Article(id=1198667063096082799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1632672000000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-27, revisedDate=1669737600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714097998, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681920000000, pubDateStr=2023-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714097998, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714097998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714097998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667059954545009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714097249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563529326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618444354023975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618444354023976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667063372906870, articleId=1198667063096082799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of epoxy resin base sheet molding compound materials, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An epoxy resin-based sheet molding plastic (E-SMC) was prepared by using multi-function epoxy resin as the resin matrix, dicyandiamide as main curing agent, and mica as fillers. Then the epoxy molding composite was prepared by molding process, and its mechanical properties, thermodynamic properties, and electrical properties were systematically tested and studied. The results show that the epoxy molding composites have high mechanical strength, and the tensile strength, bending strength, vertical compression strength and parallel compression strength of typical samples can reach 64, 178, 440, and 332 MPa, respectively. At the same time, the epoxy molding composites have low density (1.69-1.76 g/cm3), high glass transition temperature (Tg up to 201℃), and excellent electrical strength properties, and the breakdown voltage of typical samples is up to 100 kV, the electric strength can reach 17.1 kV/mm, the comparative tracking index (CTI) is 600 V.

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以多官能度环氧树脂为树脂基体,双氰胺为主固化剂,云母为填料,制备环氧树脂基片状模塑料(E-SMC),然后采用模压成型工艺,制备环氧模压复合材料,并对其力学性能、热力学性能和电气性能等进行系统测试和研究。结果表明:环氧模压复合材料具有高的机械强度,其中典型样品的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、垂直压缩强度和平行压缩强度分别达到了64、178、440、332 MPa。环氧模压复合材料具有较低的密度(1.69~1.76 g/cm3)和较高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg最高可达201℃),同时,具有优异的电气性能,其中典型样品的击穿电压可达到100 kV,电气强度可达到17.1 kV/mm,相比电痕化指数(CTI)为600 V。

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杨朋飞(1987-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,主要从事复合材料的研究;

冯献起(1983-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事复合材料的研究。

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杨朋飞(1987-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,主要从事复合材料的研究;

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组份Mica0Mica1Mica2Mica3Mica4
MF4101100100100100100
DDS2020202020
MF1011515151515
双氰胺1010101010
促进剂33333
氢氧化铝10010010000
云母片0100150200220
增稠剂7.27.27.27.27.2
脱模剂0.10.10.10.10.1
), ArticleFig(id=1211239319637979856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667063096082799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

树脂糊成分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组份Mica0Mica1Mica2Mica3Mica4
MF4101100100100100100
DDS2020202020
MF1011515151515
双氰胺1010101010
促进剂33333
氢氧化铝10010010000
云母片0100150200220
增稠剂7.27.27.27.27.2
脱模剂0.10.10.10.10.1
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环氧树脂基片状模塑料制备及其性能研究
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杨朋飞 1 , 刘玉彩 2 , 张金鑫 1 , 陈愚飞 1 , 冯献起 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023,56(4): 12-16
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023, 56(4): 12-16
环氧树脂基片状模塑料制备及其性能研究
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杨朋飞1, 刘玉彩2, 张金鑫1, 陈愚飞1, 冯献起1
作者信息
  • 1北京新福润达绝缘材料有限责任公司,北京 101111
  • 2首钢(青岛)钢业有限公司,山东 青岛 266042
  • 杨朋飞(1987-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,主要从事复合材料的研究;

    冯献起(1983-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事复合材料的研究。

Preparation and properties of epoxy resin base sheet molding compound materials
Pengfei YANG1, Yucai LIU2, Jinxin ZHANG1, Yufei CHEN1, Xianqi FENG1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing New Friend Insulation Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 101111, China
  • 2Shougang (Qingdao) Steel Industry Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266042, China
出版时间: 2023-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.003
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以多官能度环氧树脂为树脂基体,双氰胺为主固化剂,云母为填料,制备环氧树脂基片状模塑料(E-SMC),然后采用模压成型工艺,制备环氧模压复合材料,并对其力学性能、热力学性能和电气性能等进行系统测试和研究。结果表明:环氧模压复合材料具有高的机械强度,其中典型样品的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、垂直压缩强度和平行压缩强度分别达到了64、178、440、332 MPa。环氧模压复合材料具有较低的密度(1.69~1.76 g/cm3)和较高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg最高可达201℃),同时,具有优异的电气性能,其中典型样品的击穿电压可达到100 kV,电气强度可达到17.1 kV/mm,相比电痕化指数(CTI)为600 V。

环氧树脂  /  模压成型  /  片状模塑料

An epoxy resin-based sheet molding plastic (E-SMC) was prepared by using multi-function epoxy resin as the resin matrix, dicyandiamide as main curing agent, and mica as fillers. Then the epoxy molding composite was prepared by molding process, and its mechanical properties, thermodynamic properties, and electrical properties were systematically tested and studied. The results show that the epoxy molding composites have high mechanical strength, and the tensile strength, bending strength, vertical compression strength and parallel compression strength of typical samples can reach 64, 178, 440, and 332 MPa, respectively. At the same time, the epoxy molding composites have low density (1.69-1.76 g/cm3), high glass transition temperature (Tg up to 201℃), and excellent electrical strength properties, and the breakdown voltage of typical samples is up to 100 kV, the electric strength can reach 17.1 kV/mm, the comparative tracking index (CTI) is 600 V.

epoxy resin  /  compression molding  /  insulating material
杨朋飞, 刘玉彩, 张金鑫, 陈愚飞, 冯献起. 环氧树脂基片状模塑料制备及其性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (4) : 12 -16 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.003
Pengfei YANG, Yucai LIU, Jinxin ZHANG, Yufei CHEN, Xianqi FENG. Preparation and properties of epoxy resin base sheet molding compound materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (4) : 12 -16 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.003
片状模塑料(SMC)是以热固性树脂为基体,加入引发剂、增稠剂、低收缩剂、脱模剂、填料等辅料,采用短切玻璃纤维或玻纤毡增强的片状原料[1]。SMC通常用不饱和聚酯制备,通过二价阳离子(碱金属)和树脂中的羧基等官能团进行反应,达到增稠的目的,使SMC在应用时操作方便,比如裁剪、铺模等[2]。另外,不饱和聚酯的固化反应,通常采用自由基聚合方式,固化速率快;且树脂在高温条件下,流动性增加,能够较好地实现对模具的完全填充,表现出良好的随型特性,有利于制备复杂结构的制品[3]。SMC的设计最初目的是为替代汽车或其他设备中的钣金冲压件,以降低铸造成本[4]。随着SMC尺寸稳定性好、生产效率高、耐腐蚀、轻质和价格便宜等优势被发掘出来,其应用拓展至交通运输、建筑、民用基础设施、航空设备和军事工业等众多领域,且需求量逐年增加[5]
环氧树脂基片状模塑料(E-SMC)是一种纤维增强的新型环氧树脂基成型材料,其主要成分通常包括树脂基体、增稠剂、固化剂、脱模剂、增强纤维和填料等[6]。相对于SMC,E-SMC具有更高的机械强度、更低的吸水率和更佳的电气绝缘性能。不同于乙烯基环氧模塑料,E-SMC需要采用潜伏性固化剂(通常为脂环族二胺)来进行增稠。能够按照预期进行增稠,是制备E-SMC的关键。WANG J K等[7]以环氧树脂(LY1564)为基体,以聚乙烯多胺为固化剂,制备了一种膨润土(DK-NF)修饰的E-SMC,其表现出较高的机械强度(拉伸强度为108 MPa)。鉴于环氧树脂需加热固化,且在固化时放热的属性,LI J等[6]对E-SMC固化时模腔内的温度分布、纤维分散及其制品不同部位的性能差异进行了系统研究,并对固化程序进行了优化,使得材料的性能均一性得到大幅提高,其中弯曲强度达到了320 MPa。但是,文献[6-7]等均未对E-SMC的制备及增稠剂进行详细描述。赢创报道了一种新型固化剂Vestalite S,可用于E-SMC的制备,且产品性能可根据需要进行调控,然而,其机理及具体案例均未见详细描述[8]。综上所述,E-SMC的制备及应用仍是环氧树脂成型工艺研究和发展的重要课题。
本研究以多官能度环氧树脂为基体,聚醚性聚酰胺为增稠剂,双氰胺和4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)为固化剂制备一种新型E-SMC,并对其树脂糊的增稠、固化动力学和产品的结构、力学性能、热力学性能、电气绝缘性能进行研究,为环氧树脂模压复合材料的设计与制备提供了理论依据和技术支撑,同时为环氧树脂基复杂结构件的成型提供新的思路。
四官能缩水甘油胺类环氧树脂MF4101(黏度为3 000~7 000 mPa·s)、MF101改性多官能团活性稀释剂,湖北珍正峰新材料有限公司;云母粉(800目),滁州万桥云母粉厂;双氰胺(分析纯),无锡市亚泰联合化工有限公司;4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS,纯度为97%),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;聚醚型聚氨酯(增稠剂),广东南辉新材料有限公司;促进剂,自制;脱模剂,定制;玻纤毡,重庆国际复合材料有限责任公司;氢氧化铝,山东中扬化工科技有限公司。
取100份MF4101树脂、20份DDS加入反应釜中,于110℃条件下反应35 min,反应后降至室温得到预聚物A;在室温下依次将预聚物A、15份稀释剂、10份双氰胺、3份促进剂、100份氢氧化铝、100份云母粉和0.1份脱模剂加入搅拌容器中,之后进行高速分散(转速为1 200~1 500 r/min),搅拌15 min后,将分散机转速降为500 r/min,再加入7.2份增稠剂搅拌5 min,即可得到树脂糊。实验室采用手糊法,将树脂糊涂于300 g玻纤毡上,并用延展辊充分碾压,然后置于烘箱中在50℃条件下加热增稠48 h,得到E-SMC。将E-SMC片材裁剪为290 mm×290 mm的尺寸,置于200吨热压机中尺寸为300 mm×300 mm的平板模具内进行压制成型,压制温度为150℃,压制时间按照3 min/mm来设置,压力为15 MPa(表压)。待压制结束后,起模、冷吹取下,即可得样品。为方便表述,将添加云母0、100、150、200、220份的样品分别命名为Mica0、Mica1、Mica2、Mica3和Mica4,其中Mica3和Mica4样品中不添加氢氧化铝。各样品用树脂糊成分见表1
使用TMA Q400型热机械分析仪(TA公司)进行测试,将样品加工成5 mm×5 mm×8 mm的尺寸,以10℃/min的升温速率由25℃加热至300℃。
使用Quanta250型扫描电子显微镜(FEI公司)对样品的形貌及微观结构进行观察。
使用Q20型DSC分析仪(TA公司)进行测试,取30 mg树脂糊置于定制铝盒中,再将定制铝盒置于样品槽中进行测试,升温速率为10℃/min,温度测量范围为室温(25℃)至200℃。
将样品加工成哑铃型拉伸样条(厚度为3 mm),采用单轴拉伸方式对样品的拉伸强度进行测试;将样品加工成10 mm×10 mm×5 mm的尺寸,采用压缩模式对其压缩性能进行测试,使用的仪器为CMT-5105G型电子万能试验机,珠海市三思泰捷电气设备有限公司;冲击强度使用简支梁冲击试验机(XJJ-50,15 kJ/50 kJ,承德市金建检测仪器有限公司)进行测试,样品尺寸为120 mm×15 mm×5 mm(缺口尺寸为5 mm(深)×2 mm(宽)×5 mm(厚)),测试方法按照GB/T 1303.7—2009执行。
密度测试由精密分析天平完成,样品尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×5 mm。
使用博勒飞DV2T型黏度计,对树脂糊的增稠过程进行监控。
击穿电压和电气强度使用击穿电压测试仪(HT150-C型,150 kV,机械工业电工材料产品质量监督检测中心)进行测试;相比电痕化指数(CTI)测试使用相比电痕化指数测试仪(机械工业电工材料产品质量监督检测中心)进行测定,其中击穿电压测试样品尺寸为100 mm×25 mm×5 mm,电气强度测试样品尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×3 mm,相比电痕化指数测试样品尺寸为20 mm×20 mm×5 mm,测试方法按照GB/T 1303.7—2009执行。
树脂糊能够实现增稠是制备环氧树脂基片状模塑料的关键。因此,首先测试树脂糊在30℃和50℃的黏度变化,结果如图1所示。由图1可知,在30℃环境中,树脂糊在加入增稠剂后的240 min内,黏度由1 280 mPa·s增大到10 645 mPa·s,可以为SMC片材的制备提供足够的操作时间;在50℃环境中,树脂糊黏度快速增加,从360 min到600 min,黏度由35 800 mPa·s增大至150 010 mPa·s,说明树脂糊可以实现快速增稠(若继续延长熟化时间,树脂糊黏度将在6 h内增大至1 000 000 mPa·s以上)。在30℃环境中,树脂糊黏度可在较长时间内保持恒定,即在30℃条件下,储存期超过45天。为确定材料的固化条件,对不同云母添加量的树脂糊进行DSC测试,结果如图2所示。由图2可知,Mica1树脂糊的放热峰起始温度(Ti)、峰顶温度(Tp)和峰终温度(Tf)分别为125、148、178℃,而Mica2和Mica3树脂糊的放热峰峰值温度与Mica1树脂糊样品相比,未出现明显变化。根据以上结果,可初步推定在150℃时,树脂固化速率最快,且在该温度下,树脂糊在5 min内可完成固化[9]。因此,确定模压的固化温度为150℃,固化时间为5 min,考虑传热过程,可适当延长固化时间,厚度为5 mm以内的样品压制时间为10 min,厚度为5mm以上样品压制时间为15 min。
为观察云母及玻璃纤维在材料基体中的分散状态,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对云母、玻璃纤维及环氧模压复合材料的结构和形貌进行表征,结果如图3所示。由图3(a)可知,云母呈典型片状结构,粒径分布相对集中,平均粒径为16.6 μm。由图3(b)可知,所用玻璃纤维的平均直径约为13.4 μm,且表面相对粗糙,可极大增强与树脂基体的粘合。环氧模压复合材料为一多相体系,其中云母片与树脂粘合度对材料的机械强度起到决定性作用。由图3(c)可知,云母片在基体中的分散比较均匀,未观察到明显团聚现象,对环氧模压复合材料的力学性能起到增强作用;同时还可以看出,由于云母添加量受限,很难在材料基体内部形成连续相,对材料电气性能的改善可能还会受限于基体树脂本身性能。玻璃纤维作为增强相,实验中采用长度分别为6 mm和12 mm的短切纱混合使用,各占比约为50%。由图3(d)可知,玻璃纤维在材料基体中以束的形式存在,每束为8~14根,长、短纤维混用可有效降低材料机械强度的各向异性,其结果在垂直层向压缩强度和平行层向压缩强度测试中有所体现。综上可知,所得环氧模压复合材料结构均匀,其中云母片多以单分散状态存在,而玻璃纤维以集束形式为主,可有效提高复合材料的机械强度,且长、短纤维混用可提高复合材料机械强度的均一性,提高复合材料的综合性能。
为评价材料的力学性能,对材料样品进行拉伸、弯曲、压缩、密度及胶含量等测试,结果如图4所示。由图4(a)可知,随云母含量的增加,样品的断裂伸长率逐渐降低,其中Mica0样品的断裂伸长率为1.81%,Mica1、Mica2、Mica3和Mica4样品的断裂伸长率分别为1.57%、1.13%、0.83%和0.93%,且均未出现屈服点,说明材料为脆性材料,表现出极强的刚性;而样品的拉伸强度随云母含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其中Mica0~Mica3样品的拉伸强度分别为61.8、65.0、65.7、60.0 MPa,说明云母的加入在一定范围内不会对样品的机械强度产生明显的负面效应。另外,Mica4样品的拉伸强度相对其他样品显著降低(53.9 MPa),说明过量的云母增大了树脂均匀浸润的难度,材料内部可能会出现缺陷。鉴于此,重点对Mica1~Mica3样品进行后续表征。由图4(b)可知,Mica1~Mica3样品的密度随云母添加量的增加而增大,样品密度分别为1.69、1.71、1.76 g/cm3,而通过控制填料的类型及玻纤含量,该类环氧模压复合材料的密度可在1.2~2.2 g/cm3之间实现可控调节;从图4(b)还可以看出,随云母添加量的增加,样品胶含量降低,可能是由于云母密度较大所致;同时Mica1~Mica3样品的弯曲强度分别为178、162、119 MPa,说明云母的加入对弯曲性能影响较大,究其原因可能是在压制过程中,云母片在压力作用下趋于平铺,云母片与树脂及玻璃纤维的接触点成为潜在缺陷,当此方向受力时,导致应力集中,进而导致材料被破坏。图4(c)(d)分别为Mica1~Mica3样品的垂直层向和平行层向的压缩应力-应变曲线,可以看出Mica2样品表现出最大的压缩强度,其垂直层向和平行层向压缩强度分别为442 MPa和332 MPa,说明云母的加入对材料的压缩强度有一定的增强作用,但增强效果不明显,可以确定的是云母的加入对树脂、填料与纤维间的粘合不会产生明显的负面作用。
采用热机械测试仪对Mica1~Mica3样品进行玻璃化转变温度(Tg)测试,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,3个样品均具有较高的Tg,且Tg随着云母添加量的增加而降低,其原因在于云母的加入破坏了聚合物基体的连续性,且云母片与树脂间没有强的相互作用力,降低了树脂的交联密度,进而导致Tg降低。
为表征Mica1~Mica3样品的电气性能,对3个样品进行击穿电压、电气强度和相比电痕化指数测试,结果如图6所示。
图6可知,3个样品具有较高的击穿电压,Mica1、Mica2和Mica3样品的击穿电压分别为80、100、100 kV,说明云母的加入对材料的击穿电压有一定的提升作用。同样,3个样品表现出较高的电气强度,Mica1、Mica2和Mica3样品的电气强度分别为16.4、17.0、17.1 kV/mm,说明在现有的配方中,云母的添加很难进一步改善复合材料的电气强度,Mica2样品基本达到了最优设计。相比电痕化指数(CTI)是绝缘材料选择的一项重要评判依据。CTI测试结果显示,3种样品的CTI均达到了600 V,表现出较好的耐漏电性。综上可知,Mica材料具优异的电气性能,包括高的击穿电压、电气强度和相比电痕化指数。
(1)环氧模压复合材料具有较低的密度(1.69~1.76 g/cm3),且其密度可以根据需要在1.2~2.2g/cm3之间进行可控调节;该材料表现出较高的玻璃化转变温度,最高可达到201℃。
(2)环氧模压复合材料具有高的机械强度,其中Mica2样品的综合性能最优,拉伸强度、弯曲强度、垂直层向压缩强度和平行层向压缩强度分别为65.7、162、442、332 MPa。
(3)环氧模压复合材料具有优异的电气性能,其中击穿电压可达到100 kV,电气强度可达到17.1 kV/mm,相比电痕化指数为600 V。
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2023年第56卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.003
  • 接收时间:2021-09-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-27
  • 修回日期:2022-11-30
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河北省高等教育科学技术研究重点项目(ZD2019301)
福润达集团研发项目(FRD2021101)
作者信息
    1北京新福润达绝缘材料有限责任公司,北京 101111
    2首钢(青岛)钢业有限公司,山东 青岛 266042
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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