm)、内核-(SiO3/2)n-类似于SiO2,硬度大且不易燃烧,而且Si-O键能(422.5 kJ/mol)大、热稳定性好、光透过性强,采用POSS对环氧树脂进行物理或化学改性,不仅可以实现POSS与环氧树脂的均相互溶,而且还能在不影响涂层附着力的前提下有效改善树脂涂层的耐热性、耐老化性及柔韧性等[35-38]
随着POSS品种越来越多和合成成本越来越低,将其用于改性树脂方面也逐渐趋于成熟。但是采用POSS改性环氧树脂也存在一些不足,其主要问题在于POSS添加量过大会造成体系“团聚”,后续若能解决高填充量POSS的“团聚”问题,将其应用于改性热固性树脂将具有广阔的前景。目前,在环氧树脂改性研究中使用较多的是八环氧基POSS(如hybrid plastic EP0409),这种POSS因分子内所含的环氧基数目较多(8个),用于环氧涂层体系时易因交联过度而导致环氧涂层的力学性能下降,因此在改性环氧树脂时其质量分数一般控制在1%~5%较宜,而如果使用2~3个环氧基的POSS则有望提高其填充量,解决上述问题。
文献[39-43]通过苯基三烷氧基硅烷与β-3,4-环氧环己基乙基三甲氧基硅烷(A186)的水解缩聚反应,又或半封闭笼型三(二甲基氢硅基)七聚倍半硅氧烷T73H与烯丙基缩水甘油醚(AGE)等的硅氢化加成反应,分别制得了两种结构中含有3个环氧基的笼状或半封闭笼状POSS(记作EP-POSS,图4),将其用于环氧树脂如E51的改性,在固化剂二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)或双氰胺的作用下不仅能实现EP-POSS杂化环氧树脂涂层的固化,且得到的杂化涂层表面疏水性增强,水的接触角增大,同时涂层的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度及耐热性等也显著提高;基于此,再用含长链氟烃基/三烷氧基硅乙基的环四硅氧烷低聚体对改性涂层进行修饰,可进一步改善涂层表面的疏水效果,并将环氧涂层表面的水接触角从78°增大至106°~120°。
沙宝祥等[44]通过氯甲基笼型倍半硅氧烷(CM-POSS)与乙二胺的亲核取代反应,制备了结构中含有多个氨基的倍半硅氧烷(POSS-NH2),然后再将POSS-NH2与环氧树脂(E-51)/二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)复合制得氨基POSS杂化环氧涂料。经实验证明,POSS-NH2与环氧树脂可发生交联,且其固化活化能比参比环氧树脂高,因此随着POSS-NH2在环氧树脂涂层中含量的增加,杂化后树脂涂层的热分解温度升高,耐热性提高。
CAO J等[45]将化学反应合成的含环氧基/苯基POSS衍生物——单倍半硅氧烷(单倍DDSQ)和聚倍半硅氧烷(聚DDSQ)分别与二氨基二苯砜(DDS)共同用于制备杂化环氧树脂涂层,结果发现,双层聚倍半硅氧烷(DDSQs)对改性热固性环氧树脂的增韧效果显著,而聚DDSQ则有较好的热阻性能,可赋予环氧树脂更好的热稳定性,此外DDSQ中苯基硅氧烷链节可使环氧材料的表面由亲水性转变为疏水性,如图5所示。
NI C等[46]将笼状γ-氨基丙基聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS-NH2)与稀释剂正丁基缩水甘油酯(nBGE)、1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油酯(BDGE)先反应制成POSS-NH2杂化的无机-有机杂化材料,然后再将该杂化材料填充到环氧树脂(E51)中制备了改性环氧树脂复合涂层。结果表明,笼状POSS的纳米级效应及杂化后的POSS-NH2与环氧树脂之间的锚固作用可使得固化后环氧树脂涂层的韧性和热性能得到明显改善。基于类似原理,阳志友等[47]γ-氨基六面体低聚倍半硅氧烷与低支化聚酯液晶聚合物(LLCP)协同用于环氧树脂的改性,所得复合材料涂层具有较好的韧性和耐热性。
在辛酸亚锡催化剂的作用下,FANG C等[48]首先将α,ω-二硅羟基封端的聚(3,3,3-三氟丙基)硅氧烷(PTFPMS)与2,3-环氧丙氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)进行缩聚,即利用KH-560结构中Si-OCH3与PTFPMS末端Si-OH的缩合反应,使PTFPMS的端基附着反应性与粘附力较强的环氧基,然后再将经环氧改性聚硅氧烷与环氧树脂复合并用有机胺固化,不仅成功将含氟有机硅链段引入环氧树脂体系,且由于PTFPMS链段的柔性,还使氟硅改性环氧树脂的冲击强度大幅提高,弯曲强度和硬度相应降低,Tg略有下降。但研究人员也发现,若环氧体系中PTFPMS链段的引入量过高,其疏水性将导致PTFPMS与环氧树脂的相容性变差,冲击强度下降。
WANG X等[49]采用无溶剂法合成了GNP-NS负载的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)-环氧树脂纳米复合材料。通过PDMS的引入对环氧树脂进行改性,提高了环氧树脂的疏水性,其接触角由50°增大到110°。而且所制备的环氧树脂纳米复合材料涂层比纯环氧树脂涂层具有更好的保护性能,其耐磨性、拉伸性能、防腐性能、机械强度明显提高。
JIANG S等[50]通过二苯硅二醇与γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷的缩聚反应先制得结构中含氨基/苯基的硅树脂,再将其作为补强、反应性固化组分与有机胺复合共同用于环氧树脂的改性固化。结果发现,经氨基/苯基硅树脂改性的环氧树脂具有更高的耐热分解性能,且环氧树脂中引入的双苯硅氧烷结构能赋予改性环氧树脂更高的Tg,并能有效改善固化涂层的力学性能;此外,柔性-(ph2SiO)n-与高键能Si-O键的有机结合还可使固化产物的韧性、拉伸模量和拉伸强度有所提高。
YANG S C等[51]将3,4-环氧基乙基硅烷(ECTS)与二苯基硅二醇(DPSD)用溶胶凝胶法先缩聚制成环氧基苯基齐聚体(CAEO),然后再与脂环族环氧树脂、位阻酚共混制成光固化体系,在阳离子光引发剂作用下不仅能实现环氧有机硅杂化环氧树脂涂层的室温快速固化,而且涂层具有良好的透光与耐热性能,在LED灌封胶及电子元器件封装等领域具有潜在应用。
本文总结了近年来有机硅改性环氧树脂的研究进展,通过物理或化学方式实现有机硅改性环氧树脂,可使得环氧树脂的耐热性、柔韧性、耐候性以及力学性能等均得到明显改善,其中含苯基的聚硅氧烷或硅树脂与双酚A型环氧树脂基于“相似相溶”的改性原理,对环氧树脂的改性效果较好。另外,在环氧树脂体系中引入功能化纳米粒如纳米SiO2、纳米TiO2、纳米银等可有效提高环氧树脂的疏水疏油性、耐腐蚀性等。
迫于近年来环保的压力,绿色、环保和成本低廉的高分子材料备受厂家与消费者青睐,并成为行业研究的热点,因此有机硅改性环氧树脂还存在一些问题需要解决,比如污染大、固化工艺能耗高、成本高等。针对这些问题,可采用多种途径来改善和优化有机硅改性环氧树脂的性能,主要可以从以下两个方面开展工作:①在完善现有工艺条件的基础上,探索化学共聚改性环氧树脂的新路径,使改性环氧树脂的柔韧性、耐候性和耐热性等达到一个新高度;②采用具有能源利用率高、耗材低、污染少和成本低等特点的原材料。在此基础上,遵循绿色环保理念,拓宽有机硅改性环氧树脂的应用领域,研发水性、无溶剂环保型及光固化型的有机硅改性环氧树脂是今后的发展方向。
  • 国家科技部重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0307700)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2020ZDLGY13-11)
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2023年第56卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.001
  • 接收时间:2022-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-16
  • 修回日期:2022-07-18
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国家科技部重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0307700)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2020ZDLGY13-11)
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    陕西科技大学 陕西省轻化工助剂重点实验室,陕西 西安 710021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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