Article(id=1198665393482072796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646236800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-03, revisedDate=1652025600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763713699932, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1679241600000, pubDateStr=2023-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763713699932, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763713699932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763713699932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198665390676083408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='121', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713699263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563510720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618366327386648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618366327386649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198665393716953828, articleId=1198665393482072796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of voltage amplitude on growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics of electrical tree, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electrical tree is a common phenomenon in XLPE cable fault, and there may be voltage fluctuation during cable operation. However, there are few reports on the influence of voltage amplitude on the growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics after electrical tree is initiated. In this paper, the difference of growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics under different voltage amplitudes after electrical tree initiated was studied. The experimental results show that when the applied voltage is higher, the electrical tree morphology tends to develop into a cluster tree, and when the applied voltage is lower, the electrical tree morphology tends to develop into a dendritic tree or a single branched tree. The maximum partial discharge intensity test at higher voltage can be used to predict breakdown fault, but it is difficult to predict the growth of electrical tree at lower voltage through partial discharge intensity. The maximum discharge interval of electric tree becomes longer with the increase of voltage applied time, and the intermittent discharge is more obvious. The discharge interval of electric tree is closely related to the growth of electrical tree. The intermittent partial discharge occurs only when the growth of electrical tree is stagnant, and the partial discharge hardly stagnates when the electrical tree is growing.

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电树枝在XLPE电缆故障中是一种常见现象,在电缆运行过程中可能会存在电压的波动,然而鲜有报道电树枝起树后电压幅值对其生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响。本文研究了电树枝起树后不同电压幅值下电树枝生长形貌和局部放电特性的差异。结果表明:施加电压越高,电树枝的形貌趋向发展为丛状电树枝,施加电压越低,电树枝的形貌趋向发展为枝状电树枝或单枝状电树枝;在较高电压下的最大局部放电强度试验可用于预测击穿故障,而在较低电压下很难通过局部放电强度预测电树枝的生长;电树枝的放电间隔Δt最大值随着加压时间的增加而变长,放电的间歇性也更加明显,电树枝放电间隔与电树枝的生长联系紧密,当电树枝生长停滞时才有概率出现局部放电的间歇性,电树枝处于生长时局部放电几乎不会停滞。

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郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测;

张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

吴诗优(1997-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断。

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郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测;

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郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测;

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张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

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张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

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吴诗优(1997-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断。

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吴诗优(1997-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断。

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电树枝起树后电压幅值对生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响
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郑书生 , 张宗衡 , 孔举 , 赵岩 , 闫枭虎 , 吴诗优
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(3): 70-76
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(3): 70-76
电树枝起树后电压幅值对生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响
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郑书生, 张宗衡, 孔举, 赵岩, 闫枭虎, 吴诗优
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测;

    张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

    吴诗优(1997-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断。

Effect of voltage amplitude on growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics of electrical tree
Shusheng ZHENG, Zongheng ZHANG, Ju KONG, Yan ZHAO, Xiaohu YAN, Shiyou WU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2023-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.011
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电树枝在XLPE电缆故障中是一种常见现象,在电缆运行过程中可能会存在电压的波动,然而鲜有报道电树枝起树后电压幅值对其生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响。本文研究了电树枝起树后不同电压幅值下电树枝生长形貌和局部放电特性的差异。结果表明:施加电压越高,电树枝的形貌趋向发展为丛状电树枝,施加电压越低,电树枝的形貌趋向发展为枝状电树枝或单枝状电树枝;在较高电压下的最大局部放电强度试验可用于预测击穿故障,而在较低电压下很难通过局部放电强度预测电树枝的生长;电树枝的放电间隔Δt最大值随着加压时间的增加而变长,放电的间歇性也更加明显,电树枝放电间隔与电树枝的生长联系紧密,当电树枝生长停滞时才有概率出现局部放电的间歇性,电树枝处于生长时局部放电几乎不会停滞。

电树枝  /  XLPE  /  电压幅值  /  局部放电  /  放电停滞时间

Electrical tree is a common phenomenon in XLPE cable fault, and there may be voltage fluctuation during cable operation. However, there are few reports on the influence of voltage amplitude on the growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics after electrical tree is initiated. In this paper, the difference of growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics under different voltage amplitudes after electrical tree initiated was studied. The experimental results show that when the applied voltage is higher, the electrical tree morphology tends to develop into a cluster tree, and when the applied voltage is lower, the electrical tree morphology tends to develop into a dendritic tree or a single branched tree. The maximum partial discharge intensity test at higher voltage can be used to predict breakdown fault, but it is difficult to predict the growth of electrical tree at lower voltage through partial discharge intensity. The maximum discharge interval of electric tree becomes longer with the increase of voltage applied time, and the intermittent discharge is more obvious. The discharge interval of electric tree is closely related to the growth of electrical tree. The intermittent partial discharge occurs only when the growth of electrical tree is stagnant, and the partial discharge hardly stagnates when the electrical tree is growing.

electric tree  /  XLPE  /  voltage amplitude  /  partial discharge  /  discharge stagnation time
郑书生, 张宗衡, 孔举, 赵岩, 闫枭虎, 吴诗优. 电树枝起树后电压幅值对生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (3) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.011
Shusheng ZHENG, Zongheng ZHANG, Ju KONG, Yan ZHAO, Xiaohu YAN, Shiyou WU. Effect of voltage amplitude on growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics of electrical tree[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (3) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.011
电树枝是电介质材料中常见的现象,在高压设备中广泛存在,尤其在交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆故障中,电树枝是导致电缆击穿的主要原因之一[1-2]。即使现在的制作工艺水平已经有很大提高,但电缆在运输、安装和运行过程中难以避免引入微小缺陷,如尖刺、气隙等,导致局部场强集中,缺陷长期发展可能会出现电树枝[3],并最终导致电缆击穿。国内外学者对电树枝的引发机理、生长以及检测等方面展开了大量研究[4-7]。局部放电检测被认为是故障缺陷最有效的检测方式之一,电树枝的生长与局部放电具有非常紧密的联系。
刘贺晨[8]研究了在正、负直流和交流电压下电树枝的生长,结果表明在直流电压下由于空间电荷的影响,场强被削弱,使直流电压下的起树电压显著高于交流电压下的起树电压,电树枝的生长速度也显著减小。廖瑞金等[9]研究了XLPE中电树枝的生长与局部放电的关系,结果表明电树枝的生长速度与局部放电的剧烈程度具有对应关系,在电树枝生长的初期局部放电较弱。J V CHAMPION等[10]通过对环氧树脂混合物中生长的电树枝进行光学检查和局部放电测量,可以区分两种基本的树枝结构,即导电树和非导电树。CHEN X R等[11]通过共焦拉曼探针光谱和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝的导电和非导电特性,结果表明在低电压水平下生长的电树枝与在高电压水平下生长的电树枝表现出不同的电学性质。鲍明晖[12]研究了不同电压下针板电极间距极短的情况下电树枝的生长特性,但并未将局部放电与电树枝的生长特性联系起来。现有的研究鲜有关注低电压对电树枝形貌和局部放电的影响,但电缆在实际运行中由于操作过电压、雷电等因素的影响,难以避免电压复杂的波动,因此研究不同低电压对电树枝发展和局部放电的影响具有实际的意义。
本文制作了针-板XLPE模型,研究在交流电压下电树枝起树后电压幅值对生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响,以期为电缆的电树枝检测以及电压波动下电树枝的发展提供参考。
以往学者制作试样时通常是直接将钢针缓慢插入加热软化的XLPE片中,此做法的缺点是会引入机械应力、微小气隙,对电树枝的产生特性造成影响。本文试样由青岛华电电缆公司制作,使用制造110 kV XLPE电缆的工艺制作,先提前制作好模具和高低压电极,将北欧化工生产的110 kV XLPE颗粒和高压电极放入模具中,将XLPE颗粒加热至110℃并保持15 min,使得XLPE颗粒充分熔融;逐级增大硫化机压强,分别在5、10、15 MPa下保持 3 min,以达到逐渐排除XLPE中气泡的目的;将压力降为0,并将硫化温度设为170℃,达到170℃后继续采用逐级加压方式分别在5 MPa、10 MPa下保持3 min,然后将压力调为15 MPa,保持30 min,使XLPE充分交联,最后将温度和压强降至常温常压,将试样切割成图1中的尺寸大小,使用铜粉导电胶将地电极与试样粘连,尺寸图和实物图分别如图1(a)(b)所示。为了避免试样在接线、试验过程中因为外界的机械应力导致针尖处出现裂纹影响试验结果,通过在金属电极上预留两个直径为4 mm的小孔制作模具将XLPE颗粒挤压成形,将XLPE层和上端金属固定,以此保证钢针不受摇动,形成“一体化”的模型,如图1(a)图2所示。其中针-板的距离为3 mm,针尖的曲率半径为20 μm,角度为30°,钢针的直径为0.6 mm,XLPE厚度为4 mm。
使用显微镜实时观察电树枝的光学图像,设置每隔2 s自动拍照,检测和加压系统如图3所示。施加的电压为50 Hz交流电,检测阻抗连接在耦合电容的下端,两者与试样并联。局部放电仪来自德国Double Lemke,检测灵敏度为0.1 pC。为了避免外界电磁信号的干扰,实验在专业屏蔽室内开展,经过对干扰源的排除,噪声信号水平为0.5 pC以下,后文的局部放电数据均对噪声进行了滤除。为了避免试样发生沿面闪络,将试样放在二甲基硅油中,同时避免电晕放电对局部放电检测造成影响。
电荷注入-抽出理论是电树枝产生机理之一[13],载流子从金属电极克服势垒注入XLPE中对分子链进行撞击。在升压的过程中,载流子被加速撞击材料,产生电树枝的概率更大,因此本试验加压过程中采用缓慢升压的方式。通过前期大量的试验发现针尖曲率半径大时大概率形成丛状电树枝,曲率半径小时大概率形成枝状电树枝。因此可以通过控制针尖曲率半径大小来产生枝状电树枝或丛状电树枝。通过前期实验发现,针尖曲率半径为20 μm的试样大概率产生丛状电树枝,因此本试验选用针尖曲率半径为20 μm的试样研究电树枝起树后电压幅值对生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响。在实验过程中,逐级升高电压,每个电压下保持至少20 min,观察是否起树和局部放电,达到起树电压后,立即将电压分别降低至起树电压的100%、80%、60%和40%,并分别保持恒压进行长时间观察,直至击穿。每个电压下分别进行10次重复性试验。
使用针尖曲率半径为20 μm的试样开展多次试验,快速起树的平均电压为15.5 kV。在出现电树枝后立即降低电压,分别降低至15.5 kV(保持在起树电压)、12.4 kV(80%起树电压)、9.3 kV(60%起树电压)和6.2 kV(40%起树电压),在4个不同电压下分别进行10次重复性试验,排除试验结果的偶然现象,选取最具代表性的试验结果。保持在起树电压下电树枝从开始记录到击穿的时间为9.75 h,由于在较低电压下电树枝的生长速率较为缓慢,其余3种不同电压幅值下电树枝从开始记录至击穿的总时间分别为12.5、19、26 h。
施加电压3 min时不同电压下的电树枝形貌如图4所示,施加电压分别为起树电压(15.5 kV)、80%起树电压(12.4 kV)、60%起树电压(9.3 kV)和40%起树电压(6.2 kV)。由图4可知,保持在起树电压和80%起树电压下,电树枝的形貌均为丛状电树枝;在60%起树电压下,电树枝的形貌为枝状电树枝;在40%起树电压下,电树枝的形貌为单枝状电树枝。在施加电压3 min内,不同电压幅值下电树枝的生长速率均较快,丛状电树枝的电树面积远大于枝状电树枝和单枝状电树枝,丛状电树枝的生长速率反而小于单枝状电树枝。此阶段电树枝的生长速率呈施加电压越低电树枝生长速率越快的趋势。
图5为施加电压4 h时4种电压下电树枝的形貌。由图5可知,15.5 kV和12.4 kV电压下的丛状电树枝面积显著增大,特征越来越明显,但12.4 kV电压下的树枝末端(红色圈)出现明显的枝状电树枝特征;9.3 kV和6.2 kV电压下的电树枝长度无明显变化,但9.3 kV下的树枝末端(红色圈)和6.2 kV下树枝根部(红色圈)均在变黑变粗。
图6为施加电压9 h后4种电压下电树枝的形貌。由图6可知,此时电树枝的长度发展迅速,15.5 kV电压下电树枝末端(红色圈)生长出枝状电树枝,电树枝差不多生长至地电极,临近击穿;12.4 kV电压下电树枝的末端枝状化(红色圈)更为明显,并且电树枝的分叉数不断增加,并沿电场方向快速生长;9.3 kV电压下枝状电树枝的特征越来越明显,并且电树枝的末端也在变黑变粗;6.2 kV电压下电树枝仍为单枝状电树枝,并且电树枝长度明显变长。
图7为施加电压18 h时9.3 kV和6.2 kV电压下的电树枝形貌,15.5 kV和12.4 kV电压下的电树枝已击穿。由图7可知,枝状电树枝(9.3 kV)临近击穿,电树枝的末端(红色圈)已长出视野外;单枝状电树枝(6.2 kV)的树干变得更黑更粗,电树枝长度明显变长,并且在施加电压26 h后发生击穿。
实验表明在电树枝起树后,随着施加电压幅值的降低,电树枝的形貌分别为丛状电树枝、丛枝混合状电树枝、枝状电树枝、单枝状电树枝。
图8图9分别为4种电树枝的生长长度和平均放电量随加压时间的变化图。由图89可知,在施加电压1 h时,4种电压下(15.5、12.4、9.3、6.2 kV)的电树枝生长迅速,电树枝长度分别为1.27、0.80、0.76、0.68 mm,并且平均放电量随电树枝的生长逐渐增大,对应的放电量分别为227、110、30、13 pC;在施加电压1~6 h内,较低电压下的电树枝生长出现了明显的停滞现象,且施加电压越低其停滞时间越长,其中在15.5 kV(起树电压)和12.4 kV(80%起树电压)电压下的电树枝继续生长,停滞现象不明显,9.3 kV(60%起树电压)和6.2 kV(40%起树电压)电压下的电树枝生长停滞现象明显,此时间段内15.5 kV电压下的平均放电量随时间持续增长,而在12.4、9.3、6.2 kV电压下电树枝的平均放电量随时间呈下降趋势。在施加电压6~12 h内,15.5 kV和12.4 kV电压下的电树枝继续生长直至击穿,对应的平均放电量均在50 pC以上;9.3 kV和6.2 kV电压下的电树枝生长较为缓慢,对应的平均放电量均在25 pC以下,且在6.2 kV电压下,电树枝存在4 h的停止生长状态。在施加电压12~26 h内,9.3 kV和6.2 kV电压下的电树枝达到地电极(电树枝长度为3.0 mm)时,但并未立即发生绝缘击穿,而是经过一段时间t1后发生绝缘击穿,并且电树枝的施加电压越低,其t1越长,与之对应的平均放电量总体呈下降趋势,均在30 pC以下,局部放电检测信号微弱。
试验发现随着电树枝施加电压的不断降低,电树枝的发展长度和最大局部放电大小不再相关;在较高电压下的平均局部放电强度试验可用于预测击穿故障,而在较低电压下很难通过局部放电强度预测电树枝的生长。
每次局部放电后残余的电荷会对下一次放电造成影响,此影响可以通过两次邻近的放电间隔Δt来描述。上文提到随着加压时间的延长放电呈现间歇性,电树枝的放电停滞时间随着加压时间的增加而变长,其中15.5 kV和12.4 kV电压下,电树枝的局部放电存在微弱的放电停滞现象,而在9.3 kV和6.2 kV电压下,电树枝的局部放电存在较明显的放电停滞现象。
在加压过程中放电间隔Δt最大值的变化如图10所示。由图10可知,4种电树枝在前2 h均不存在放电的间歇性,随着加压时间增加,放电间隔Δt最大值逐渐增大。在15.5 kV(起树电压)和12.4 kV(80%起树电压)下,放电间隔Δt最大值分别为27 s和60 s,分别位于加压6 h和加压10 h时;而随着电树枝逐渐向地电极生长,生长速度加快,因间歇性的特点逐渐消失,放电趋于稳定。在9.3 kV(60%起树电压)下,加压8~10 h时,放电间隔Δt最大值迅速增大,由46 s增加到121 s。图11为在9.3 kV电压下加压10 h时记录的30 min内数据,可以看出其放电量均在12 pC以下,放电间隔Δt最大值约为120 s。随着加压时间的增加,放电间隔Δt最大值在加压14 h时增加到最大值178 s。
在6.2 kV(40%起树电压)下,加压8~12 h时,放电间隔Δt最大值迅速增大,由66 s增加到190 s,图12为在6.2 kV电压下加压12 h时记录的10 min内数据,可以看出其放电量均在12 pC以下,放电间隔Δt最大值约为190 s。随着加压时间的增加,放电间隔Δt最大值在加压18 h时增加到最大值253 s。试验发现此放电间隔与电树枝的生长联系紧密,当电树枝停滞时才有概率出现局部放电的间歇性,电树枝处于生长时局部放电几乎不会停滞。
采用商用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics对场强的分布进行仿真。图13为针尖曲率半径为20 μm的试样在15.5 kV电压下的电场分布。由图13可知,施加电压为15.5 kV(有效值)时的针尖处最大场强为50.6 kV/mm。同时仿真得到12.4、9.3、6.2 kV电压下针尖处的最大场强分别为40.1、30.1、20.0 kV/mm。已有研究表明,XLPE 电荷注入阈值场强约为10 kV/mm[14]。3种低电压下电树枝针尖处最大场强均远大于XLPE电荷注入阈值场强,因此上述3种低电压下的电树枝均可生长发展。
交流电压下载流子的注入-抽出是产生电树枝的主要原因之一[13],绝缘材料的分子链不断受到载流子的撞击造成断裂,不断累积形成微孔。电场强度的大小决定了载流子所受的电场力大小,从而影响对材料的破坏程度,因此在电压降低后,电树枝的发展速度减小,电压越低时,电树枝的击穿时间越长,如图9所示。
施加的电压等级越高,试样针尖附近高场强的区域越大,载流子的轰击作用越强,对材料的破坏面积越大,因此更大概率发展为丛状电树枝。图14为4种电压下的电场强度仿真图,图中最外侧电场线(红色线)向内的区域电场强度均高于20 kV/mm,可以看出随着电压等级的降低,针尖处电场强度高于20 kV/mm的面积逐渐减小,当电压等级降低为6.2 kV时,只有针尖最顶端处(红色线)的电场强度高于20 kV/mm。由于电树枝的施加电压较低,针尖处的高场强区域面积随着施加电压的降低而减小,进而载流子的轰击面积减小,载流子对材料的轰击作用减弱。因此可以解释随着施加电压的降低,电树枝的形貌分别为丛状电树枝、丛枝混合状电树树、枝状电树枝、单枝状电树枝。
本仿真未考虑电荷的影响,实际运行中应考虑电荷对场强的影响。基于双极性载流子输运模型的原理,电介质中的带电粒子为电子和空穴,阳极注入空穴,阴极注入电子[15],工频电压的正、负半周针尖处电荷分布示意图如图15所示。由图15可知,正半周时针尖处场强E+=E0-E1,其中E0为外加场强,E1为空穴在针尖处产生的场强;负半周时针尖处的总场强E-=E0-E2,其中E2为电子在针尖处产生的场强。由于电子的迁移率比空穴大,电子注入的深度比空穴略深[15]。空间电荷均会对针尖处的电场强度造成削减,但由于交流电场下电荷的积累量没有直流电场下那么显著[16],故对电场强度产生的影响较小,可以近似忽略空间电荷对场强造成的影响。
电树枝的生长受到局部放电[17]、材料形态[18]等多种因素的影响,其中电树枝通道电导率的变化在低电压(9.3 kV和6.3 kV)下对电树枝形貌及其生长速度具有明显影响[19]。对于图6中的电树枝,当电树枝发展到中后期时,局部放电量小于20 pC,电树枝生长缓慢,电树枝的主干通道停止向对面电极生长。这是由于电树枝主干通道在局部放电的长时间劣化作用下,材料被碳化,通道电导率增大,抑制了主干通道内的局部放电[19]。随着电树枝主干通道颜色加深,局部放电出现长时间的放电停滞现象,并且施加电压越低,放电间隔Δt最大值越大。随着加压时间的增加,主干通道表面产生了不均匀分布的导电生成物,造成局部场强集中,导致在主干通道周围生长出新的微小树枝。随着新树枝的生长,局部放电再次出现。实验结果表明当电树枝的施加电压降低后,电树枝并不会停止生长,电树枝仍然会击穿贯通引发故障。
本文研究了电树枝起树后电压幅值对电树枝的生长形貌和局部放电特性的影响,分别在4种电压下(15.5、12.4、9.3、6.2 kV)恒压长时间观察电树枝的形貌和局部放电的变化,得到以下结论:
(1)在电树枝的起始发展阶段,15.5 kV和12.4 kV电压下电树枝的形貌均为丛状电树枝,9.3 kV电压下电树枝的形貌趋向发展为枝状电树枝,6.2 kV电压下电树枝的形貌趋向发展为单枝状电树枝,其中在80%的起树电压(12.4 kV)下,电树枝在后期生长出枝状电树枝;随着施加电压的逐渐降低,电树枝的形貌逐渐由丛状电树枝转向枝状电树枝。
(2)施加电压较高时,电树枝的最大局部放电强度与电树枝的生长长度呈正相关,当电树枝的施加电压逐渐降低,即在低电压下,电树枝的最大局部放电强度与生长长度不相关。因此在较高电压下的最大局部放电强度试验可用于预测击穿故障,而在较低电压下很难通过局部放电强度预测电树枝的生长。
(3)电树枝的放电间隔Δt最大值随着加压时间的增加而变长,放电的间歇性也更加明显,电树枝放电间隔Δt与电树枝的生长联系紧密,当电树枝生长停滞时才有概率出现局部放电的间歇性,电树枝处于生长时局部放电几乎不会停滞。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3192037)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.011
  • 接收时间:2022-03-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-03
  • 修回日期:2022-05-09
基金
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3192037)
作者信息
    华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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