Article(id=1198667062475321739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648483200000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-29, revisedDate=1653235200000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714097851, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681920000000, pubDateStr=2023-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714097851, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714097851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714097851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667059954545009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714097249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563529326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618444354023975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618444354023976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667062903140758, articleId=1198667062475321739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Simulation research on space charge and electric field distribution characteristics of XLPE under impurity concentration gradient, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dissociation of impurities such as crosslinking by-products can easily lead to the accumulation of heteropolar space charges, resulting in local field strength distortion. At the same time, after the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) DC cables is degassing, the crosslinking by-product impurity in the insulating layer will form a concentration gradient distribution of "high inside and low outside", and the effect of impurity concentration gradient on the space charge is still unclear. Therefore, based on the bipolar charge transport model, the effect of cross-linked by-products impurity with uniform distribution and gradient distribution on the XLPE space charge and electric field distribution were simulated and calculated, and various factors affecting the gradient effect of impurity were analyzed. The results show that under the impurity gradient distribution, the space charge and electric field distribution of XLPE show obvious impurity gradient effect, that is, there are more opposite polarity charges accumulated on the low concentration side, which leads to the enhancement of the nearby electric field. While the impurity dissociation barrier and the impurity distribution concentration are the main reasons of affecting the impurity gradient effect. When the impurity concentration gradient is constant, the lower the activation energy, the higher the temperature, the lower the dissociation barrier, and the lower the carrier mobility, which results in the impurity gradient effect more obvious. The larger the insulation layer thickness, the higher the concentration of impurity distribution, and the more obvious the impurity gradient effect.

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交联副产物等杂质解离易引起异极性空间电荷的积累,导致局部场强畸变。同时,交联聚乙烯(XLPE)直流电缆脱气处理后交联副产物杂质会在绝缘层中形成“内高外低”的浓度梯度分布,而杂质浓度梯度对空间电荷的影响尚不清晰。为此基于双极性电荷输运模型,引入杂质浓度梯度并考虑杂质离子对载流子的散射作用,仿真计算交联副产物杂质均匀分布与梯度分布对XLPE空间电荷与电场分布的影响,并分析影响杂质梯度效应的各种因素。结果表明:杂质梯度分布下XLPE空间电荷和电场分布表现出明显的杂质梯度效应,即低浓度侧异极性电荷积聚增多,导致其附近电场增强;而杂质解离势垒和杂质分布浓度是影响杂质梯度效应的主要原因,在杂质浓度梯度一定时,活化能越低,温度越高,解离势垒越低,载流子的迁移率相应降低,导致杂质梯度效应越明显;绝缘层厚度越大,杂质分布浓度越高,杂质梯度效应也越明显。

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王伟(1960-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,博导,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断等的研究。
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宋柯(1996-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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宋柯(1996-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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宋柯(1996-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=交联聚乙烯), Keyword(id=1210986277185393372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667062475321739, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=杂质), Keyword(id=1210986277281862365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667062475321739, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=浓度梯度), Keyword(id=1210986277361554146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667062475321739, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=空间电荷), Keyword(id=1210986277474800361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667062475321739, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=电场)], refs=[Reference(id=1210986281174176607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667062475321739, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=49, issue=11, pageStart=9, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李忠磊, 杜伯学, journalName=绝缘材料, 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双极性电荷模型杂质离子模型
参数数值参数数值

ψa/c/eV

Φet,ht/eV

Be,h/s

n0et,ht/(C/m3)

S3/(m3/(C·s))

S2/(m3/(C·s))

S1/(m3/(C·s))

S0/(m3/(C·s))

εr

m*/kg

B*/(m3·K·s-1)

v/s

1.27, 1.27

0.95, 0.95

0.1, 0.1

100, 100

0

1×10-5

1×10-5

1×10-5

2.3

9.1×10-32

1×1024

6×1012

ua/eV

δn/p/nm

Φnt,pt/eV

Utn/tp/eV

Bn,p/s

n0nt,pt/(C/m3)

ξ3/(m3/(C·s))

ξ2/(m3/(C·s))

ξ1/(m3/(C·s))

ξ0/(m3/(C·s))

0.80

3.0, 3.0

0.90, 0.90

0.80, 0.80

0.1, 0.1

80, 80

0

4×10-3

4×10-3

4×10-3

), ArticleFig(id=1210986280880575314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667062475321739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空间电荷仿真参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
双极性电荷模型杂质离子模型
参数数值参数数值

ψa/c/eV

Φet,ht/eV

Be,h/s

n0et,ht/(C/m3)

S3/(m3/(C·s))

S2/(m3/(C·s))

S1/(m3/(C·s))

S0/(m3/(C·s))

εr

m*/kg

B*/(m3·K·s-1)

v/s

1.27, 1.27

0.95, 0.95

0.1, 0.1

100, 100

0

1×10-5

1×10-5

1×10-5

2.3

9.1×10-32

1×1024

6×1012

ua/eV

δn/p/nm

Φnt,pt/eV

Utn/tp/eV

Bn,p/s

n0nt,pt/(C/m3)

ξ3/(m3/(C·s))

ξ2/(m3/(C·s))

ξ1/(m3/(C·s))

ξ0/(m3/(C·s))

0.80

3.0, 3.0

0.90, 0.90

0.80, 0.80

0.1, 0.1

80, 80

0

4×10-3

4×10-3

4×10-3

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杂质浓度梯度下XLPE空间电荷与电场分布特性仿真研究
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宋柯 , 王伟 , 钱定冬 , 鲍国栋 , 金煜知
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(4): 40-47
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(4): 40-47
杂质浓度梯度下XLPE空间电荷与电场分布特性仿真研究
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宋柯, 王伟, 钱定冬, 鲍国栋, 金煜知
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 高电压与电磁兼容北京重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 宋柯(1996-),男(汉族),安徽亳州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

通讯作者:

王伟(1960-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,博导,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断等的研究。
Simulation research on space charge and electric field distribution characteristics of XLPE under impurity concentration gradient
Ke SONG, Wei WANG, Dingdong QIAN, Guodong BAO, Yuzhi JIN
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage & Electromagnetic Compatibility, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2023-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.008
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交联副产物等杂质解离易引起异极性空间电荷的积累,导致局部场强畸变。同时,交联聚乙烯(XLPE)直流电缆脱气处理后交联副产物杂质会在绝缘层中形成“内高外低”的浓度梯度分布,而杂质浓度梯度对空间电荷的影响尚不清晰。为此基于双极性电荷输运模型,引入杂质浓度梯度并考虑杂质离子对载流子的散射作用,仿真计算交联副产物杂质均匀分布与梯度分布对XLPE空间电荷与电场分布的影响,并分析影响杂质梯度效应的各种因素。结果表明:杂质梯度分布下XLPE空间电荷和电场分布表现出明显的杂质梯度效应,即低浓度侧异极性电荷积聚增多,导致其附近电场增强;而杂质解离势垒和杂质分布浓度是影响杂质梯度效应的主要原因,在杂质浓度梯度一定时,活化能越低,温度越高,解离势垒越低,载流子的迁移率相应降低,导致杂质梯度效应越明显;绝缘层厚度越大,杂质分布浓度越高,杂质梯度效应也越明显。

交联聚乙烯  /  杂质  /  浓度梯度  /  空间电荷  /  电场

The dissociation of impurities such as crosslinking by-products can easily lead to the accumulation of heteropolar space charges, resulting in local field strength distortion. At the same time, after the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) DC cables is degassing, the crosslinking by-product impurity in the insulating layer will form a concentration gradient distribution of "high inside and low outside", and the effect of impurity concentration gradient on the space charge is still unclear. Therefore, based on the bipolar charge transport model, the effect of cross-linked by-products impurity with uniform distribution and gradient distribution on the XLPE space charge and electric field distribution were simulated and calculated, and various factors affecting the gradient effect of impurity were analyzed. The results show that under the impurity gradient distribution, the space charge and electric field distribution of XLPE show obvious impurity gradient effect, that is, there are more opposite polarity charges accumulated on the low concentration side, which leads to the enhancement of the nearby electric field. While the impurity dissociation barrier and the impurity distribution concentration are the main reasons of affecting the impurity gradient effect. When the impurity concentration gradient is constant, the lower the activation energy, the higher the temperature, the lower the dissociation barrier, and the lower the carrier mobility, which results in the impurity gradient effect more obvious. The larger the insulation layer thickness, the higher the concentration of impurity distribution, and the more obvious the impurity gradient effect.

XLPE  /  impurity  /  concentration gradient  /  space charge  /  electric field
宋柯, 王伟, 钱定冬, 鲍国栋, 金煜知. 杂质浓度梯度下XLPE空间电荷与电场分布特性仿真研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (4) : 40 -47 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.008
Ke SONG, Wei WANG, Dingdong QIAN, Guodong BAO, Yuzhi JIN. Simulation research on space charge and electric field distribution characteristics of XLPE under impurity concentration gradient[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (4) : 40 -47 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.008
交联聚乙烯(XLPE)直流电缆凭其良好的电学性能等优势被广泛应用到输电线路中,但其在生产过程中会引入一些有机杂质和无机杂质,如交联副产物、催化剂等,影响电缆内部电场与空间电荷分布,导致电缆绝缘老化甚至击穿[1-3]。研究表明,脱气处理可以减少交联副产物杂质的残余量,但脱气处理后杂质在绝缘层中的分布往往是不均匀的。毛爱民等[4]采用热质量损失法测得电缆绝缘内、中、外层的副产物含量,得到内层副产物含量约是外层的1.16~1.80倍。金海之等[5-6]采用红外光谱测试得到脱气处理后XLPE绝缘层不同位置处苯乙酮和枯基醇两种副产物的透射比,计算得到内层苯乙酮含量约是外层的1.36~2.40倍,内层枯基醇含量约是外层的1.02~1.40倍。欧阳本红等[7]对经6天脱气处理的XLPE试样进行红外光谱测试,计算分析发现α-甲基苯乙烯、苯乙酮、枯基醇3种交联副产物杂质内、外层含量比值依次为1.44、1.47、1.64,说明XLPE绝缘层中交联副产物杂质含量呈现出内层高外层低的近似梯度分布状态[8-9]。刘通等[10]指出在低场强(10 kV/mm)下,电极注入电荷量很小,试样内部往往会积聚异极性电荷,加速绝缘劣化,而这种异极性电荷往往被认为是由交联副产物和电缆生产过程中产生的杂质解离引起的。
目前对空间电荷的测量多采用脉冲电声法(PEA)等实验测量技术,但其不能直观反映出绝缘层内部各电荷的输运过程。同时,某些特征量变化受实验条件限制也无法进行测量,但利用数值分析可以模拟电荷的微观运动行为与特征量变化对空间电荷的影响。1994年,J M ALISON等[11]提出双极性电荷输运模型,S L ROY等[12]在其模型基础上引入脱陷、抽出过程。由于双极性电荷模型只考虑电极注入的电子和空穴,并未考虑绝缘层内部的电荷增殖过程,如Poole-Frankel效应引起的热电子发射、杂质解离产生的离子电荷等,在模拟异极性空间电荷上仍存在一定的局限性。为此吴建东[13]在双极性电荷模型中引入杂质的解离与输运,很好地模拟了异极性空间电荷的运动行为,然而并未考虑杂质浓度梯度以及杂质离子对电子和空穴迁移的影响。
本文在双极性电荷和杂质离子输运模型的基础上,考虑了交联副产物杂质浓度梯度分布与杂质离子对载流子的散射作用,建立杂质梯度分布下的空间电荷与电场仿真模型,分析不同杂质梯度分布方式下的空间电荷与电场分布特性以及载流子的微观运动行为,并进一步讨论杂质分子活化能、温度和绝缘层厚度等因素对杂质梯度效应的影响。
脱气处理中,交联副产物杂质的扩散过程遵循菲克第二定律[14]。对于一段长电缆,其长度相对于径向厚度可视为无限长,可以认为交联副产物杂质只沿着径向扩散形成梯度分布场,扩散模型可以采用一维的平板试样近似研究[4,14],表达式如式(1)所示。
C(x,t)t=D2C(x,t)x2
式(1)中:C为交联副产物杂质的浓度;x为杂质在试样中的扩散位置;t为扩散时间;D为扩散系数。
设初始状态下交联副产物杂质在试样内均匀分布,即C(x,0)=C0C0为交联副产物杂质的初始浓度;沿径向扩散一段时间t后,内层浓度为C(0,t)=Cin,外层浓度为C(d,t)=Cout,其中d为试样厚度。根据文献[15-16]固定脱气温度为70℃、扩散系数为5.54×10-11 m2/s、杂质初始浓度C0=3×1019 m-3Cout=1×1019 m-3,通过控制内层浓度实现C=Cin-Cout=N×1019 m-3的浓度梯度,并采用二次函数拟合分布曲线,其拟合效果与表达式如图1所示。
假设杂质离子解离后形成一个正离子和一个负离子,在离子周围会形成一个库伦势场,并局部破坏其附近的周期性势场。当载流子运动到杂质离子附近时,由于库伦势场的作用,载流子运动的方向和速度大小会发生变化,以速度u接近杂质离子,而以速度u'离开,即由于离子电荷的存在,电子与空穴在运动中遭到了散射。图2分别给出了正离子和负离子对电子和空穴散射的示意图。
根据文献[17-18],考虑杂质离子的散射作用,载流子迁移率μ与杂质离子的浓度、温度的关系可表示为式(2)
μ=em*T3/2B*Ni
式(2)中:e为元电荷量;T为绝对温度;m*为电子有效质量;B*为电离杂质散射系数;Ni为杂质离子浓度。
利用COMSOL软件进行仿真分析,电荷输运模型如图3所示。自由载流子在外施电场的作用下发生迁移和扩散运动,根据爱因斯坦关系式,载流子的扩散系数与迁移率之间的关系满足式(3)
Df=μkTe
式(3)中:Df为扩散系数;k为玻尔兹曼常数。
假设在较低电场下,电子与空穴从电极向绝缘内部的注入过程可用Schottky公式描述,如式(4)所示。
ja/c=AT2exp(-ψa/ckT)exp(ekTeEa/c4πεrε0)
式(4)中:j为注入电流密度;A为理查德常数;E为电场强度;ψ为注入势垒,下标a/c分别表示阳/阴极;εr为相对介电常数;ε0为真空介电常数。
杂质分子由于热振动可发生解离,必须越过势垒ua,即分子活化能。而在外加电场下,杂质分子解离所需要克服的势垒ua将下降ua,这一现象称为离子的Poole-Frenkel效应[19]ua可由式(5)计算。
ua=e3Eπεrε0
假设分子热振动能量的分布服从玻尔兹曼分布,此时单位时间内杂质分子发生解离的解离系数Dd计算如式(6)所示。
$D_{\mathrm{d}}=v \cdot \exp \left(-\frac{u_{\mathrm{a}}-\Delta u_{\mathrm{a}}}{k T}\right)=v \cdot \exp \left(-\frac{\Delta u_{\mathrm{d}}}{k T}\right)$
式(6)中:v为逃逸频率;ud为分子解离势垒。
图3所示,用双极性电荷模型模拟了电荷迁移、入陷、脱陷及复合的动态传输过程,其控制方程组用式(7)~(10)表示[20]
$\begin{array}{r}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{e} \mu}}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot\left(-n_{\mathrm{e} \mu} \mu_{\mathrm{e} \mu} \vec{E}-D_{\mathrm{e}} \nabla n_{\mathrm{e} \mu}\right)=-S_{3} n_{\mathrm{e} \mu} n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}- \\S_{2} n_{\mathrm{e} \mu} n_{\mathrm{ht}}-B_{\mathrm{e}} n_{\mathrm{e} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{et}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{et}}}\right)+v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{et}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{et}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{et}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{et}}}\end{array}$
$\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{et}}}{\partial t} & =-S_{1} n_{\mathrm{et}} n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}-S_{0} n_{\mathrm{et}} n_{\mathrm{ht}}+B_{\mathrm{e}} n_{\mathrm{e} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{et}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{et}}}\right)- \\& v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{et}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{et}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{et}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{et}}}\end{aligned}$
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot\left(n_{\mathrm{h} \mu} \mu_{\mathrm{h} \mu} \vec{E}-D_{\mathrm{h}} \nabla n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}\right)=-S_{3} n_{\mathrm{e} \mu} n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}- \\\quad S_{1} n_{\mathrm{et}} n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}-B_{\mathrm{h}} n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{ht}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{ht}}}\right)+v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{ht}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{ht}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{ht}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{ht}}}\end{array}$
$\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{ht}}}{\partial t} & =-S_{2} n_{\mathrm{e} \mu} n_{\mathrm{ht}}-S_{0} n_{\mathrm{et}} n_{\mathrm{ht}}+B_{\mathrm{h}} n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{ht}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{ht}}}\right)- \\& v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{ht}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{ht}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{ht}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{ht}}}\end{aligned}$
杂质解离形成的正、负离子在电场作用下定向迁移,并且在迁移过程中的动态行为与双极性载流子类似,会发生入陷、脱陷和复合过程,可用离子运输模型模拟,其控制方程与双极性电荷模型类似,如式(11)~(14)所示[16]
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{n} \mu}}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot\left(-n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} \mu_{\mathrm{n} \mu} \vec{E}-D_{\mathrm{n}} \nabla n_{\mathrm{n} \mu}\right)= \\\quad-\xi_{3} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}-{ }_{2} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} n_{\mathrm{pt}}-B_{\mathrm{n}} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{nt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{nt}}}\right)+ \\\quad v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{nt}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{nt}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{nt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{nt}}}+D_{\mathrm{d}} N_{0}^{\prime}\end{array}$
$\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{nt}}}{\partial t} & =-\xi_{1} n_{\mathrm{nt}} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}-\xi_{0} n_{\mathrm{nt}} n_{\mathrm{pt}}+B_{\mathrm{n}} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{nt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{nt}}}\right)- \\& v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{nt}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{nt}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{nt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{nt}}}\end{aligned}$
$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot\left(n_{\mathrm{p} \mu} \mu_{\mathrm{p} \mu} \vec{E}-D_{\mathrm{p}} \nabla n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}\right)=-\xi_{3} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}- \\\xi_{1} n_{\mathrm{nt}} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}-B_{\mathrm{p}} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{pt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{pt}}}\right)+ \\v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{pt}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{pt}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{pt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{pt}}}+D_{\mathrm{d}} N_{0}^{\prime}\end{array}$
$\begin{aligned}\frac{\partial n_{\mathrm{pt}}}{\partial t} & =-\xi_{2} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} n_{\mathrm{pt}}-\xi_{0} n_{\mathrm{nt}} n_{\mathrm{pt}}+B_{\mathrm{p}} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}\left(1-\frac{n_{\mathrm{pt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{pt}}}\right)- \\& v \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\Phi_{\mathrm{pt}}}{k T}} n_{\mathrm{pt}} \frac{n_{\mathrm{pt}}}{n_{0 \mathrm{pt}}}\end{aligned}$
电荷输运模型中的8种空间电荷通过泊松方程式(15)与电场耦合。
$\nabla \cdot(\vec{E})=\frac{\mathrm{e}\left(n_{\mathrm{h} \mu}+n_{\mathrm{ht}}+n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}+n_{\mathrm{pt}}-n_{\mathrm{e} \mu}-n_{\mathrm{et}}-n_{\mathrm{n} \mu}-n_{\mathrm{nt}}\right)}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}} \varepsilon_{0}}$
式(7)~(15)中:e、h、n、p分别表示电子、空穴、负离子、正离子4种电荷;μt分别表示自由电荷、受陷电荷;S3,2,1,0为电子与空穴的复合系数;ξ3,2,1,0为离子的复合系数;n为电荷密度;n0为深陷阱密度;B为入陷系数;Φ为脱陷势垒;N0'为剩余杂质分子的浓度,其表达式为N0'=N0-N0
在外施电场下,离子迁移势垒将会下降,引起较多的离子定向迁移,其迁移率如式(16)所示[16]
$\begin{aligned}\mu_{\mathrm{n} / \mathrm{p}}= & \frac{\delta_{\mathrm{n} / \mathrm{p}} \cdot v}{6 \cdot E(x, t)} \exp \left(-\frac{\Delta U_{\mathrm{tn} / \mathrm{p}}}{k T}\right) \cdot\left[\exp \left(\frac{\Delta U_{\mathrm{n} / \mathrm{p}}}{k T}\right)-\right. \\& \left.\exp \left(-\frac{\Delta U_{\mathrm{n} / \mathrm{p}}}{k T}\right)\right]\end{aligned}$
式(16)中:δn/p为离子的平均跳跃距离;Utn/tp为离子的迁移势垒;Un/p为电场作用下离子迁移势垒的下降值,可表示为式(17)
$\Delta U_{\mathrm{n} / \mathrm{p}}=\frac{1}{2} \delta_{\mathrm{n} / \mathrm{p}} \cdot \mathrm{e} \cdot E(x, t)$
离子电荷在迁移过程中会发生碰撞也会复合形成新的杂质分子,因此介质中剩余杂质分子的浓度随着杂质分子的解离和离子电荷的复合而发生变化,其变化量N0表示为式(18)[16]
$\Delta N_{0}=\xi_{3} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}+\xi_{2} n_{\mathrm{n} \mu} n_{\mathrm{pt}}+\xi_{1} n_{\mathrm{nt}} n_{\mathrm{p} \mu}+\xi_{0} n_{\mathrm{nt}} n_{\mathrm{pt}}-D_{\mathrm{d}} \cdot N_{0}$
式(18)中,N0为杂质分子浓度。
将模型简化为一维结构,设置绝缘层厚度为220 μm,位置在220 μm处接地,阳极接直流电压。为减小电极注入电荷的影响,更好地探究杂质解离对绝缘内部空间电荷与电场分布特性的影响,选择电场为8 kV/mm进行仿真[21],同时采用对称参数消除其他不利分析的影响因素[20]。根据杂质分子特性及离子迁移采用的经典参数[9,13,16,22],本文选取的仿真参数如表1所示。交联副产物杂质均匀分布时,设置杂质分子浓度为N0=N×1019 m-3,通过改变N值大小调节杂质浓度。另外,考虑交联副产物杂质非均匀分布的情况,将杂质高浓度侧设为阳极侧,阴极侧为低浓度侧(Cout=1×1019 m-3)。值得注意的是,模型的部分参数是近似估算所得,参数范围仍需进一步验证。
在温度为30℃下施加8 kV/mm电场,模型参数见表1,仿真得到杂质均匀分布下25 000 s时刻的空间电荷与电场分布,结果如图4所示。
在其他仿真参数对称下,介质体内存在杂质时,两电极附近均积聚了异极性电荷,即阳极附近积聚负极性电荷,阴极附近积聚正极性电荷。这一电荷分布与文献[21,23]中研究结果相符,在一定程度上证明了模型中参数设置的合理性以及仿真结果的有效性,同时验证了仿真模型的可行性。
图4可以看出,随着杂质浓度的增大,空间电荷始终呈现中心对称分布,电场呈现左右对称分布。同时随着杂质浓度增大,杂质解离产生的异极性电荷增多,导致两电极附近的电场畸变愈加严重且最大电场值出现的位置逐渐靠近电极表面。
图5为杂质均匀分布下的电荷注入与输运模型。假设杂质均匀分布下正、负离子的扩散能力一定。一方面正离子的扩散与迁移方向一致,两者协同促进正离子向阴极移动,造成阴极侧正离子浓度高,阳极侧浓度低,而负离子的迁移作用阻碍了其向阴极扩散,但由于扩散能力一定,导致阳极侧负离子浓度高且与阴极侧正离子浓度一致,而阴极侧负离子浓度低且与阳极侧正离子浓度一致,最终形成的净离子空间电荷呈现中心对称分布;另一方面低电场下电极注入电荷效应不显著、空穴与电子注入势垒设置相同以及电子与空穴的平均迁移速度因杂质均匀分布而降低且大小一致,造成电极表面积聚等量的同极性电荷,最终稳态时空间电荷呈现中心对称分布,而离子电荷在两电极附近积聚形成等量的异极性电荷,增强了电极附近的场强,使得电场呈现左右对称分布。
交联副产物杂质在电缆生产过程中是难以避免的,并且脱气处理后在绝缘层中的分布往往是不均匀的,而是处于一种内层含量高、外层含量低的近似梯度分布状态,导致空间电荷和电场分布产生了杂质梯度效应。图6为不同交联副产物杂质浓度梯度下25 000 s时刻的空间电荷和电场分布仿真结果。由图6可知,杂质梯度分布下空间电荷和电场分布规律有所不同,低浓度侧积聚异极性电荷增多,高浓度侧积聚异极性电荷减少,并且增多幅度远大于减少幅度,空间电荷分布表现出逆杂质梯度分布的规律,打破了杂质均匀分布时的中心对称分布规律;电场畸变更加严重,最大电场出现在阴极侧,电场不再是左右对称分布。随着杂质浓度梯度的增大,阴极附近(低浓度侧)积聚的异极性电荷激增,电场逐渐增强;而阳极附近(高浓度侧)积聚的异极性电荷逐渐减少甚至转变为同极性电荷,电场逐渐减弱。这种非对称的空间电荷和电场分布是由杂质分布不均匀即存在浓度梯度造成的,此现象称为杂质梯度效应。
图7为杂质梯度分布下的电荷注入与输运模型,杂质浓度梯度的存在不仅能提高离子的扩散能力,而且会降低载流子(电子与空穴)的迁移率,使得电极注入的载流子不易向体内迁移。从图7可以看出,正离子的扩散与迁移方向相同,负离子的扩散与迁移方向相反。正离子的迁移与扩散的协同作用促进了正离子向阴极运动,导致阴极附近正离子增多;而负离子源源不断地向阳极迁移,减小了阴极附近的负离子浓度,但填补了阳极附近向阴极方向扩散的一部分负离子,从而导致阴极附近的正离子浓度高于负离子浓度,表现出正的净离子电荷,而阳极附近的正离子浓度低于负离子浓度,表现出负的净离子电荷。随着浓度梯度的增大,正的净离子电荷剧增,而负的净离子电荷逐渐减少,且增大幅度要远大于减小幅度。当超过临界浓度梯度(∆N=0.25左右)时,阳极注入的空穴就会完全掩盖负的净离子电荷,并开始在阳极附近积聚起同极性电荷,导致阳极侧电场削弱能力增强;而阴极注入的电子量远达不到正的净离子电荷量,始终在阴极附近表现出异极性电荷,造成最大电场一直位于低浓度侧。可见,杂质浓度梯度场下的电场畸变要比均匀分布下的电场畸变更加严重。
绝缘层内部往往存在多种交联副产物杂质分子,不同杂质分子的活化能存在差异[24],如苯乙酮和枯基醇分子的活化能均为0.72 eV,而α-甲基苯乙烯分子的活化能为0.92 eV。图8为杂质浓度梯度∆N=0.25时,杂质分子活化能对空间电荷及电场分布的影响。
图8(a)可知,随着杂质分子活化能增大,电极附近的异极性电荷大量减少。当分子活化能继续增大,大于0.85 eV后,两电极附近不再积聚异极性电荷,这是由于式(6)所示的解离系数随活化能增大而减小,使得杂质难以解离,电子与空穴的迁移率相应增大,电极注入电荷占主导作用。因此,当杂质分子的活化能较大时,杂质梯度效应会相应较小。从图8(b)可以看出,最大电场强度随着杂质分子活化能的增大而减小且出现的位置在不断向体内移动,这是由于载流子迁移率升高,电子较快向体内迁移造成的;当分子活化能继续增大超过0.85 eV时,电场畸变趋于缓和,再增大分子活化能,电场分布不会发生太大的变化,基本呈现拱形分布。
电缆导体在实际运行中的温度最高可达到90℃,而温度不仅影响着空间电荷的动态特性,还影响着交联副产物杂质解离的程度。文献[25]指出,XLPE在50℃以下电场较低时电极附近出现的异极性电荷是由杂质解离引起的,且此时电极注入电荷的作用影响不大。故仿真研究低温下交联副产物杂质解离对杂质梯度效应的影响,如图9所示。
图9(a)可以看出,当温度低于临界温度(25℃)时,阳极附近积聚同极性电荷且电荷量随温度的升高略微增加,超过临界温度时阳极附近开始积聚异极性电荷并随温度升高而激增。阴极附近积聚的异极性电荷随温度升高一直增加,且超过临界温度时异极性电荷的增加幅度越来越大。说明在所研究的温度范围内,温度低于临界温度时,杂质梯度效应不明显;超过临界温度时,温度越高,杂质梯度效应越明显。这是由于温度升高降低了杂质解离势垒,使解离系数增大,导致更多的杂质分子解离,同时杂质离子浓度增大降低了电子与空穴的迁移率。从图9(b)可以看出,温度超过临界温度时阳极附近的电场由削弱作用转变成增强作用,当温度升高至40℃时,阳极附近的电场急剧增大且场强值要高于平均场强值;而阴极附近的场强随温度升高一直增大且幅度越来越大。这说明温度升高,杂质梯度效应增强。
在实际应用中,电缆绝缘层越厚,交联副产物杂质越难扩散,导致杂质残留量增多[3]。通过平板扩散模型获得杂质梯度∆N=0.25时不同厚度下的杂质浓度分布并进行拟合,其拟合结果与表达式如图10所示。
图11为杂质梯度∆N=0.25时绝缘层厚度对空间电荷和电场分布的影响。由图11(a)可知,不同厚度下的空间电荷分布依然具有杂质梯度效应,且厚度越大效应愈加明显。其原因是交联副产物杂质含量依赖试样厚度,杂质分布浓度随厚度增大而增大(如图10所示),同时电子与空穴的迁移率相应降低,导致两电极附近积聚的异极性电荷增多。由图11(b)可知,厚度增大,空间电荷的杂质梯度效应增强,导致电场畸变程度也愈加严重,且阴极侧电场畸变程度要比阳极侧严重,这与文献[3]中提到的两电极附近的异极性电荷量和电场畸变随试样厚度增加而增大的现象相符,即厚度效应。
(1)由仿真分析可知,交联副产物杂质分布状态对XLPE空间电荷和电场分布具有很大的影响。仿真参数对称时,均匀分布下空间电荷与电场呈现对称分布,且杂质浓度越高现象越明显。梯度分布下表现出明显的杂质梯度效应,即低浓度侧异极性电荷积聚增多,导致其附近电场增强,呈现逆杂质梯度分布的规律,且浓度梯度越大杂质梯度效应越明显。
(2)同一杂质浓度梯度下,交联副产物杂质的解离势垒和分布浓度是影响杂质梯度效应的主要原因。杂质解离势垒与分子活化能、温度有关,即分子活化能越低,温度越高,解离势垒越低,解离越充分,电子与空穴的迁移率相应降低,导致杂质梯度效应越明显;杂质分布浓度与绝缘层厚度有关,厚度越大,杂质分布浓度越高,杂质梯度效应也越明显。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377056)
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2023年第56卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.008
  • 接收时间:2022-03-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-29
  • 修回日期:2022-05-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377056)
作者信息
    华北电力大学 高电压与电磁兼容北京重点实验室,北京 102206

通讯作者:

王伟(1960-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,博导,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断等的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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