Article(id=1198664996847710329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652716800000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-17, revisedDate=1656345600000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763713605367, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676822400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763713605367, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763713605367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763713605367, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198664995669110898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='117', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713605086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563346770, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198664998424768651, articleId=1198664996847710329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation of thermally conductive BN/PI composite films by low-viscosity poly(amic acid), columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of agglomeration and poor dispersion of fillers in high-viscosity poly(amic acid) (PAA), we prepared PAA solution with low viscosity by anhydride hydrolysis method using PAA solution of 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and p-phenylenediamine (PDA) under a high solid content. On this basis, boron nitride/polyimide (BN/PI) composite films with the mass fraction of BN ranging from 0 to 40% were prepared by ultrasonic pulverization pretreatment and high-efficiency ball milling mixing process. The dispersion of fillers and the mechanical properties, heat resistance and thermal conductivity of composite films were systematically investigated. The results show that the low viscosity of PAA and the mixing process improve the dispersibility of fillers and have an important impact on the properties of BN/PI composite films. When the mass fraction of filler is 40%, the tensile strength of the composite film is about 140 MPa, the glass transition temperature is 385.2℃. The maximum thermal conductivity is up to 0.741 W/(m·K), which is 338% higher than that of pure polyimide film.

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为解决填料在高黏度聚酰胺酸(PAA)中易团聚、分散性差的问题,本研究以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)和对苯二胺(PDA)为原料,采用酸酐水解法在较高固含量下合成了低黏度的聚酰胺酸溶液。在此基础上,通过填料的液相法超声分散预处理和高效球磨混合工艺,制备了氮化硼质量分数为0~40%的氮化硼/聚酰亚胺(BN/PI)复合薄膜,系统考察了填料的分散性以及复合薄膜的力学、耐热、导热等性能。结果表明:聚酰胺酸的低黏化及填料混合分散工艺赋予了填料良好的分散性,并对BN/PI复合薄膜的性能产生重要影响。当填料质量分数为40%时,复合薄膜的力学强度约为140 MPa,玻璃化转变温度为385.2℃,导热系数高达0.741 W/(m·K),相比无填料添加的纯PI膜提高了338%。

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翟磊(1985-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,副研究员,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究。
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高梦岩(1996-),男(汉族),山东日照人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺导热薄膜材料的研究。

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高梦岩(1996-),男(汉族),山东日照人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺导热薄膜材料的研究。

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高梦岩(1996-),男(汉族),山东日照人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺导热薄膜材料的研究。

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聚酰胺酸低黏化制备导热BN/PI复合薄膜
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高梦岩 1, 2 , 庞淇 1, 2 , 翟磊 1 , 王畅鸥 1, 2 , 贾妍 1, 2 , 莫松 1 , 何民辉 1 , 范琳 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023,56(2): 46-53
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023, 56(2): 46-53
聚酰胺酸低黏化制备导热BN/PI复合薄膜
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高梦岩1, 2, 庞淇1, 2, 翟磊1, 王畅鸥1, 2, 贾妍1, 2, 莫松1, 何民辉1, 范琳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院化学研究所 极端环境高分子材料重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学 化学科学学院,北京 100049
  • 高梦岩(1996-),男(汉族),山东日照人,博士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺导热薄膜材料的研究。

通讯作者:

翟磊(1985-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,副研究员,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究。
Preparation of thermally conductive BN/PI composite films by low-viscosity poly(amic acid)
Mengyan GAO1, 2, Qi PANG1, 2, Lei ZHAI1, Chang’ou WANG1, 2, Yan JIA1, 2, Song MO1, Minhui HE1, Lin FAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2023-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.007
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为解决填料在高黏度聚酰胺酸(PAA)中易团聚、分散性差的问题,本研究以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)和对苯二胺(PDA)为原料,采用酸酐水解法在较高固含量下合成了低黏度的聚酰胺酸溶液。在此基础上,通过填料的液相法超声分散预处理和高效球磨混合工艺,制备了氮化硼质量分数为0~40%的氮化硼/聚酰亚胺(BN/PI)复合薄膜,系统考察了填料的分散性以及复合薄膜的力学、耐热、导热等性能。结果表明:聚酰胺酸的低黏化及填料混合分散工艺赋予了填料良好的分散性,并对BN/PI复合薄膜的性能产生重要影响。当填料质量分数为40%时,复合薄膜的力学强度约为140 MPa,玻璃化转变温度为385.2℃,导热系数高达0.741 W/(m·K),相比无填料添加的纯PI膜提高了338%。

聚酰亚胺  /  氮化硼  /  分散性  /  复合薄膜  /  导热性能

In order to solve the problem of agglomeration and poor dispersion of fillers in high-viscosity poly(amic acid) (PAA), we prepared PAA solution with low viscosity by anhydride hydrolysis method using PAA solution of 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and p-phenylenediamine (PDA) under a high solid content. On this basis, boron nitride/polyimide (BN/PI) composite films with the mass fraction of BN ranging from 0 to 40% were prepared by ultrasonic pulverization pretreatment and high-efficiency ball milling mixing process. The dispersion of fillers and the mechanical properties, heat resistance and thermal conductivity of composite films were systematically investigated. The results show that the low viscosity of PAA and the mixing process improve the dispersibility of fillers and have an important impact on the properties of BN/PI composite films. When the mass fraction of filler is 40%, the tensile strength of the composite film is about 140 MPa, the glass transition temperature is 385.2℃. The maximum thermal conductivity is up to 0.741 W/(m·K), which is 338% higher than that of pure polyimide film.

polyimide  /  boron nitride  /  dispersibility  /  composite film  /  thermal conductivity
高梦岩, 庞淇, 翟磊, 王畅鸥, 贾妍, 莫松, 何民辉, 范琳. 聚酰胺酸低黏化制备导热BN/PI复合薄膜. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (2) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.007
Mengyan GAO, Qi PANG, Lei ZHAI, Chang’ou WANG, Yan JIA, Song MO, Minhui HE, Lin FAN. Preparation of thermally conductive BN/PI composite films by low-viscosity poly(amic acid)[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (2) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.007
聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜由于具有突出的耐热性能、力学性能、绝缘性能及化学稳定性,在航空、航天、电工、电子及微电子等领域有着极为广泛的应用[1-4]。随着微型化、集成化及高密度电子器件的快速发展,作为重要的基板与层间介电材料的PI面临更严苛的挑战[5-6]。PI薄膜的导热性能较差,本征导热系数为0.1~0.2 W/(m·K),显然无法满足先进电子器件对快速散热的热控管理要求,严重限制了其进一步拓展应用[7-8]。近年来,国内外研究人员通过与导热填料共混的方法制备了不同类型的PI基复合薄膜,有效提高了薄膜材料的导热性能[9-16]。常见的导热填料包括碳材料类(碳纳米管、石墨烯等),金属及其氧化物类(铜、银纳米线等),无机陶瓷类(氮化硼、氮化铝等)等[17-18]。其中,前两类导热填料具有良好导电性,会破坏PI薄膜本身优异的绝缘和介电性能,因而通常选用具有良好绝缘性的无机陶瓷类填料来制备导热复合薄膜[19-25]
填料的分散性是决定复合薄膜综合性能好坏的关键指标之一。将无机导热填料与PI的前驱体即聚酰胺酸(PAA)溶液共混时,填料粒子极易发生团聚现象[26]。除二者较低的界面相容性之外,PAA溶液的强相互作用与高黏度极大限制了填料的均匀分散,纳米或微米级无机粒子被包裹团聚在基体中,严重影响复合薄膜的导热、绝缘及力学性能。为此,适度降低PAA溶液的黏度是提升填料分散均匀性的重要手段。传统的降黏方法为溶剂稀释法,即通过大量溶剂的稀释降低PAA溶液的黏度。该方法简单、易操作,但往往会导致体系的固含量过低,严重限制了填料的加入方式及添加量,且烘干及热酰亚胺化过程中过量溶剂的去除不仅造成浪费,也不利于形成高表面质量的复合薄膜。此外,通过二胺与二酐的非等摩尔比加料也是一种常用的降黏方法,但该方法破坏了缩聚反应的高分子链增长,严重影响酰亚胺化后PI的分子量,会对薄膜的耐热、力学等性能造成显著的不利影响[27]。因此,亟需开发一种可保持较高固含量的PAA低黏化方法,在实现复合薄膜良好综合性能和高添加量基础上,通过有效降低黏度来改善填料的分散性能。
目前,国内外关于通过填料表面修饰改性以提高界面相容性的研究很多[28-33],但针对填料在PAA溶液中分散性的考察较少,且大多集中在混合工艺手段的改进,鲜有通过合成反应条件的调控来实现PAA溶液低黏化,进而改善填料分散性的报道。酸酐水解法是将部分酸酐基团水解为活性较低的羧基,其在室温下难以与二胺的氨基反应形成高分子量的PAA,因此溶液在较高固含量下仍可具有较低的黏度。同时,由于酸酐水解法未破坏二酐和二胺单体的等摩尔比,在后续升温过程中依然可以再次反应实现分子链的增长,从而使薄膜保持优异的耐热和力学性能。为此,本研究采用酸酐水解法对PAA(BPDA/PDA)溶液黏度进行可控化调节,结合填料的超声分散预处理及高速球磨混合工艺,制备不同填料质量分数的氮化硼/聚酰亚胺(BN/PI)复合薄膜,系统考察PAA低黏化对填料分散性及复合薄膜导热、力学等性能的影响。
3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)、对苯二胺(PDA),天津众泰化工有限公司;氮化硼(BN),粒径为0.5~2.0 μm,福斯曼科技有限公司;N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC),现代东方科技公司,除水蒸馏后使用;去离子水,实验室自制。
通过外加少量水调节二酐中酸酐基团的水解反应程度,可将二酐转化为反应活性较低的二酸或四酸,进而实现PAA溶液的低黏化。针对水与酸酐基团的水解反应,本文采取理想化处理即认为二者完全反应形成羧基,理论上酸酐基团的水解程度为n(水)/n(酸酐基团)×100%。例如0.5 mol二酐单体(含1 mol酸酐基团)与1 mol水反应,此时默认酸酐基团的水解程度为100%。因此,通过改变实验投料时二酐单体与去离子水的摩尔比,可控制得到不同水解程度的酸酐基团。实验分别合成了水解程度为0、17.5%、35%、50%的PAA溶液。未水解的PAA按文献报道的常规方法合成[34-36],其余水解程度体系的制备以PAA-50%为例,具体合成过程如下:在干燥且配有机械搅拌的三口烧瓶中,先加入10.436 5 g(35.47 mmol)的二酐BPDA和60 g的DMAC,再加入0.640 4 g(35.47 mmol)的去离子水,室温下搅拌反应2 h。将体系温度降至0~5℃,加入3.835 9 g(35.47 mmol)的二胺PDA和20 g的DMAC,控制溶液固含量为15%,继续搅拌反应12 h,得到一定黏度的PAA-50%溶液。
基于微米级BN和低黏化的PAA-50%溶液,先使用超声波细胞粉碎机对填料进行液相法超声分散预处理,之后以分散液形式与PAA溶液混合,再采用高速机械搅拌、振荡球磨处理后最终得到BN/PAA溶液,BN质量分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%。以40%体系为例,填料的分散处理过程如下:将4 g干燥的BN粒子加入至16 g的DMAC中,采用超声分散预处理10~20 min,功率为150~200 W,得到均匀的BN/DMAC分散液。将其分批次加入至40 g低黏化PAA-50%溶液中,以1 500~2 000 r/min进行高速机械搅拌,持续处理40~60 min;随后将其进行高速振荡球磨处理,振荡频率为10 Hz,锆珠粒径为0.7 mm,60 min后过滤得到良好分散的BN/PAA溶液。
作为高黏度PAA溶液与填料混合的对比,BN/PAA-ref-1是采用溶剂稀释后的未水解PAA溶液与填料分散液混合,BN的质量分数为40%。作为液相法超声分散预处理填料工艺的对比,BN/PAA-ref-2的分散过程是将填料粒子直接以固体形式加入至低黏化PAA-50%溶液中,质量分数为40%,其余处理工艺和条件均与其他体系相同。
将上述BN加入量为0、10%、20%、30%、40%的BN/PAA溶液,涂膜后经热酰亚胺方式制备得到系列BN/PI复合薄膜,分别命名为:BN/PI-0、BN/PI-1、BN/PI-2、BN/PI-3、BN/PI-4;BN/PAA-ref-1和BN/PAA-ref-2溶液制备的复合薄膜分别命名为ref-1、ref-2。图1为BN/PI复合薄膜制备的全流程示意图,以BN/PI-4复合薄膜为例,具体制备过程如下:取25 g分散处理后的BN/PAA-40%溶液真空脱泡,采用刮涂法将其涂覆至洁净干燥的玻璃板上,并置于烘箱中阶梯升温以除去溶剂并完成酰亚胺化。烘焙程序为:80、120、180、240、350℃各1 h,升温速率为2℃/min。降温后将玻璃板置于去离子水中,自然剥离并干燥得到BN/PI-4复合薄膜(如图2所示),厚度为(30±2)μm。
黏度测试:采用美国Brookfield公司的DV2T型旋转黏度计测试溶液黏度,测试温度为(25.0±0.1)℃。
形貌表征:采用日本Hitachi公司的SU 8020型场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察薄膜样品的表面及横截面微观形貌,加速电压为10 kV。
力学性能测试:采用美国Instron公司的5567型万能材料试验机测试薄膜的拉伸性能,样条尺寸为100 mm×10 mm×30 μm,拉伸速率为10 mm/min。
耐热性能测试:采用美国TA公司的Q50型热重分析仪(TGA)测试样品在氮气氛围下的热分解温度,温度范围为40~800℃,升温速率为10℃/min;采用美国TA公司的Q800型动态热机械分析仪(DMA)测试样品的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),温度范围为40~450℃,升温速率为5℃/min。
导热性能测试:采用德国NETZSCH公司的LFA467型激光导热分析仪测试样品的热扩散系数(α),并根据样品的比热容(Cp)与密度(ρ)进一步计算得到导热系数(λ):λ=α×Cp×ρ。复合薄膜的Cpρ是根据BN的体积分数以及BN和PI各自的比热容和密度计算得到,是由理论近似公式计算得到的理论数值。
通过调节二酐的水解反应程度,可实现不同黏度PAA溶液的灵活可控合成。图3是固含量为15%时PAA溶液的黏度随二酐水解程度的变化曲线。从图3可以看出,当二酐未水解时PAA溶液的黏度为3.4×106 mPa·s,室温下的流动性很差,不利于与外加填料的共混,不仅会导致薄膜加工性差,而且会严重影响填料粒子的分散。实验发现,当PAA溶液的黏度低于1×105 mPa·s时,有利于填料在溶液中的分散。对二酐进行适度水解后,PAA溶液的黏度显著降低;当二酐水解程度为50%时,溶液的黏度已降至2.4×104 mPa·s,仅为未水解时的0.72%。结果表明,PAA溶液在较高固含量下实现了黏度的大幅降低,这为制备高填料加入量的复合薄膜提供了良好的工艺窗口。
PAA溶液黏度降低的主要原因在于联苯二酐发生部分水解反应后生成了低反应活性的二酸或四酸,之后再与二胺缩聚反应时难以在低温下得到高分子量的PAA,从而在原料等摩尔比情况下有效降低了前驱体溶液的黏度,特别是在高固含量时依然能够获得低黏度的PAA溶液,这非常有助于改善填料在基体中的分散性。
基于不同二酐水解程度合成的低黏化PAA溶液,进一步制得PI薄膜并对其耐热与力学性能进行了考察,结果如图4所示。从图4(a)可以看出,由低黏化PAA溶液制备的薄膜均表现出优异的耐热性能。二酐水解程度为0~50%时,薄膜的1%热分解温度(Td1%)为525~546℃,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为385~387℃。这表明PI薄膜最终的耐热性能基本不受PAA合成阶段二酐水解程度的影响。
图4(b)可以看出,薄膜的拉伸强度保持在249~271 MPa,与未水解时相比不仅没有明显降低,而且二酐水解程度为17.5%的PI薄膜反而具有更高的拉伸强度。这可能是由于部分水解的PAA具有更低的溶液黏度和更佳的成膜性,进而改善了涂膜工艺和薄膜质量。上述结果表明,虽然二酐部分水解后使PAA的黏度有明显降低,但在后期的高温热酰亚胺反应阶段,低黏化的PAA仍可进一步发生分子链的再增长,最终的薄膜性能与未水解体系相当,耐热与力学性能均无明显差异。
控制二酐水解程度为50%时,PAA溶液具有适于填料分散的黏度,改变溶液的固含量还可进一步调控其黏度范围,同时不影响成膜性及薄膜的性能。因此,选用PAA-50%溶液与BN进行共混,考察填料在低黏化PAA中的分散性。
图5是BN/PI复合薄膜的SEM图,从图5(a)(b)薄膜表面的SEM图可以看出,在相同BN加入量下,未水解的PAA-0%溶液与填料混合制备的ref-1复合薄膜表面粗糙,凹凸不平且呈一定颗粒感,而水解后低黏度PAA-50%溶液与填料混合制备的BN/PI-4复合薄膜表面较为光滑。ref-1的表面存在明显的填料团聚现象,团聚后的尺寸大于10 μm,因此复合薄膜的表面粗糙,而BN/PI-4的填料分散较为均匀。从图5(d)(e)薄膜横截面的SEM图同样可以看出类似规律,由此说明低黏化的PAA溶液有利于填料的均匀分散,进而可形成高表面质量的复合薄膜。鉴于ref-1复合薄膜中填料分散不均、表面质量较差,后续实验不对其性能进行评价。
填料与PAA溶液的混合方法通常为直接加入法,即将填料不作预处理而直接加入到PAA溶液中。该方法的弊端在于高黏度的PAA溶液严重影响填料的分散,固体粒子易被包裹而难以有效分散。为此,提出了一种液相法超声分散预处理填料的工艺方法,即先将BN粒子加入至DMAC溶剂中进行超声分散处理,之后再将BN/DMAC分散液加入至低黏化PAA溶液中。实验发现,预处理工艺制备的BN/PAA混合溶液表现出良好的分散效果,静置72 h后无明显粒子团聚、分层或沉降现象。这主要是由于高功率超声波作用破坏了填料在溶液中的团聚状态,形成了均匀分散且稳定的悬浊体系。
图5(b)(c)分别是采用液相超声分散预处理工艺和填料直接加入法所制备BN/PI复合薄膜的表面SEM图,BN质量分数均为40%。对比发现,ref-2复合薄膜表面出现许多微小孔隙,且填料团聚造成颗粒大小不均;BN/PI-4复合薄膜的表面孔隙较少,填料的整体分散性良好,无明显团聚现象。这表明液相超声分散预处理显著减少了填料和基体间的孔隙,并提高了填料在基体中的分散性,效果明显优于填料直接加入法。图5(e)(f)薄膜横截面的SEM照片中均未发现明显的大颗粒填料,这再次说明低黏化PAA溶液保证了填料粒子的有效分散。值得注意的是,低黏化PAA溶液较高的固含量为填料的液相法预处理工艺提供了可能,使得BN/DMAC分散液加入PAA溶液后体系仍有较高PAA含量。
为提高填料粒子在低黏化PAA溶液中的分散性,先后将BN/PAA溶液进行高速机械搅拌和高速振荡球磨处理。两种混合工艺产生的剪切力作用避免了因PAA包裹可能造成的粒子团聚,并有助于剥离或破坏BN的层叠结构。适宜的混合溶液黏度既能促进填料粒子的分散,也能对分散后的填料粒子起到稳定作用。图6(a)(b)分别是BN填料质量分数为20%和40%时复合薄膜横截面的SEM图。经BN/DMAC分散液的超声分散预处理和BN/PAA溶液的高速机械与振荡球磨处理,部分填料被粉碎成更小的颗粒,避免了大粒径填料的团聚。此外,BN的片状聚集结构被进一步剥离拆散,粒径尺寸的协同作用和片状填料的相互搭接对复合薄膜的导热性能提升具有积极作用。
填料的加入往往会对复合薄膜材料的力学性能造成严重影响,强度和韧性均会大幅降低。复合薄膜力学性能的降低主要有两方面原因:一是填料与基体间较差的界面相容性,二者的界面结合力较弱;二是填料的润湿分散性差,造成明显的分散缺陷。基于低黏化PAA溶液及填料预处理工艺,考察了填料分散性的提高对复合薄膜力学性能的影响。图7为BN/PI复合薄膜的拉伸强度随BN加入量的变化情况。从图7可以看出,当BN填料质量分数为10%时,BN/PI-1复合薄膜的拉伸强度约为199 MPa;随着填料质量分数的增大,复合薄膜的拉伸强度有较明显下降。当填料质量分数为40%时,BN/PI-4复合薄膜的拉伸强度约为140 MPa。此外,BN/PI-4复合薄膜的拉伸强度明显优于同等填料加入量的ref-2,说明填料的液相法预处理工艺显著改善了填料的分散性,减少了粒子团聚等物理缺陷,进而改善了复合薄膜的力学性能。鉴于PAA溶液的低黏度以及有效的混合工艺,推测该系列BN/PI复合薄膜的力学性能损失主要是归因于填料与PI基体间较差的界面相容性。
上述分析可以从BN/PI-2和BN/PI-4复合薄膜横截面的SEM图中得到印证。从图6(a)(b)可以看出,填料粒子与PI基体间存在明显空隙,二者没有紧密结合。这主要是由于实验采用的BN粒子未进行表面改性处理,与有机基体之间无法形成良好的界面润湿性或相互作用。因此,为进一步改善复合薄膜的力学性能,需要在保持良好分散性基础上对填料进行有效的表面修饰改性,以提高填料与PI基体间的界面结合力。
图8为不同BN填料加入量BN/PI复合薄膜的TGA与DMA曲线。从图8可以看出,随着填料加入量的提高,复合薄膜的Td1%Tg均呈一定增大趋势。当BN质量分数为10%时,BN/PI-1复合薄膜的Td1%Tg分别为542.1℃和377.1℃;当BN质量分数提高至40%时,BN/PI-4复合薄膜的Td1%Tg则分别增大至567.5℃和385.2℃。可以看出,复合薄膜的耐热性能随填料的增多而提高,这是因为填料限制了PI分子链的热运动,在相同的温度下,填料越多,产生的限制作用越明显,因此复合薄膜的Td1%Tg均呈增大趋势。相比之下,ref-2复合薄膜的Td1%Tg分别为561.3℃和382.8℃,耐热性能略低于BN/PI-4复合薄膜,这可能是由于后者的填料在基体中具有更好的分散性和更致密的堆积,对聚合物分子链的链段运动限制更为明显。
填料的分散状态会对复合薄膜的导热性能产生重要影响。图9为不同BN填料加入量BN/PI复合薄膜的热扩散系数和导热系数,及其与纯PI薄膜相比的导热性能提升情况。
图9(a)可以看出,未添加BN填料的纯PI薄膜热扩散系数仅为0.104 mm2/s;随着导热填料加入量的提高,BN/PI复合薄膜的热扩散系数逐渐升高,并在BN质量分数为40%时增至0.428 mm2/s。从图9(b)可以看出,随着BN加入量的提高,BN/PI复合薄膜的导热系数显著增大,面外散热能力得到显著改善。当BN质量分数达到40%时,BN/PI-4复合薄膜的导热系数由纯PI薄膜的0.169 W/(m·K)大幅提高至0.741 W/(m·K),提升幅度为338%。值得注意的是,BN/PI-4复合薄膜的导热性能还优于相同填料加入量的ref-2体系,这表明填料的混合分散工艺对复合薄膜导热性能有重要影响。
结合BN/PI复合薄膜的SEM图,该系列BN/PI复合薄膜导热性能的提高,主要有两方面原因:一是低黏化PAA溶液有助于填料的分散,避免了填料粒子的团聚;二是填料的液相法超声分散预处理及混合溶液的高速振荡球磨产生了较强剪切力,有助于剥离BN的片状聚集结构,片层填料间相互搭接形成了良好的导热通路。
(1)通过调控二酐的水解程度,实现了对BPDA/PDA聚酰胺酸溶液的低黏化合成,并与超声分散预处理的填料溶液经高效球磨混合工艺,成功制备了填料良好分散的BN/PI复合薄膜。
(2)BN填料的有效分散有助于改善BN/PI复合薄膜的力学性能,在未表面修饰改性情况下,BN质量分数为40%时,复合薄膜的拉伸强度约为140 MPa。
(3)聚酰胺酸的低黏化及BN填料的混合分散工艺大幅提高了BN/PI复合薄膜的导热性能,当BN质量分数为40%时,复合薄膜的导热系数达到0.741 W/(m·K)。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(2202068)
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2023年第56卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.007
  • 接收时间:2022-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-17
  • 修回日期:2022-06-28
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北京市自然科学基金资助项目(2202068)
作者信息
    1中国科学院化学研究所 极端环境高分子材料重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学 化学科学学院,北京 100049

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翟磊(1985-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,副研究员,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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