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Article(id=1198665394207683462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648483200000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-29, revisedDate=1653321600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763713700104, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1679241600000, pubDateStr=2023-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763713700104, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763713700104, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763713700104, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198665390676083408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='121', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713699263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563510720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618366327386648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618366327386649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=107, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198665394618725269, articleId=1198665394207683462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Lightning flashover characteristics and lightning resistance level of composite insulated cross-arm for distribution network, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The lightning impulse 50% breakdown voltage (U50%) of the insulators used on the traditional iron cross-arm is relatively low, which leads to lightning breakage of the insulated conductor. Therefore, the composite insulated cross-arm, with good insulation performance, high strength, and light weight, has received significant attention and can help to improve the lightning resistance level of distribution network. In order to further study the lightning protection performance of the composite insulated cross-arm, lightning impulse flashover tests were conducted at different altitudes to obtain the U50% and volt-second characteristic curves of the 10 kV composite insulated cross-arm. On the basis of the tests, a lightning strike simulation model of 10 kV lines was established by using the ATP-EMTP software to calculate the lightning resistance level of the composite insulated cross-arm. The results show that at an altitude of 22 m, the positive and negative polarities of U50% of the composite insulated cross-arm are 415.43 kV and 589.14 kV, respectively, while those of the pin insulator are 151.05 kV and 200.77 kV, respectively. At an altitude of 2 100 m, the lightning resistance level of the composite insulated cross-arm decreases by about 20%, but it is still much higher than that of the pin insulator. Therefore, the composite insulated cross-arm shows excellent lightning protection performance and has broad application prospects.

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传统铁横担上使用的绝缘子雷电冲击50%击穿电压（U50%）比较低，存在绝缘导线雷击断线的情况。因此，绝缘性能好、强度高、质量轻的复合绝缘横担开始受到人们的广泛关注，有利于提高配电网的耐雷水平。为了进一步研究复合绝缘横担的防雷性能，本文在不同海拔地区开展雷电冲击闪络试验，得到了10 kV复合绝缘横担的U50%和伏秒特性曲线。并在试验的基础上，利用电磁暂态程序（ATP-EMTP）建立了10 kV线路雷击仿真模型，分析计算复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平。结果表明：在海拔为22 m地区，复合绝缘横担的正、负极性U50%分别为415.43 kV和589.14 kV，而针式绝缘子的正、负极性U50%分别为151.05 kV和200.77 kV。在海拔为2 100 m地区，复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平降低了20%左右，但仍远高于针式绝缘子。因此，复合绝缘横担展现出优异的防雷性能，具有广阔的应用前景。

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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向为新型工程电介质材料研发及评估。
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刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，博士，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

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刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，博士，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

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刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，博士，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

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ArticleFig(id=1210980020135269091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665394207683462, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Parameters of the pin insulator and the composite insulated cross-arm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品名称最小公称爬电距离/mm干弧距离/m
针式绝缘子2800.20
复合绝缘横担7900.65
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针式绝缘子和复合绝缘横担的相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品名称最小公称爬电距离/mm干弧距离/m
针式绝缘子2800.20
复合绝缘横担7900.65
), ArticleFig(id=1210980020298846956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665394207683462, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Voltage and times applied for the volt-second characteristic test, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压1.6U50%1.5U50%1.4U50%1.3U50%1.2U50%1.1U50%1.0U50%
次数23335515
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伏秒特性试验施加的电压及次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压1.6U50%1.5U50%1.4U50%1.3U50%1.2U50%1.1U50%1.0U50%
次数23335515
), ArticleFig(id=1210980020462424821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665394207683462, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=U50% test results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品电压极性d/mU50%试/kVU50%校/kVU10/kV
针式绝缘子+0.20150.25151.05145.16
-0.20198.81200.77192.94
复合绝缘横担+0.65422.85415.43399.23
-0.65582.59589.14566.17
), ArticleFig(id=1210980020550505209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665394207683462, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

U50%试验结果

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试品电压极性d/mU50%试/kVU50%校/kVU10/kV
针式绝缘子+0.20150.25151.05145.16
-0.20198.81200.77192.94
复合绝缘横担+0.65422.85415.43399.23
-0.65582.59589.14566.17
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试品电压极性d/mABC
针式绝缘子+0.20751.28177.771.53
-0.20———
复合绝缘横担+0.65570.94814.920.98
-0.65792.40418.400.64
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伏秒特性曲线拟合结果

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试品电压极性d/mABC
针式绝缘子+0.20751.28177.771.53
-0.20———
复合绝缘横担+0.65570.94814.920.98
-0.65792.40418.400.64
), ArticleFig(id=1210980020839912201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665394207683462, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Test results of the composite insulated cross-arm at different altitudes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔/m电压极性d/mU50%试/kVU50%校/kVU10/kV
22+0.65422.85415.43399.23
-0.65582.59589.14566.17
2 100+0.65336.10333.60320.59
-0.65430.98426.96410.31
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不同海拔地区复合绝缘横担的试验结果

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海拔/m电压极性d/mU50%试/kVU50%校/kVU10/kV
22+0.65422.85415.43399.23
-0.65582.59589.14566.17
2 100+0.65336.10333.60320.59
-0.65430.98426.96410.31
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线路模型导线型号导体外径/mm直流电阻/(Ω/km)
铁横担单回JL/G1A-120/2515.70.2346
铁横担双回JL-24020.00.1205
复合绝缘横担单双回JKLYJ-10/24018.20.1250
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10 kV架空线路导线参数

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线路模型导线型号导体外径/mm直流电阻/(Ω/km)
铁横担单回JL/G1A-120/2515.70.2346
铁横担双回JL-24020.00.1205
复合绝缘横担单双回JKLYJ-10/24018.20.1250
), ArticleFig(id=1210980021238371097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665394207683462, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Direct lightning resistance level kA, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目雷击线路最高相雷击杆塔塔顶Rg/Ω
1015203040
铁横担单回1.39.88.06.74.83.7
铁横担双回1.89.88.16.85.03.8
复合绝缘横担单回4.129.324.020.214.511.2
复合绝缘横担双回4.329.223.820.214.611.3
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直击雷耐雷水平

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项目雷击线路最高相雷击杆塔塔顶Rg/Ω
1015203040
铁横担单回1.39.88.06.74.83.7
铁横担双回1.89.88.16.85.03.8
复合绝缘横担单回4.129.324.020.214.511.2
复合绝缘横担双回4.329.223.820.214.611.3
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项目S/m
30507090120
铁横担单回13.822.832.041.255.0
铁横担双回13.021.630.339.052.0
复合绝缘横担单回41.068.295.4122.4163.0
复合绝缘横担双回38.363.488.8114.3152.6
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感应雷耐雷水平

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项目S/m
30507090120
铁横担单回13.822.832.041.255.0
铁横担双回13.021.630.339.052.0
复合绝缘横担单回41.068.295.4122.4163.0
复合绝缘横担双回38.363.488.8114.3152.6
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项目雷击线路最高相雷击杆塔塔顶感应雷
Rg=10 ΩRg=20 ΩS=50 mS=100 m
海拔22 m4.129.320.268.2135.9
海拔2 100 m3.023.316.054.3108.8
下降幅度26.8%20.5%20.8%20.4%19.9%
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不同海拔下复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平对比

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项目雷击线路最高相雷击杆塔塔顶感应雷
Rg=10 ΩRg=20 ΩS=50 mS=100 m
海拔22 m4.129.320.268.2135.9
海拔2 100 m3.023.316.054.3108.8
下降幅度26.8%20.5%20.8%20.4%19.9%
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配网复合绝缘横担防雷试验研究及耐雷水平计算
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刘云鹏 1 , 陈旭彬 2 , 刘贺晨 2 , 王平 2 , 刘磊 3
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023,56(3): 107-114
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023, 56(3): 107-114
配网复合绝缘横担防雷试验研究及耐雷水平计算
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刘云鹏1, 陈旭彬2, 刘贺晨2, 王平2, 刘磊3
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室，北京 102206
  • 2华北电力大学 河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室，河北 保定 071003
  • 3中国南方电网电力科学研究院，广东 广州 510000

    • 刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，博士，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

通讯作者:

刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向为新型工程电介质材料研发及评估。
Lightning flashover characteristics and lightning resistance level of composite insulated cross-arm for distribution network
Yunpeng LIU1, Xubin CHEN2, Hechen LIU2, Ping WANG2, Lei LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 3Electric Power Research Institute of China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510000, China
出版时间: 2023-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.016
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摘要
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传统铁横担上使用的绝缘子雷电冲击50%击穿电压（U50%）比较低，存在绝缘导线雷击断线的情况。因此，绝缘性能好、强度高、质量轻的复合绝缘横担开始受到人们的广泛关注，有利于提高配电网的耐雷水平。为了进一步研究复合绝缘横担的防雷性能，本文在不同海拔地区开展雷电冲击闪络试验，得到了10 kV复合绝缘横担的U50%和伏秒特性曲线。并在试验的基础上，利用电磁暂态程序（ATP-EMTP）建立了10 kV线路雷击仿真模型，分析计算复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平。结果表明：在海拔为22 m地区，复合绝缘横担的正、负极性U50%分别为415.43 kV和589.14 kV，而针式绝缘子的正、负极性U50%分别为151.05 kV和200.77 kV。在海拔为2 100 m地区，复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平降低了20%左右，但仍远高于针式绝缘子。因此，复合绝缘横担展现出优异的防雷性能，具有广阔的应用前景。

复合绝缘横担  /  雷电冲击闪络试验  /  伏秒特性  /  耐雷水平

The lightning impulse 50% breakdown voltage (U50%) of the insulators used on the traditional iron cross-arm is relatively low, which leads to lightning breakage of the insulated conductor. Therefore, the composite insulated cross-arm, with good insulation performance, high strength, and light weight, has received significant attention and can help to improve the lightning resistance level of distribution network. In order to further study the lightning protection performance of the composite insulated cross-arm, lightning impulse flashover tests were conducted at different altitudes to obtain the U50% and volt-second characteristic curves of the 10 kV composite insulated cross-arm. On the basis of the tests, a lightning strike simulation model of 10 kV lines was established by using the ATP-EMTP software to calculate the lightning resistance level of the composite insulated cross-arm. The results show that at an altitude of 22 m, the positive and negative polarities of U50% of the composite insulated cross-arm are 415.43 kV and 589.14 kV, respectively, while those of the pin insulator are 151.05 kV and 200.77 kV, respectively. At an altitude of 2 100 m, the lightning resistance level of the composite insulated cross-arm decreases by about 20%, but it is still much higher than that of the pin insulator. Therefore, the composite insulated cross-arm shows excellent lightning protection performance and has broad application prospects.

composite insulated cross-arm  /  lightning impulse flashover test  /  volt-second characteristic  /  lightning resistance level
刘云鹏, 陈旭彬, 刘贺晨, 王平, 刘磊. 配网复合绝缘横担防雷试验研究及耐雷水平计算. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (3) : 107 -114 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.016
Yunpeng LIU, Xubin CHEN, Hechen LIU, Ping WANG, Lei LIU. Lightning flashover characteristics and lightning resistance level of composite insulated cross-arm for distribution network[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (3) : 107 -114 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.016
正文
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0 引言
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配电网作为一种直接向电力用户分配电能的网络配置，其运行效率直接影响到电网运行的整体经济效益，因而其安全性及可靠性越来越受到人们的重视。配电网由于线路绝缘水平较低，不仅受到直击雷威胁，也受到感应雷威胁，且由感应雷导致的配网线路跳闸占线路雷击跳闸事故的70%以上[1-2]。
感应雷过电压是导致配电网跳闸及架空绝缘导线断线的主要因素[3]。为了防护感应雷过电压，文献[4]研制了一种绝缘塔头，其雷电耐受电压≥400 kV，极大降低了线路感应雷闪络率，但是绝缘塔头还保留着铁横担和绝缘子，整体结构复杂，质量较重，对运输和安装不方便。借鉴于复合绝缘子的成功运行经验，人们开始关注绝缘性能好、强度高、质量轻的复合绝缘横担[5-7]。文献[8]在10 kV配电线路的应用试点安装复合绝缘横担，发现线路雷击故障率明显降低。文献[9]采用绝缘子与复合绝缘横担配合，通过试验发现绝缘横担的有效绝缘长度大于60 cm时，正极性雷电冲击50%击穿电压（U50%）达到385 kV以上。文献[10]对不同型式的复合绝缘横担进行了电气性能测试，验证了复合绝缘横担具有优异的电气绝缘性能。但是文献[8-10]只是开展了正极性雷电冲击U50%试验，缺少正、负极性的对比；此外，针对复合绝缘横担的伏秒特性及耐雷水平的研究尚不充分，阻碍了复合绝缘横担线路开展有效的绝缘配合。
另外，目前针对复合绝缘横担的防雷试验研究主要是在低海拔地区开展[9-10]，高海拔地区的气象条件对复合绝缘横担防雷性能的影响尚未清晰，缺少线路耐雷水平精确计算的研究，不利于复合绝缘横担在高海拔地区的推广应用。因此，需要对配网复合绝缘横担在不同海拔地区的闪络特性进行试验研究，并对相应的线路耐雷水平进行计算。
常用的线路耐雷水平计算方法是利用电磁暂态程序（the alternative transient program of the electro-magnetic transient program，ATP-EMTP）搭建线路雷击模型，模拟线路遭受雷击的过程[2,11-13]。不同学者搭建的配网线路雷击仿真模型基本一样，主要区别在于杆塔模型和绝缘闪络模型两部分，它们决定了线路耐雷水平的计算精度[14-18]。为了简化计算，许多学者在实际计算时，一般采用集中电感或单一波阻抗模型[2,14]，没有考虑雷电传导的波过程，计算的精确性相对较低。同时绝缘闪络模型大多采用一个压控开关来模拟绝缘子串，没有考虑雷电冲击下的放电时延，模型过于简化[2]。本文采用多波阻抗杆塔模型以及伏秒特性相交法作为闪络判据，计算精确度较高[14,18]。
针对现有配网复合绝缘横担防雷试验研究以及耐雷水平计算的不足，本文主要对P-15T针式绝缘子和10 kV复合绝缘横担开展雷电冲击闪络试验，获得它们的正、负极性雷电冲击U50%和伏秒特性曲线，对比分析两者的防雷性能。在高海拔地区对复合绝缘横担开展雷电冲击闪络试验，探究海拔高度对复合绝缘横担雷电冲击U50%以及伏秒特性的影响。最后利用ATP-EMTP仿真软件并结合试验获得的伏秒特性曲线，建立10 kV线路雷击仿真模型，对比分析针式绝缘子与复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平。通过对复合绝缘横担进行试验研究以及耐雷水平的分析计算，为配网复合绝缘横担线路的防雷措施及绝缘配合提供参考依据。
1 雷电冲击闪络试验
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雷电冲击闪络试验是通过模拟雷电产生幅值和陡度很高的过电压来测试绝缘子的冲击绝缘强度。本文主要开展绝缘子雷电冲击U50%试验和伏秒特性试验。
1.1 试验装置
本试验在不同海拔地区的室内高压大厅进行，试验电压由1 200 kV的冲击电压发生器产生，冲击能量为45 kJ，冲击电容量为0.062 5 F，级电压为150 kV，共8级。试验采用的雷电波波头时间为1.2±30% μs，视在波尾时间为50±20% μs。
冲击高压测量系统由弱阻尼电容分压器、数字采集卡、示波器、波形参数计算软件等组成，测试系统通过CNAS认证。其中弱阻尼电路分压器规格为1 200 kV/301.4 pF，分压比为3 067/1。
1.2 试品
试验中使用的试品为P-15T针式瓷绝缘子和型号为JZHD2-34×54×1870的10 kV方棒型复合绝缘横担，试品的实物图如图1所示。
图1中左边为P-15T针式绝缘子，伞裙直径为190 mm，伞裙高度为120 mm。右边为10 kV复合绝缘横担，共分布有5个伞裙，伞伸出长度为15 mm，厚度为3 mm，相邻伞裙间隔120 mm，横担末端金属部分到最近伞裙的距离为85 mm。表1列出了针式绝缘子和复合绝缘横担的一些相关电气参数。
根据10 kV电杆的布置样式，针式绝缘子的布置示意图如图2(a)所示，将针式绝缘子安装在支柱绝缘子上端的铁横担上，距离地面1.5 m，高压引线连接至针式绝缘子的上端，针式绝缘子的另一端有效接地。
10 kV复合绝缘横担的布置示意图如图2(b)所示，将复合绝缘横担安装在支柱绝缘子上，距离地面1.5 m，高压引线连接至复合绝缘横担的一端，复合绝缘横担的另一端有效接地。
在试验开展过程中，由于伏秒特性试验时间跨度较大，气象条件会有差异，会给试验带来一定误差。本文利用温湿度计记录试验过程中的温度及湿度，利用气压计记录试验所在区域的气压，并根据GB/T 16927.1—2011采用g参数法将试验数据修正至标准大气条件下的试验值[19]。
1.3 U50%试验
U50%试验依据GB/T 16927.1—2011[19]和GB/T 16927.2—2013[20]规定的试验方法进行，下面简要介绍U50%试验方法。
根据以往试验数据预估试品的U50%，采用升降法进行试验，雷电冲击试验中电压升降的幅度为预期电压峰值的3%左右。若试品发生闪络，下次试验电压降低3%，若不发生闪络，下次试验电压升高3%。记录闪络电压、波形和气象条件。采用升降法求取U50%，计算公式如式（1）所示。
U50%=1n∑i=1nUi
式（1）中：Ui为第i次施加电压值；n为有效试验的总次数。
试验的标准偏差（σ）按照式（2）计算。
σ=1n-1∑i=1nUi-Ua2
式（2）中：Ui为第i次施加电压值；Ua为放电电压的算术平均值；n为有效试验的总次数。
90%耐受概率电压U10由式（3）计算得到。
U10=U50%-1.3Z
式（3）中：U10为90%耐受概率电压，即自恢复绝缘10%冲击破坏性放电电压；Z表示惯用标准偏差，对于雷电冲击，Z=0.03U50%。
1.4 伏秒特性试验
雷电冲击伏秒特性试验在U50%试验后进行。雷电冲击伏秒特性曲线是将幅值不同而波形相同的雷电冲击电压施加在试品上，放电可发生在波峰、波前或波尾处。若放电发生在波前或波峰处时，放电电压取击穿时刻所加电压值；若放电发生在波尾处，放电电压取所加电压最大值。
伏秒特性试验方法是从U50%值附近逐渐升高电压，至少变更电压峰值5次，使试品发生闪络。记录每次闪络的时间，根据闪络时间的不同选取放电电压值。以横坐标为闪络时间，纵坐标为放电电压值，连接各点的曲线即为伏秒特性曲线。
本试验以测得的试品U50%为基准，变更峰值7次，施加的试验电压如表2所示。记录每次闪络时间、波形和气象条件，绘制试品的伏秒特性曲线散点。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 U50%试验结果与分析
根据U50%试验方法进行试验，并根据g参数法对试验数据进行气象参数校正，分别得到低海拔地区（海拔为22 m）针式绝缘子和复合绝缘横担的雷电冲击50%击穿电压U50%，如表3所示，表中d表示空气间隙长度，U50%试表示试验得到的50%击穿电压，U50%校表示经过气象参数校正的50%击穿电压，U10表示经过气象参数修正的90%耐受概率电压。
由表3可以看出，和传统的针式绝缘子相比，复合绝缘横担的防雷性能大幅提升。在洁净情况下，海拔为22 m、气压为1个标准大气压时，有效绝缘距离为0.65 m的复合绝缘横担其正、负极性U10大幅超过350 kV，正、负极性U50%更是超过400 kV，远大于《配电网防雷技术导则》要求的200 kV[21]，满足配网线路防雷应用的要求。相比之下，针式绝缘子的防雷性能偏低。
2.2 伏秒特性试验结果分析
根据伏秒特性试验方法，洁净情况下，在海拔为22 m进行试验，获得试品的正、负极性伏秒特性的原始数据点，并进行温湿度等气象条件的校正。
利用IEEE推荐的伏秒特性描述函数形式[22]，采用最小二乘法对伏秒特性试验数据进行拟合，如式（4）所示。
Vs-t=Ad+BdtC
式（4）中：Vs-t为闪络电压，kV；d为空气间隙长度，m；t为闪络时间，μs；A、B、C为3个无量纲常数。
根据式（4）对试验数据进行拟合，分别得到低海拔地区针式绝缘子和复合绝缘横担正、负极性伏秒特性曲线的表达式，详细参数如表4所示。
将低海拔地区的负极性伏秒特性试验数据取绝对值，并与正极性伏秒特性试验数据绘制在一起，得到图3所示的拟合曲线对比图。从图3中可以看出：①复合绝缘横担的负极性闪络电压比正极性闪络电压高，闪络时间短，而且干弧距离越小，负极性闪络时间减少越明显。针式绝缘子的干弧距离比较小，其负极性伏秒特性试验数据基本分布在一处，原因是其负极性的击穿时间很短，基本在上升沿或峰值击穿，且波动性较小，因此工程上可利用U50%作为绝缘配合的依据。②复合绝缘横担的正负极性伏秒特性曲线远高于针式绝缘子，防雷性能优越。③复合绝缘横担的干弧距离比针式绝缘子大，说明绝缘子的闪络电压与干弧距离正相关，干弧距离越大，闪络电压越高。④试品在1~3 μs的时间范围内，闪络电压的变化幅度很大，闪络电压随着闪络时间的增加而显著降低。
2.3 高海拔对复合绝缘横担试验结果的影响
在海拔为2 100 m的室内高压大厅对配网复合绝缘横担开展雷电冲击U50%试验以及伏秒特性试验，试验数据根据g参数法进行温湿度的校正，气压取1个标准大气压，并与低海拔地区的试验结果进行对比，结果如表5所示。
由表5可以看出，在不同海拔地区，复合绝缘横担的U50%变化较大。高海拔地区复合绝缘横担的正、负极性试验结果均下降比较明显，尤其是负极性U50%下降超过150 kV，说明高海拔地区的气象条件对复合绝缘横担的防雷性能影响较大。虽然高海拔地区气象条件对复合绝缘横担的U50%影响较大，但是其U50%仍超过300 kV，基本满足配网线路的防雷要求。
将复合绝缘横担在不同海拔地区的负极性伏秒特性试验数据取绝对值，并根据式（4）进行拟合，得到如图4所示的负极性伏秒特性拟合曲线对比图。
由图4可以看出，高海拔地区复合绝缘横担的负极性伏秒特性曲线位于低海拔地区伏秒特性曲线的下方，闪络电压下降幅度超过100 kV，防雷性能下降明显。和低海拔地区相比，高海拔地区复合绝缘横担的闪络时间较长，尤其是当闪络电压在U50%附近时闪络时间明显更长，可能是闪络电压较低，流注发展速度较小，导致最终闪络时间较长。
3 10 kV线路雷击仿真模型
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为了研究复合绝缘横担应用于10 kV配电线路的防雷性能，利用ATP-EMTP软件并结合2.2节雷电冲击闪络试验得到的伏秒特性曲线建立了10 kV线路雷击仿真模型，对比分析计算传统针式绝缘子与复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平。
3.1 10 kV架空线路模型
本文在ATP-EMTP中选用JMarti频率特性架空线路模型，该模型是目前防雷计算中普遍采用的线路模型[4]。10 kV架空线路中，铁横担的单回线路大多采用型号为JL/G1A-120/25的导线，双回线路采用型号为JL-240的铝绞线。10 kV复合绝缘横担的单回、双回线路均选取型号为JKLYJ-10/240的铝芯绝缘导线。杆塔档距取50 m，线路长度为10 km。架空线路三相导线的参数见表6。
3.2 杆塔模型
电杆采用多波阻抗模型[14]，波速取300 m/μs。杆塔接地电阻（Rg）为20 Ω。
采用标准15 m钢筋混凝土电杆，适用于单回路线路及双回布线结构，示意图见图5。采用铁横担的电杆单回三角形布置，双回双垂直布置。采用复合绝缘横担的电杆单回上字型布置，双回双垂直布置。电杆梢径为0.19 m，根径为0.39 m，地下埋深2.3 m。
3.3 绝缘闪络模型
绝缘闪络模型采用伏秒特性相交法[17-18]作为闪络判据，当绝缘子串上过电压较高时，绝缘子串的伏秒特性曲线与绝缘子串上电压曲线相交，对应时刻即为闪络时刻。
利用ATP软件中的TACS和MODELS模块共同组建绝缘子闪络模型，并结合第2.2节雷电冲击闪络试验得到的伏秒特性曲线作为判据。对MODELS进行编程，当绝缘子串两端电压曲线与伏秒特性曲线有交点时，控制TACS开关闭合，绝缘子串闪络；否则，TACS开关断开，绝缘子串未闪络[17]。伏秒相交法闪络判据如图6所示。
3.4 其他模型
（1）雷电流模型。采用ATP-EMTP软件中的Heidler模型，波形为2.6/50 μs，雷电通道波阻抗取300 Ω。
（2）感应雷过电压模型。在无上升先导发生，且雷击于大地的情况下，对于无架空避雷线的线路导线感应雷过电压可按式（5）计算[23]。
Ug=k'⋅I⋅lnhdS+hdS2+1
式（5）中：Ug为感应雷电过电压值，kV；hd为导线离地高度，m；S为雷击点与导线的水平距离，m；I为雷电放电电流，kA；k′为系数，与主放电速度、波头长度、电磁感应分量等因素相关，推荐k′取25。
4 耐雷水平仿真计算
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参考第3节所述的模型建立方法，分别搭建了铁横担以及复合绝缘横担的单回、双回线路雷击仿真模型，共设置7个杆塔，不加装线路避雷器，仿真示意图见图7。直击雷模型包括雷直击0号杆塔塔顶和雷直击0号杆塔线路最高相两种情况。感应雷模型参考3.4节的感应雷过电压模型，根据式（5）将雷电流转化为感应雷过电压，施加在0号杆塔的三相线路上。在绝缘闪络模型输入2.2节得到的伏秒特性曲线作为闪络判据，改变雷电流幅值，运行仿真，计算线路的耐雷水平。
4.1 直击雷耐雷水平
分别搭建4个线路直击雷模型，在绝缘闪络模型输入低海拔地区针式绝缘子和复合绝缘横担的伏秒特性曲线。运行仿真，分别计算不同接地电阻下线路模型的直击雷耐雷水平，计算结果如表7所示。
由表7可以看出，在低海拔地区，当接地电阻Rg为20 Ω，雷直击线路最高相时，针式绝缘子的单回线路耐雷水平为1.3 kA，而复合绝缘横担的单回线路耐雷水平为4.1 kA，雷直击线路时两者耐雷水平都比较低。
雷直击杆塔塔顶时，接地电阻Rg为10 Ω的情况下，针式绝缘子的单回线路耐雷水平为9.8 kA，而复合绝缘横担的单回线路耐雷水平为29.3 kA，复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平比针式绝缘子大很多。同时，两者的耐雷水平均随着接地电阻的增大而减小，当Rg在10～20 Ω范围内变化时，耐雷水平变化幅度较大；Rg大于20 Ω时，耐雷水平变化不明显且耐雷水平较低。
单回线路和双回线路杆塔高度接近，线路参数也接近，所以两者的直击雷耐雷水平也比较接近。
4.2 感应雷耐雷水平
同样分别搭建4个线路感应雷模型，在绝缘闪络模型输入低海拔地区针式绝缘子和复合绝缘横担的伏秒特性曲线。假设中间0号杆塔离落雷点的水平距离S最近，运行仿真，分别计算不同落雷水平距离下线路模型的感应雷耐雷水平，计算结果如表8所示。
由表8可以看出，在低海拔地区，落雷水平距离S为50 m时，针式绝缘子的单回线路感应雷耐雷水平为22.8 kA，而复合绝缘横担的感应雷耐雷水平为68.2 kA，复合绝缘横担的感应雷耐雷水平大幅超过针式绝缘子。同时，两者的感应雷耐雷水平均随着落雷水平距离S的增大而基本呈线性增大。在S ≥90 m时，复合绝缘横担的感应雷耐雷水平已经超过100 kA，防雷性能优越。同样，单回线路和双回线路的感应雷耐雷水平基本接近，但双回线路的感应雷耐雷水平比单回线路稍微降低，因为双回线路最高相的高度比单回线路的最高相略微降低。
4.3 高海拔对复合绝缘横担耐雷水平的影响
在复合绝缘横担单回线路雷击仿真模型的基础上，通过在绝缘闪络模型输入复合绝缘横担的高海拔伏秒特性曲线，得到高海拔地区复合绝缘横担线路的耐雷水平，并与低海拔地区的计算结果进行对比，如表9所示。由表9可以看出，高海拔地区复合绝缘横担直击雷和感应雷的耐雷水平都有所下降，耐雷水平下降幅度为20%左右，总体上下降幅度较大，说明高海拔地区的气象条件对配网复合绝缘横担耐雷水平的影响较大，在一些雷击密集的地区需要加强绝缘配合，比如增大复合绝缘横担的干弧距离。
5 结论
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本文针对传统铁横担上的针式绝缘子和配网复合绝缘横担展开了雷电冲击闪络试验，并结合试验数据利用ATP-EMTP仿真软件建立了10 kV线路防雷仿真模型，得到如下结论：
（1）在洁净情况下，低海拔地区P-15T针式绝缘子的正、负极性雷电冲击U50%分别为151.05 kV和200.77 kV，而10 kV复合绝缘横担的正、负极性雷电冲击U50%分别为415.43 kV和589.14 kV。复合绝缘横担的正、负极性伏秒特性曲线均远高于针式绝缘子，防雷性能优越。
（2）雷击杆塔塔顶时，接地电阻为10 Ω的情况下，低海拔地区的针式绝缘子单回线路耐雷水平为9.8 kA，而复合绝缘横担的单回线路耐雷水平为29.3 kA，复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平比针式绝缘子大很多。两者的耐雷水平均随着接地电阻的增大而减小。
（3）在雷击大地的情况下，落雷水平距离S为50 m时，低海拔地区的针式绝缘子单回线路感应雷耐雷水平为22.8 kA，而复合绝缘横担的感应雷耐雷水平为68.2 kA，复合绝缘横担的感应雷耐雷水平大幅超过针式绝缘子。同时，两者的感应雷耐雷水平均随着落雷水平距离S的增大而基本呈线性增大。
（4）高海拔地区的气象条件对复合绝缘横担防雷性能的影响较大，正、负极性U50%分别下降了19.7%和27.5%。复合绝缘横担的耐雷水平也下降了20%左右，需要加强线路绝缘配合。
（5）与传统针式绝缘子相比，复合绝缘横担的防雷性能优越，可大幅提升线路防感应雷的能力，基本满足配网线路防雷的应用要求，具有广泛的应用前景。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007062)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2020MS088)
文献
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2023年第56卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.016
  • 接收时间：2022-03-29
  • 首发时间：2025-11-21
  • 出版时间：2023-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2022-03-29
  • 修回日期：2022-05-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007062)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2020MS088)
作者信息
    1华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室，北京 102206
    2华北电力大学 河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室，河北 保定 071003
    3中国南方电网电力科学研究院，广东 广州 510000

通讯作者:

刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要研究方向为新型工程电介质材料研发及评估。
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