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In order to study the effect of silane coupling agent modification on the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of SiO2/PI composite and its internal mechanism, we established the composite model of pure PI, SiO2/PI and SiO2/PI with 6% and 12% of the grafting density of silane coupling agent on the surface of SiO2. The solubility parameters, interaction energy, glass transition temperature, Young's modulus, shear modulus, mean square displacement, free volume fraction, relative permittivity, and dielectric strength of the four models were calculated. The results show that the silane coupling agent modification significantly improves the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of the composite material, and the graft density has an obvious effect on the modification effect. The SiO2/PI composite system with 6% of grafting density of silane coupling agent has the best thermomechanical properties, while maintains a lower relative permittivity and a higher dielectric strength. In addition, the two systems grafted by silane coupling agent have smaller free volume fraction and mean square displacement, as well as larger solubility parameters and interaction energy. It is indicated that limiting the movement of molecular chains and improving the compatibility between SiO2 and PI matrix are the keys to improving the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of composite materials.

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为了研究硅烷偶联剂改性对SiO2/PI复合材料热力学与介电性能的影响及其内在机理,采用分子动力学模拟的方法建立纯聚酰亚胺、SiO2/PI以及SiO2表面硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%和12%的SiO2/PI复合模型,计算4组模型的溶解度参数、相互作用能、玻璃化转变温度、杨氏模量、剪切模量、均方位移、自由体积分数、相对介电常数和电气强度。结果表明:硅烷偶联剂改性显著提升了复合材料的热力学与介电性能,接枝密度对改性效果有明显影响,其中硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%的SiO2/PI复合体系热力学性能最好,同时保持较低的相对介电常数和较高的电气强度。此外,接枝硅烷偶联剂的两个体系具有较小的自由体积分数和均方位移,以及较大的溶解度参数和相互作用能,表明限制分子链的运动以及提升SiO2与PI基体间相容性是改善复合材料热力学与介电性能的关键。

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李亚莎(1967-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘和电磁场数值计算方面的研究。

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李亚莎(1967-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘和电磁场数值计算方面的研究。

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李亚莎(1967-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘和电磁场数值计算方面的研究。

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figureFileSmall=M97yE1HUyRaJdseyUaThQg==, figureFileBig=7K/+HdclgaMj6iRFQKAz5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210935049587921135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198664999058112687, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Interaction energy between SiO2 and PI matrix, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体系相互作用能/(kcal/mol)
SiO2/PI-263
6%-SiO2/PI-329
12%-SiO2/PI-275
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SiO2与PI基体的相互作用能

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体系相互作用能/(kcal/mol)
SiO2/PI-263
6%-SiO2/PI-329
12%-SiO2/PI-275
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模型模拟值实验值
PI624657[21]
SiO2/PI635662[22]
6%-SiO2/PI659
12%-SiO2/PI643
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4组模型的Tg模拟值与实验值

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模型模拟值实验值
PI624657[21]
SiO2/PI635662[22]
6%-SiO2/PI659
12%-SiO2/PI643
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力学性能模拟值实验值
杨氏模量3.753.2
剪切模量1.40
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PI力学性能的模拟值与实验值

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力学性能模拟值实验值
杨氏模量3.753.2
剪切模量1.40
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模型VFVVOVαFFV/%
PI9 33435 78520.69
SiO2/PI7 65238 41216.61
6%-SiO2/PI7 01839 85214.97
12%-SiO2/PI7 44039 72815.77
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不同模型的自由体积占比

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模型VFVVOVαFFV/%
PI9 33435 78520.69
SiO2/PI7 65238 41216.61
6%-SiO2/PI7 01839 85214.97
12%-SiO2/PI7 44039 72815.77
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硅烷偶联剂改性对SiO2/PI复合材料热力学与介电性能的影响
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李亚莎 1 , 宋鹏 1 , 谢昊 1 , 陈董董 1 , 孟凡强 2 , 周文戟 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023,56(2): 110-117
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023, 56(2): 110-117
硅烷偶联剂改性对SiO2/PI复合材料热力学与介电性能的影响
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李亚莎1, 宋鹏1, 谢昊1, 陈董董1, 孟凡强2, 周文戟3
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2国网济宁供电公司,山东 济宁 272000
  • 3国网黄冈供电公司,湖北 黄冈 438000
  • 李亚莎(1967-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘和电磁场数值计算方面的研究。

Effect of silane coupling agent modification on thermomechanical and dielectric properties of SiO2/PI composite
Yasha LI1, Peng SONG1, Hao XIE1, Dongdong CHEN1, Fanqiang MENG2, Wenji ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2State Grid Jining Power Supply Company, Jining 272000, China
  • 3State Grid Huanggang Power Supply Company, Huanggang 438000, China
出版时间: 2023-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.017
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为了研究硅烷偶联剂改性对SiO2/PI复合材料热力学与介电性能的影响及其内在机理,采用分子动力学模拟的方法建立纯聚酰亚胺、SiO2/PI以及SiO2表面硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%和12%的SiO2/PI复合模型,计算4组模型的溶解度参数、相互作用能、玻璃化转变温度、杨氏模量、剪切模量、均方位移、自由体积分数、相对介电常数和电气强度。结果表明:硅烷偶联剂改性显著提升了复合材料的热力学与介电性能,接枝密度对改性效果有明显影响,其中硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%的SiO2/PI复合体系热力学性能最好,同时保持较低的相对介电常数和较高的电气强度。此外,接枝硅烷偶联剂的两个体系具有较小的自由体积分数和均方位移,以及较大的溶解度参数和相互作用能,表明限制分子链的运动以及提升SiO2与PI基体间相容性是改善复合材料热力学与介电性能的关键。

聚酰亚胺  /  硅烷偶联剂  /  热力学  /  介电性能  /  相容性

In order to study the effect of silane coupling agent modification on the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of SiO2/PI composite and its internal mechanism, we established the composite model of pure PI, SiO2/PI and SiO2/PI with 6% and 12% of the grafting density of silane coupling agent on the surface of SiO2. The solubility parameters, interaction energy, glass transition temperature, Young's modulus, shear modulus, mean square displacement, free volume fraction, relative permittivity, and dielectric strength of the four models were calculated. The results show that the silane coupling agent modification significantly improves the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of the composite material, and the graft density has an obvious effect on the modification effect. The SiO2/PI composite system with 6% of grafting density of silane coupling agent has the best thermomechanical properties, while maintains a lower relative permittivity and a higher dielectric strength. In addition, the two systems grafted by silane coupling agent have smaller free volume fraction and mean square displacement, as well as larger solubility parameters and interaction energy. It is indicated that limiting the movement of molecular chains and improving the compatibility between SiO2 and PI matrix are the keys to improving the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of composite materials.

polyimide  /  silane coupling agent  /  thermomechanical  /  dielectric properties  /  compatibility
李亚莎, 宋鹏, 谢昊, 陈董董, 孟凡强, 周文戟. 硅烷偶联剂改性对SiO2/PI复合材料热力学与介电性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (2) : 110 -117 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.017
Yasha LI, Peng SONG, Hao XIE, Dongdong CHEN, Fanqiang MENG, Wenji ZHOU. Effect of silane coupling agent modification on thermomechanical and dielectric properties of SiO2/PI composite[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (2) : 110 -117 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.017
聚酰亚胺(polyimide,PI)是分子主链上含有酰亚胺环结构(-CO-N-CO-)的一类高分子聚合物,其绝缘性能突出、机械强度高、耐热性与耐化学腐蚀性好,被广泛应用于电工、电力电子、航天、航空等诸多领域[1-4]。随着高压输电技术的发展及电子器件的集成化与小型化,单一PI材料的性能,如高温尺寸稳定性、耐电晕以及介电性能已经很难满足工程应用各方面的性能要求。
研究发现纳米粒子具有独特的小尺寸效应、表面效应以及量子尺寸效应,将其掺杂到PI中能显著改善PI的热学、力学与电学性能[5-8]。但纳米粒子比表面积大,且与PI基体相容性差,在掺杂过程中容易出现团聚现象,从而达不到预期的结果。国内外学者发现在纳米粒子表面接枝硅烷偶联剂能有效改善纳米粒子的团聚,提升聚合物的性能。马莉莉等[9]制备了改性六方氮化硼/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜,并与普通聚酰亚胺薄膜进行对比研究,发现改性后的聚酰亚胺薄膜耐电晕寿命提升了7倍。丁成成等[10]研究发现,硅烷偶联剂表面修饰的纳米SiO2粒子更容易分散到聚酰亚胺基体中,进而有效提升聚酰亚胺的热稳定性和力学性能。杨文彦等[11]采用硅烷偶联剂KH550接枝改性氧化石墨烯,并将其掺杂到聚酰亚胺树脂中,发现复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低了31.5%和72.8%。现有研究大多从实验层面展开,并不能清晰阐明硅烷偶联剂的改性机理,从原子分子层面揭示硅烷偶联剂改性聚酰亚胺微观结构与性能关系的研究尚有不足。
随着计算机技术的不断发展,分子动力学方法作为一种新的研究工具,已经广泛应用于高分子复合材料微观结构与宏观性能的研究[12-15]。分子模拟技术不仅可以从微观角度验证宏观实验,还可以预测和探索材料的性质,从而减少传统实验反复尝试的时间成本和材料成本[16]。本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法,研究硅烷偶联剂改性对SiO2/PI复合材料热力学与介电性能的影响。分别建立纯PI、SiO2/PI和SiO2表面硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%和12%的SiO2/PI复合模型,对上述模型的玻璃化转变温度、力学性能、相对介电常数等宏观性能指标进行仿真计算,并通过均方位移、自由体积等微观结构参数对宏观性能进行解释,建立起宏观与微观的联系,从而对硅烷偶联剂的作用机理做出合理的解释,同时也为聚酰亚胺纳米改性技术的进一步发展提供参考。
为了研究掺杂SiO2和表面接枝硅烷偶联剂KH550对PI性能的影响,本研究采用Material Studio 2019建立了4种聚合物的模型:纯PI分子晶胞(简称为PI)、SiO2表面氢化处理的复合晶胞(简称为SiO2/PI)、SiO2表面硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%的复合晶胞(简称为6%-SiO2/PI)、SiO2表面硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为12%的复合晶胞(简称为12%-SiO2/PI),4种模型的分子结构如图1(a)(d)所示。
研究发现聚合度为10~15即可精确模拟材料的性质[17],本研究基于6条聚合度为15的PI单链利用Amorphous Cell模块构建PI基体的无定型区模型。在构建复合晶胞时,SiO2纳米团簇半径设置为8 Å,为模拟真实的氧化反应,对SiO2表面进行氢化处理,即不饱和氧原子与H原子键合,不饱和硅原子与-OH键合,氢化处理后的SiO2表面共有68个羟基。为了分析硅烷偶联剂KH550不同接枝密度对复合材料的性能提升,分别将4条和8条KH550分子手动接枝到SiO2表面羟基的氧原子上,接枝密度分别为6%和12%,KH550以及处理后的SiO2分子结构如图1(e)(h)所示。以上4种复合模型中,SiO2纳米粒子填充质量分数均控制在11%左右。
建立的复合模型初始状态不够稳定,因此对其进行结构优化和能量最小化处理。为了使体系达到平衡状态,依次选择NVT(固定粒子数、固定体积、固定温度)系综和NPT(固定粒子数、固定压强、固定温度)系综对体系进行分子动力学驰豫,模拟时长均为500 ps,温度为300 K,压强为1 atm。为了消除体系内局部最小值的势阱以及使晶胞的空穴分布更接近真实材料,对复合体系进行300~800 K的5次循环退火处理,退火总时长为500 ps,系综为NVT。选取退火处理后能量最低的模型在800 K温度下依次进行300 ps的NVT和NPT分子动力学模拟,获取800 K温度下模型的参数。随后将模型以0.1 K/ps的冷却速率降温至300 K,即先进行200 ps的NVT模拟将模型降温,随后在相同的温度下进行300 ps的NPT模拟,记录降温过程中模型的密度、体积等参数。
整个模拟过程均采用COMPASS力场,该力场是第一个把有机分子体系和无机分子体系统一起来的分子力场[18]。温度和压强的控制分别采用Andersen热浴法和Berendsen压浴法,对于非键相互作用、Vander Wslls作用采用Atom Based方法,静电作用采用Ewald法。
纳米复合材料的性能很大程度上取决于纳米粒子与聚合物基体的相容性,相容性越好,说明纳米粒子与聚合物基体结合越紧密,两者的界面相互作用越强,复合材料的性能就越好。内聚能是指体系内所有分子分离到无限远处所需要的平均能量,是评价分子间作用力大小的物理量,内聚能密度是指单位体积内的内聚能[19]。溶解度参数是表征复合体系相容性优劣的重要参数,可以通过对内聚能密度求平方根得到。对复合材料而言,纳米粒子与基体之间的相互作用能也是衡量复合体系相容性的指标之一,相互作用能越大,纳米粒子与基体相互作用越强,则复合体系越稳定。内聚能、内聚能密度、溶解度参数、相互作用能计算方法如式(1)~(4)所示。
Ucoh=Uinter=Utotal-Uintra
βCED=UcohV
δ=βCED
Uinteraction=UPI/SiO2-UPI-USiO2
式(1)~(4)中:Ucoh为体系的内聚能;Uinter为分子间的总能量;Utotal为体系的总能量;Uintra为分子内的能量;〈...〉为体系的平均值;βCED为内聚能密度;V为体系的体积;δ为溶解度参数;Uinteraction为纳米粒子与聚合物基体的相互作用能;UPI/SiO2为PI/SiO2复合材料的能量;UPI为PI的能量;USiO2为SiO2的能量。
300 K温度下,4种模型的内聚能密度与溶解度参数如图2所示,PI与SiO2的相互作用能如表1所示。
图2可以看出,接枝硅烷偶联剂的SiO2/PI复合体系的溶解度参数明显高于纯PI和不接枝硅烷偶联剂的复合体系,表明采用硅烷偶联剂对SiO2表面进行修饰,可以提升复合材料的分子间作用力,改善纳米SiO2粒子与PI基体的相容性,使得复合材料更加稳定。计算得到聚酰亚胺的溶解度参数为20.35 (J/cm3)1/2,与文献[20]中的21.17 (J/cm3)1/2接近,说明本文构建的模型与实际相符。硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%时提升效果最好,复合体系的溶解度参数达到22.41 (J/cm3)1/2。随着接枝密度的继续增大,复合体系的溶解度参数呈现下降的趋势,这是因为接枝密度过高时KH550分子链包裹在纳米SiO2表面,形成了半封闭的空间结构,阻碍了PI分子链与SiO2之间氢键的形成。
表1可见,未经硅烷偶联剂修饰的SiO2与PI的相互作用能为-263 kcal/mol,经过硅烷偶联剂处理之后两者的相互作用能进一步提升,接枝密度为6%时相互作用能最大,为-329 kcal/mol,接枝密度为12%提升效果降低,因此选择合适的接枝密度对复合材料的改性具有重要意义。对比4种模型的内聚能密度、溶解度参数和相互作用能,可以发现接枝硅烷偶联剂能有效提升SiO2粒子与PI基体的相容性,6%-SiO2/PI复合体系的溶解度参数和相互作用能最大,说明硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%的SiO2与PI基体结合更紧密,复合材料性能更优越。
多数高分子聚合物都存在结晶区和非结晶区(无定型区),玻璃化转变温度(Tg)是无定型聚合物从玻璃态转变为橡胶态的临界温度,它是衡量聚合物材料热学性能的一项重要指标。玻璃化转变过程会导致PI的各项性能急剧恶化,如力学性能和热解稳定性。因此提升玻璃化转变温度对增强PI热力学性能具有重要意义。在Tg附近,聚合物宏观上表现为体积和密度的突变,微观上则呈现出分子链段从冻结到开始运动的转变。因此,本文采用均方位移(mean square displacement,MSD)和比体积-温度曲线来计算Tg
MSD是表征体系分子链段运动的微观参数,MSD值越大,分子链段运动能力越强,其计算公式为式(5)
MSD=13Ni=0N-1ri(t)-ri(0)2
式(5)中:ri(t)ri(0)分别表示体系中任意原子it时刻和初始时刻的位置矢量;N表示体系中原子的总数。
当聚合物发生玻璃化转变时,分子热运动能量急剧增加,使得分子链能够克服运动势能位垒,进而提升分子链段的运动能力,表现为MSD-时间曲线会在玻璃化温度附近产生突变。因此可以通过研究聚合物不同温度下MSD-时间曲线,寻找MSD发生突变的温度区间来预测玻璃化温度。然后对温度区间上下比体积-温度散点图作线性拟合,两条曲线相交处即Tg
以6%-SiO2/PI复合体系为例,图3为模型在不同温度下的MSD曲线。从图3可以看出,650 K和700 K的MSD曲线差距较大,因此玻璃化转变温度应在650~700 K。然后拟合300~650 K和700~800 K的比体积-温度散点图即可得到Tg,基于此得到各模型的Tg图4所示。
表2列出了4种模型的Tg模拟值与实验值,从表2可以看出,纯PI的Tg模拟值为624 K,比文献[21]中的实验值低33 K。这主要是因为本研究的重点是PI无定型区的性质,而文献[21]中一系列制备流程使得样品的结构与本研究构建的模型有差异,但并不影响对不同体系的对比分析。SiO2/PI复合体系的Tg为635 K,高于纯PI的Tg,这是由于掺杂SiO2可以填补聚合物分子链的间隙,降低体系内分子的运动程度,进而提升PI的热学性能,SiO2/PI的Tg相比于纯PI提升了11 K。经硅烷偶联剂改性后复合材料的热学性能得到了进一步的提升,6%-SiO2/PI和12%-SiO2/PI复合体系的Tg相比于SiO2/PI分别提升了24 K和8 K。这是因为接枝硅烷偶联剂占据了体系内的一部分自由体积,使得体系结构更加紧密,进一步限制了聚酰亚胺分子链的运动。但当接枝密度过高时,KH550分子链相互靠近形成的半封闭的空间结构使得PI分子链不易渗透进来与SiO2形成氢键,对分子链段的限制能力也变弱,因而12%-SiO2/PI的Tg提升不大。
采用静态常应变法对PI及其复合材料的力学性能进行计算,对处于平衡状态的体系施加微小的形变,根据体系对应变的响应,即可推导出刚度矩阵Cij[23]。在模拟中PI可视为各向同性材料,其刚度矩阵Cij可简化为式(6)
C=λ+2μλλ000λλ+2μλ000λλλ+2μ000000μ000000μ000000μ
式(6)中:λμ为拉梅常数,可以通过刚度矩阵求得,如式(7)~(8)所示。
λ=16C12+C13+C21+C23+C31+C32
μ=13C44+C55+C66
材料的杨氏模量与剪切模量可由λμ计算得出[24],如式(9)~(10)所示。
E=μ3λ+2μλ+μ
G=μ
为了考察温度对PI及其复合材料力学性能的影响,对4个模型在300~700 K内各个温度下进行200 ps的NPT动力学模拟,并对150 ps后的模型施加应变,计算其力学性能。为了提高模拟结果的准确性,每个温度下重复计算5组数据,取平均数作为最终结果,聚酰亚胺及其复合体系力学性能如图5所示。
将300 K温度下PI力学性能与文献[25]中的实验值进行对比,如表3所示。从表3可以看出,模拟结果与实验值比较接近,表明本文模拟计算结果是可靠的。
图5可以看出,PI及其复合材料的杨氏模量和剪切模量随着温度的升高均呈现下降趋势。比较4组模型,在相同温度下,纯PI的模量始终最低,说明SiO2的掺杂改善了材料的力学性能。采用硅烷偶联剂对SiO2进行表面处理能进一步提升复合材料的力学性能,6%-SiO2/PI的提升最大,相比纯PI,其杨氏模量和剪切模量分别提升了37.7%和36.6%。
自由体积为聚合物分子链的运动提供空间,影响着材料的宏观力学性能[26]。由于复合体系的体积并不相同,不能直接比较各体系的自由体积,因此引入自由体积分数(αFFV)来表示自由体积的相对大小,计算方法如式(11)所示。
αFFV=VFVVFV+VOV×100%
式(11)中:VFV是自由体积;VOV是被原子或分子占据的体积。
表4列出了4组模型在300 K下的自由体积分数。从表4可以看出,PI复合体系的αFFV均比纯PI要低,其中硅烷偶联剂接枝密度为6%的复合体系的自由体积分数最低。自由体积越小,意味着分子链的运动空间越小,从而可以阻碍分子链在弹性形变过程中的运动,提高材料的弹性模量。
图6为4组模型在300 K下的MSD曲线。从图6可以看出,纯PI的MSD值最高,说明该体系中分子链段运动能力最强,力学性能最差。SiO2表面接枝硅烷偶联剂之后,复合材料的MSD值下降,6%-SiO2/PI的MSD值最小,说明其结构更加稳定,力学性能更加优异。这是由于硅烷偶联剂表面改性增强了SiO2与PI之间的界面相互作用,这种强界面相互作用具有锚定效应,将聚合物分子链吸附并缠绕在纳米粒子表面,进一步限制了分子链段的运动。此外,界面区具有更强的界面能,可以作为能量耗散源,吸收更多的能量,减少聚合物在外力作用下产生的裂纹。值得注意的是不同接枝密度的SiO2对复合材料性能的影响不同,12%接枝密度的提升效果比6%接枝密度的差,因此应选择合适的接枝密度,以获得更好的力学性能。
材料的高介电常数会加剧其表面电荷的积聚,容易导致局部放电,因此降低材料的介电常数具有重要意义。本研究通过偶极矩波动计算复合体系的相对介电常数,如式(12)所示。
ε=1+13ε0kBTV<M2>-<M>2
式(12)中:M是运行轨迹中每一帧分子构象的偶极矩;< M2 >是对运行轨迹中的每一帧分子构象的偶极矩依次平方后加和再平均;< M >2是对运行轨迹中所有分子构象的偶极矩平均后再平方;V是体积;T是热力学温度;kB是玻尔兹曼常数;ε0是真空介电常数。
将4组模型在300 K下进行1 ns的NPT动力学模拟,记录模拟中体系的偶极矩,根据公式(12)计算出相对介电常数,重复计算10组,取平均值作为最终结果,得到PI及其复合体系的相对介电常数如图7所示。
图7可以看出,模拟得到纯PI的相对介电常数为3.27,而PI的相对介电常数一般在3.0~3.4,模拟结果在区间范围内,说明分子动力学模拟的计算方法比较准确。掺杂SiO2之后,复合材料的相对介电常数降到了3.01,低于纯PI,说明掺杂SiO2能提升PI的介电性能。这是因为掺杂SiO2在体系内引入了空腔,且SiO2有较强的吸附和转移电荷的能力,能减少偶极矩的波动。此外,SiO2表面的羟基与PI分子链中的氧原子形成氢键,构建无机-有机界面,使偶极、电子以及离子极化率得到了抑制,外电场下体系不易被极化,所以介电常数降低。经硅烷偶联剂处理后复合体系的介电常数进一步降低,其中6%接枝密度的复合体系介电常数最低为2.74,比纯PI降低了16.2%,这是因为接枝硅烷偶联剂引入了氨基,界面区形成更多氢键,极化率得到较好抑制。当接枝密度过大时,硅烷偶联剂包裹在纳米粒子表面,使得PI分子链不易渗透进来,破坏了复合体系本身的氢键网络,故而12%接枝密度复合体系的相对介电常数降幅偏小。
电气强度是绝缘材料的基本电学参数之一,能够表征绝缘材料在强电场作用下的绝缘耐受能力。根据电-机械击穿理论,PI的电气强度可由杨氏模量Y近似计算得出,如式(13)所示27
Eb=0.6Yε0εr12
式(13)中:Eb为电气强度;Y为杨氏模量;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为相对介电常数。
根据式(13),可以计算出PI及其复合材料在不同温度下的电气强度,如图8所示。模拟得到PI在300 K下的电气强度为6.84×103 kV/mm,远大于实验值293.6~317.8 kV/mm[28]。实验和模拟结果的差异是样品厚度的不同造成的,样品厚度太大热量不易散发,更容易发生击穿。在XLPE直流击穿的实验中也发现,材料的电气强度与样品厚度遵循反幂定律[29]。本文模拟模型的厚度仅有38.52 Å,而实验样品的厚度为125 µm,因此模拟得到各体系的电气强度较大。
图8可以看出,PI及其复合材料的电气强度均随着温度的升高而降低,接枝硅烷偶联剂的复合体系电气强度下降速率小于未接枝硅烷偶联剂的体系。在相同温度下,接枝硅烷偶联剂的复合体系电气强度始终较高,说明硅烷偶联剂能有效提升复合材料的电气强度,且在高温时提升效果更明显。这是因为未接枝硅烷偶联剂时,体系的自由体积较大,分散在聚合物中,为电子加速和积累能量提供了空间。接枝硅烷偶联剂能降低体系的自由体积,在温度升高时可有效抑制分子链的热运动,减弱了复合体系内电子的动能,使其不易发生碰撞电离,进而能够提升PI的电气强度。添加硅烷偶联剂同时也在体系内引入了“孔隙”缺陷,适量的硅烷偶联剂使得纳米粒子分布更均匀,能增强界面相互作用,使复合材料耐击穿性能得到提升。但过量的硅烷偶联剂会使体系内的“孔隙”缺陷显著增加,且“孔隙”的存在会使局部电场发生畸变,更容易发生击穿,从而导致复合材料的电气强度下降,因此6%-SiO2/PI的电气强度比12%-SiO2/PI的大,其电气强度达到8.77×103 kV/mm,相比纯PI提升了28.2%。
(1)在SiO2表面接枝硅烷偶联剂能提高PI复合材料的玻璃化转变温度、弹性模量和电气强度,降低相对介电常数,提升聚酰亚胺复合材料的热力学与介电性能。
(2)硅烷偶联剂不同接枝密度对复合材料的性能提升效果不同,接枝密度为6%时提升效果最好。其中,玻璃化转变温度提升了35 K,杨氏模量、剪切模量、电气强度分别提升了37.7%、36.6%、28.2%,相对介电常数降低了16.2%。
(3)通过对溶解度参数、相互作用能、自由体积分数和均方位移的分析发现,硅烷偶联剂能提升纳米粒子与PI基体的相容性,增强两者的界面相互作用,且有效限制了聚酰亚胺分子链的运动,从而达到改善复合材料热力学与介电性能的目的。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577105)
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2023年第56卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.017
  • 接收时间:2022-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-09
  • 修回日期:2022-02-26
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577105)
作者信息
    1三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2国网济宁供电公司,山东 济宁 272000
    3国网黄冈供电公司,湖北 黄冈 438000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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