Article(id=1198670405104927717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661443200000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-26, revisedDate=1665763200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714894796, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676822400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714894796, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714894796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714894796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198664995669110898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='117', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713605086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563346770, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198670405478220776, articleId=1198670405104927717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of boron nitride surface modification groups on thermal conductivity of boron nitride/polyimide composites, columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Modified boron nitride (BN)/polyimide (PI) composites were prepared by in-situ polymerization using surface modified BN with terminal group of amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl and unmodified BN nanosheets as fillers. The effects of BN modified by amino (BN-NH2), carboxyl (BN-COOH), and hydroxyl (BN-OH) and BN on the thermal conductivity of the composites at different temperatures were investigated. The results show that thermal diffusivity of the composite increases with the increase of the mass fraction of BN-NH2. With the increasing of BN-COOH and BN-OH, the thermal diffusivity of the composites increases at first and then decreases, reaches to the peak when the mass fraction of fillers is 2%. At 200 ℃, the thermal diffusivity of BN-NH2/PI reaches to the maximum when the mass fraction of fillers is 5%, while that of BN-COOH/PI and BN-OH/PI reaches to the maximum at when the mass fraction of fillers is 2%, and BN-COOH/PI shows the highest thermal diffusivity. Therefore, surface modification by amino is beneficial for BN/PI composites to obtain a higher thermal conductivity at high fillers content, while carboxyl modification is the best choice to obtain the highest thermal conductivity.

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以端基为氨基、羧基和羟基的表面改性氮化硼(BN)和未经表面修饰的BN纳米片为填料,通过原位聚合法制备了改性BN/聚酰亚胺(PI)复合材料,研究了氨基改性BN(BN-NH2)、羧基改性BN(BN-COOH)、羟基改性BN(BN-OH)和BN对不同温度下复合材料导热特性的影响。结果表明:复合材料的热扩散系数随着BN-NH2质量分数的增加而增大,随BN-COOH和BN-OH质量分数的增加先增大后减小,且均在质量分数为2%时达到最大值。在200℃时,BN-NH2/PI的热扩散系数在填料质量分数为5%时达到最大值,BN-COOH/PI和BN-OH/PI则都在填料质量分数为2%时热扩散系数达到最大值,其中BN-COOH/PI获得最高的热扩散系数。因此,氨基表面改性BN有利于BN/PI复合材料在高填充量下获得更高的热扩散系数,而要获得最高的热扩散系数,羧基改性BN则是最佳选择。

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杨柳青(1986-),女(汉族),甘肃天水人,高级工程师,主要从事新型电工材料的设计、合成和应用研究。
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白泽钊(1998-),男(汉族),山西大同人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合材料制备的研究。

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白泽钊(1998-),男(汉族),山西大同人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合材料制备的研究。

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白泽钊(1998-),男(汉族),山西大同人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合材料制备的研究。

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氮化硼表面改性基团对氮化硼/聚酰亚胺复合材料导热特性的影响
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白泽钊 , 杨柳青 , 冯阳 , 徐春萌
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023,56(2): 63-67
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023, 56(2): 63-67
氮化硼表面改性基团对氮化硼/聚酰亚胺复合材料导热特性的影响
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白泽钊, 杨柳青, 冯阳, 徐春萌
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 白泽钊(1998-),男(汉族),山西大同人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合材料制备的研究。

通讯作者:

杨柳青(1986-),女(汉族),甘肃天水人,高级工程师,主要从事新型电工材料的设计、合成和应用研究。
Effect of boron nitride surface modification groups on thermal conductivity of boron nitride/polyimide composites
Zezhao BAI, Liuqing YANG, Yang FENG, Chunmeng XU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2023-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.009
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以端基为氨基、羧基和羟基的表面改性氮化硼(BN)和未经表面修饰的BN纳米片为填料,通过原位聚合法制备了改性BN/聚酰亚胺(PI)复合材料,研究了氨基改性BN(BN-NH2)、羧基改性BN(BN-COOH)、羟基改性BN(BN-OH)和BN对不同温度下复合材料导热特性的影响。结果表明:复合材料的热扩散系数随着BN-NH2质量分数的增加而增大,随BN-COOH和BN-OH质量分数的增加先增大后减小,且均在质量分数为2%时达到最大值。在200℃时,BN-NH2/PI的热扩散系数在填料质量分数为5%时达到最大值,BN-COOH/PI和BN-OH/PI则都在填料质量分数为2%时热扩散系数达到最大值,其中BN-COOH/PI获得最高的热扩散系数。因此,氨基表面改性BN有利于BN/PI复合材料在高填充量下获得更高的热扩散系数,而要获得最高的热扩散系数,羧基改性BN则是最佳选择。

氮化硼  /  聚酰亚胺  /  导热性能  /  表面改性

Modified boron nitride (BN)/polyimide (PI) composites were prepared by in-situ polymerization using surface modified BN with terminal group of amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl and unmodified BN nanosheets as fillers. The effects of BN modified by amino (BN-NH2), carboxyl (BN-COOH), and hydroxyl (BN-OH) and BN on the thermal conductivity of the composites at different temperatures were investigated. The results show that thermal diffusivity of the composite increases with the increase of the mass fraction of BN-NH2. With the increasing of BN-COOH and BN-OH, the thermal diffusivity of the composites increases at first and then decreases, reaches to the peak when the mass fraction of fillers is 2%. At 200 ℃, the thermal diffusivity of BN-NH2/PI reaches to the maximum when the mass fraction of fillers is 5%, while that of BN-COOH/PI and BN-OH/PI reaches to the maximum at when the mass fraction of fillers is 2%, and BN-COOH/PI shows the highest thermal diffusivity. Therefore, surface modification by amino is beneficial for BN/PI composites to obtain a higher thermal conductivity at high fillers content, while carboxyl modification is the best choice to obtain the highest thermal conductivity.

boron nitride  /  polyimide  /  thermal conductivity  /  surface modification
白泽钊, 杨柳青, 冯阳, 徐春萌. 氮化硼表面改性基团对氮化硼/聚酰亚胺复合材料导热特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (2) : 63 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.009
Zezhao BAI, Liuqing YANG, Yang FENG, Chunmeng XU. Effect of boron nitride surface modification groups on thermal conductivity of boron nitride/polyimide composites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (2) : 63 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.009
聚酰亚胺(PI)具有良好的介电特性、耐热性和优异的化学稳定性,是一种重要的绝缘材料[1-2],目前PI薄膜已被广泛用作脉宽调制变频电机匝间绝缘的基本材料[3]。然而在变频电机中,PI不仅承受着电压梯度所引起的电应力,还会受到电机温升和运行产生的损耗组合引起的热应力作用[4]。与许多高分子聚合物一样,PI薄膜有着较低的热导率[5],这就会导致热量积聚温度上升,而电力系统中相当一部分故障被认为是由绝缘材料的热击穿引起的[6]。六方氮化硼(h-BN)因其特殊的晶体结构有着较高的本征热导率且具有优异的绝缘性能,常被用作填料制备BN/PI复合材料[7-8]。然而由于表面极性的不同且BN表面官能团较少,BN和PI基体的界面相容性很差[9],导致BN在PI基体中难以分散均匀,在局部发生团聚现象,不利于导热通路的形成。因此对BN颗粒进行表面改性,增强其与PI基体间的结合作用有利于获得导热性能良好的BN/PI复合材料。YANG N等[10]用硅烷偶联剂3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPS)对h-BN进行官能化处理,改善了BN与PI基质的界面作用,当填料质量分数为40%时,复合材料的热导率为0.748 W/(m·K),比纯PI高4.6倍。同时,制备的复合材料保持了优异的电绝缘性和热稳定性。CHEN Y M等[11]使用三乙氧基甲基硅烷和球磨法减小BN纳米片的粒径并使其表面甲硅烷基功能化。这种功能化的BN纳米片增强了它们在PI基质中的均匀分散性,当功能化BN纳米片的质量分数增加到50%时,复合材料的热导率增加到1.583 W/(m·K),复合材料的介电常数呈增加趋势,而介质损耗因数随着填料填充量的增加而减小。马莉莉等[12]采用实验室常用的硅烷偶联剂Z6020和钛酸酯偶联剂KR44对h-BN进行表面改性并通过原位聚合法制备了PI/h-BN复合薄膜。结果表明,改性后的BN在PI中分散性有所提高,且硅烷偶联剂改性的BN相较于钛酸酯偶联剂改性的BN在PI基体中的分散性更好。杨娜等[13]以二维h-BN和三维纳米金刚石为导热填料,并采用聚芳酰胺和4,4-二氨基二苯醚分别对氮化硼和纳米金刚石进行表面接枝改性,通过原位聚合方式杂化填充到PI基体中制备导热绝缘复合材料。结果表明,不同粒径的导热填料混杂填充聚合物,利用协同效应可提高堆砌密度,降低界面热阻形成导热网络。当填料总质量分数为30%,改性h-BN和纳米金刚石的质量比为9∶1时,复合材料的热导率达到0.596 W/(m·K),是纯PI的3.5倍,同时复合材料仍具有较好的热稳定性和电绝缘性。
尽管学者们对使用BN填充制备高导热复合材料开展了众多研究,但对于BN/PI的复合材料以及BN表面改性对于BN/PI复合材料导热性能的影响和影响机理的研究较少。本研究采用氨基、羧基和羟基表面改性后的氮化硼为填料,通过原位聚合法制备了BN/PI复合材料,测量了不同温度不同填充量下复合材料的热扩散系数,研究不同官能团表面改性对BN/PI复合材料导热性能的影响,对比200℃下氨基、羧基和羟基改性BN/PI复合材料的热扩散系数,揭示不同官能团表面接枝对复合材料导热性能的影响机制。
4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)、均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA),阿法埃莎(中国)化学有限公司;无水二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC),红岩化学试剂厂,使用前在130℃下减压蒸馏;不含表面改性基团的h-BN纳米片(粒径约为600 nm),纯度为99.0%,江苏先丰纳米材料科技有限公司;以氨基、羧基和羟基为端基的表面改性h-BN纳米片(粒径约为500 nm),纯度为99.0%,北京德科岛津有限公司。
首先将ODA溶于DMAC溶液,然后加入等摩尔量的PMDA,最后分别加入质量分数为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%未经表面修饰的BN和具有不同表面改性基团的氨基改性BN(BN-NH2)、羧基改性BN(BN-COOH)、羟基改性BN(BN-OH)纳米片后磁力搅拌、超声20 min,再将BN/PAA/DMAC混合物在氮气气氛中室温下搅拌24 h。随后,将BN/PAA/DMAC混合物浇铸在PTFE模具上,以1℃/min的加热速率从60℃升温至220℃热亚胺化得到厚度约为0.3 mm的薄膜。最后将薄膜在180℃、10 MPa下压制10 min,得到不同填充量的BN/PI、BN-NH2/PI、BN-COOH/PI和BN-OH/PI复合薄膜,并将填料质量分数写在前面代表相应的复合薄膜。
使用德国布鲁克公司VERTEX 70 FTIR型光谱仪测试得到试样傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱,测试波数为500~4 000 cm-1;使用德国蔡司公司Sigma300型显微镜获得试样扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像;使用德国耐驰公司LFA 447型闪光热导仪测量BN/PI薄膜的热扩散系数,测试温度为50~250℃,温度梯度为50℃。
图1为BN、BN-COOH/PI和BN-NH2/PI复合材料的SEM图。从图1(a)(b)可以看出,BN纳米片的表面光滑,脆断后的BN-COOH/PI薄膜横截面表面凹凸不平,主要由表面改性后的BN纳米片和周围的PI短分子链组成。由于改性时在BN表面接枝了不同官能团,使得其可以作为PI链的起始端或末端。然而在BN-NH2较高填充量下,PI聚合物链的排布受到了显著的影响,并以改性BN纳米片为中心,呈典型的放射状,如图1(c)所示。
图2是不同表面改性BN纳米片的红外光谱。从图2可以看出,在未修饰BN的红外光谱中,808 cm-1和1 380 cm-1处的特征峰分别归属于平面外B-N-B对称弯曲振动和面内B-N伸缩振动[14],位于3 400 cm-1处的宽峰是O-H键伸缩振动。在BN-OH的FTIR曲线中,1 280 cm-1处的面内弯曲峰揭示了BN上接枝羟基的存在。1 730 cm-1处的吸收峰表示羧基中C=O键的伸缩振动,1 170 cm-1左右的多个峰则是由C-O键的面外弯曲引起的,这两个特征键证实了BN-COOH纳米片上羧基的存在。1 627 cm-1和3 435 cm-1处两个峰都是由N-H键伸缩振动引起的,证实了BN-NH2纳米片上氨基的存在。
图3是不同BN质量分数下BN/PI复合材料试样的热扩散系数。从图3可以看出,随温度的升高试样的热扩散系数不断降低。随着BN质量分数的增加,BN/PI的热扩散系数呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在BN质量分数为2%时出现峰值。在聚合物基体中填充高导热无机粒子提升复合材料导热性能的机理是通过高导热无机颗粒在基体中相互接触构建导热通路从而为声子传输提供路径[15]。当BN的质量分数为2%时,高导热填料粒子在PI基体中构成了有效的导热网络且对聚合物分子链的排布影响较小,复合材料的热扩散系数达到最大值。随着BN填充量的继续增加,将会引入更多无机填料和聚合物之间的热界面,由于高导热填料和聚合物之间的热导率往往差异巨大,这就会导致两者界面处的热阻会极大程度地影响复合材料的热扩散系数。此外,BN纳米片具有非常低的密度(0.11 g/cm3),因此当BN纳米片的质量分数只有5%时,其体积将占BN/PI薄膜体积的54%,极大程度地影响PI分子链的排布造成声子散射,从而导致复合材料热扩散系数的降低。
图4是不同BN-NH2质量分数下BN-NH2/PI复合材料试样的热扩散系数。从图4可以看出,随着BN-NH2质量分数的增加,复合材料的热扩散系数整体呈显著的单调增长趋势,对比使用未修饰BN填充的复合材料热扩散系数出现了不同的变化趋势。
图5图6分别是不同填料质量分数下BN-COOH/PI、BN-OH/PI复合材料试样的热扩散系数。从图56可以看出,随着填料质量分数的增加,BN-COOH/PI和BN-OH/PI复合材料的热扩散系数都呈现与BN/PI类似的变化趋势。
以往研究多着眼于室温下BN/PI导热性能的提升[16-17],对PI所能耐受的180℃时的高温热学性能研究较少。此外,高温时材料的热学性能劣化也是导致热量积聚、绝缘破坏的原因。因此,本研究选取200℃时复合材料的热扩散系数作为研究对象,探讨不同官能团表面改性BN对BN/PI复合材料导热性能的影响,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看到,随着填料含量的增加,BN-NH2/PI的热扩散系数有着和BN/PI不同的变化趋势。当填料质量分数低于3%时,氨基表面改性BN会对BN/PI复合材料热扩散系数产生消极影响,而随着BN-NH2填充量的增加,复合材料的热扩散系数增大且并未出现拐点,这表明氨基表面改性BN有利于高BN填充量下PI导热性能的提升。这是因为BN-NH2表面接枝的氨基可以与PI链段两端的酸酐反应,形成强共价键,极大地增强BN与PI基底间的结合强度,进而提升复合材料的热扩散系数[18]
图7还可以看出,BN-COOH/PI和BN/PI的热扩散系数随着填充量的增加都呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在填料质量分数大于1%时,BN-COOH/PI的热扩散系数均高于BN/PI。这是因为BN-COOH表面的羧基相较于羟基与PI基体有着更强的结合力,所以BN-COOH/PI复合材料整体热扩散系数的表现要优于BN-OH/PI和BN/PI。
BN-OH/PI和BN/PI的热扩散系数变化趋势相似,均在填料质量分数为2%时达到峰值,说明通过表面修饰而得到的羟基与BN表面本征存在的羟基性质相似。当填料质量分数为2%时,由于BN-OH和PI基体的结合更为紧密,表面修饰得到的羟基能略微提升BN-OH/PI的热扩散系数;而随着填料质量分数的增加,BN-OH则会更大程度地扰乱PI分子链的排布,造成声子的散射从而使BN-OH/PI的热扩散系数比BN/PI的低。
不同表面官能团的BN与PI基底在结合程度上有较大区别,使用氨基表面改性的BN与PI基底的结合作用最强,一方面这会减弱BN和PI间的声子散射,另一方面则会影响PI链的排布情况,宏观上表现为BN-NH2/PI和BN/PI热扩散系数的变化有显著性差异,在低填充量下氨基表面改性会降低复合材料的导热性能,而在高填充量下则会有显著的提升效果。而羧基和羟基与PI基底的结合能力较弱,因此使用羧基、羟基表面改性和具有本征羟基的BN填充的复合材料热扩散系数有着类似变化趋势,但在不同填料质量分数下又有明显差异,证明了BN和PI基底的不同结合程度对BN/PI复合材料的热扩散系数有着可区别性的影响。
(1)通过原位聚合法制备了氨基、羧基和羟基表面改性BN的BN/PI薄膜,通过SEM和FTIR表征确认了BN不同表面官能团的接枝且与PI基底结合良好。
(2)BN-NH2/PI和BN/PI热扩散系数的变化趋势有显著差异,随着填料填充量的增加,BN-NH2/PI的热扩散系数呈单调增大趋势,氨基表面改性有利于BN/PI在高填充质量分数下获得更好的导热性能。
(3)BN-COOH/PI、BN-OH/PI和BN/PI热扩散系数的变化趋势相似,均在填料质量分数为2%时达到峰值,羧基表面改性可以获得最高的热扩散系数。
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2023年第56卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.009
  • 接收时间:2022-08-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-26
  • 修回日期:2022-10-15
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    西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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杨柳青(1986-),女(汉族),甘肃天水人,高级工程师,主要从事新型电工材料的设计、合成和应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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