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Article(id=1198662248299332085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198662245069713420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1638201600000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763712950061, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1674144000000, pubDateStr=2023-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763712950061, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763712950061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763712950061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198662245069713420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763712949292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563309216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617521154159057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198662245069713420, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617521154159058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198662245069713420, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198662248580350456, articleId=1198662248299332085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of grading ring type and structure on electric field distribution of 220 kV composite insulator, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking 220 kV rod-shaped suspension composite insulator as an example, we conducted simulation and calculation on a 1/4 tower model for 220 kV line composite insulator by the COMSOL multiphysics software, and the influences of the grading rings with different types and structures on the electric field distribution of composite insulator were studied. The results show that the electric field uniformity effect of semicircular grading ring is slightly weaker than that of the tubular grading ring, and the voltage equalizing effect of bird-proof grading ring is basically the same as that of the tubular grading ring installed at low voltage end. The surface electric field intensity of composite insulator decreases with the increase of pipe diameter of high-voltage end or double-end grading ring, and the decline decreases gradually. When the diameter of high-voltage end grading ring increases, the surface electric field intensity of composite insulator decreases at first and then increases. When the diameter of double-end grading ring increases, the surface electric field intensity at high-voltage end decreases at first, then increases and finally decreases, while the surface electric field intensity at low-voltage end keeps increasing. Increasing the covering depth of grading ring at high voltage end can improve the surface electric field at the middle of the composite insulator, and lead to the increase of electric field at the connecting end, which is not conducive to the safe operation of composite insulator.

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以220 kV棒形悬式复合绝缘子为例，采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件以1/4杆塔模型进行220 kV线路复合绝缘子的仿真计算，研究不同类型、不同结构均压环对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响。结果表明：半圆形均压环均匀电场的效果稍弱于管状均压环，防鸟均压环的均压效果与低压端安装的管状均压环基本一致。复合绝缘子沿面电场强度随着高压端或两端均压环管径的增大而减小，且降幅逐渐减小；当高压端均压环直径增大时，复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势。当两端均压环直径增大时，高压端沿面电场强度先减小后增大最后又减小，低压端沿面电场强度则一直增大。增大高压端均压环罩入深度会提升复合绝缘子中部的沿面电场，同时导致连接端电场增大，不利于复合绝缘子的安全运行。

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房子祎（1993-），女（汉族），宁夏银川人，工程师，主要从事复合材料老化的研究；

郝金鹏（1985-），男（汉族），黑龙江尚志人，高级工程师，主要从输电线路及外绝缘技术的研究。

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房子祎（1993-），女（汉族），宁夏银川人，工程师，主要从事复合材料老化的研究；

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房子祎（1993-），女（汉族），宁夏银川人，工程师，主要从事复合材料老化的研究；

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郝金鹏（1985-），男（汉族），黑龙江尚志人，高级工程师，主要从输电线路及外绝缘技术的研究。

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郝金鹏（1985-），男（汉族），黑龙江尚志人，高级工程师，主要从输电线路及外绝缘技术的研究。

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articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Surface electric potential and electric field of composite insulator with different diameters of grading rings at both end, figureFileSmall=2nuCXtacUIM1leXuDnCr5w==, figureFileBig=ssmGEaOxVC4UyyRGqYRkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210916737411838510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=图19, caption=两端均压环直径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场, figureFileSmall=2nuCXtacUIM1leXuDnCr5w==, figureFileBig=ssmGEaOxVC4UyyRGqYRkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210916737466364463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Surface electric potential and electric field of composite insulator with different covering depth of grading ring at high-voltage end, figureFileSmall=HdMdMZQ0iILfrI67Qeqryw==, figureFileBig=c3dkBFp0SHOz8QuwI/bjUw==, tableContent=null), 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ArticleFig(id=1210916737759965747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Surface electric potential and electric field of composite insulator with different covering depth of grading rings at both end, figureFileSmall=pmrHxL+RuUuVwY/qBXWnXw==, figureFileBig=LaqvOwkZxC8xGjDK1MM7Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210916737831268916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=图22, caption=两端均压环罩入深度不同时复合绝缘子沿面电势和电场, figureFileSmall=pmrHxL+RuUuVwY/qBXWnXw==, figureFileBig=LaqvOwkZxC8xGjDK1MM7Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210916737881600565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator after installing different types of grading ring and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
管状均压环3.680.84——
半圆形均压环4.240.9015.227.14
), ArticleFig(id=1210916737940320822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

安装不同类型均压环后复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
管状均压环3.680.84——
半圆形均压环4.240.9015.227.14
), ArticleFig(id=1210916737999041079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator after installing bird-proof grading ring and tubular grading ring at low-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
高压端均压环3.682.540202.38
两端均压环3.680.84——
防鸟均压环3.690.770.27-8.33
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738070344248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

安装防鸟均压环与高压端均压环后复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
高压端均压环3.682.540202.38
两端均压环3.680.84——
防鸟均压环3.690.770.27-8.33
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738129064505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator with different pipe diameters of grading ring at high-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Φ/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
304.480.8421.740
403.680.84——
602.930.81-20.38-3.57
1002.570.82-30.16-2.38
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738196173370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高压端均压环管径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Φ/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
304.480.8421.740
403.680.84——
602.930.81-20.38-3.57
1002.570.82-30.16-2.38
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738254893627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator with different pipe diameters of grading ring at low-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Φ/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
303.790.96+2.99+14.29
403.680.84——
603.820.67+3.80-20.24
1003.820.50+3.80-40.48
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738313613884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

低压端均压环管径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Φ/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
303.790.96+2.99+14.29
403.680.84——
603.820.67+3.80-20.24
1003.820.50+3.80-40.48
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738376528445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator with different pipe diameters of grading rings at both end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Φ/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
304.260.97+15.76+15.48
403.680.84——
603.380.68-8.15-19.05
1002.660.54-27.72-35.71
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738439443006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两端均压环管径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Φ/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
304.260.97+15.76+15.48
403.680.84——
603.380.68-8.15-19.05
1002.660.54-27.72-35.71
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738502357567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator with different diameters of grading ring at high-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
2404.380.84+19.020
3003.680.84——
3604.420.87+20.11+3.57
4405.570.89+51.36+5.95
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738565272128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

高压端均压环直径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
2404.380.84+19.020
3003.680.84——
3604.420.87+20.11+3.57
4405.570.89+51.36+5.95
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738623992385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator with different diameters of grading ring at low-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
2403.930.82+6.79-2.38
3003.680.84——
3604.120.95+11.96+13.10
4404.041.06+9.78+26.19
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738691101250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

低压端均压环直径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
2403.930.82+6.79-2.38
3003.680.84——
3604.120.95+11.96+13.10
4404.041.06+9.78+26.19
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738754015811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along composite insulator with different diameters of grading ring at both end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
2404.410.8019.84-4.76
3003.680.84——
3604.361.0318.4822.62
4404.901.1033.1530.95
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738825318980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

两端均压环直径不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
2404.410.8019.84-4.76
3003.680.84——
3604.361.0318.4822.62
4404.901.1033.1530.95
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738888233541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along the surface of composite insulator with different covering depths of grading ring at high-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
507.390.85——
1104.620.85-37.480
1705.300.87-28.282.35
), ArticleFig(id=1210916738942759494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

高压端均压环罩入深度不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值及其变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
507.390.85——
1104.620.85-37.480
1705.300.87-28.282.35
), ArticleFig(id=1210916739001479751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along the surface of composite insulator with different covering depths of grading ring at low-voltage end and its variation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
504.081.52——
1104.080.930-38.82
1704.320.655.88-57.24
), ArticleFig(id=1210916739056005704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

低压端均压环罩入深度不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
504.081.52——
1104.080.930-38.82
1704.320.655.88-57.24
), ArticleFig(id=1210916739110531657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=Maximum electric field intensity along the surface of composite insulator with different covering depths of grading ring at both end, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
507.271.50——
1104.630.94-36.31-37.33
1705.190.66-28.61-0.56
), ArticleFig(id=1210916739165057610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198662248299332085, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

两端均压环罩入深度不同时复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/mm沿面电场强度最大值/(kV/cm)变化幅度/%
高压端低压端高压端低压端
507.271.50——
1104.630.94-36.31-37.33
1705.190.66-28.61-0.56
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220 kV复合绝缘子均压环类型及结构对其电场分布的影响
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房子祎 , 郝金鹏 , 伍弘 , 吴波 , 杨凯
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(1): 51-61
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(1): 51-61
220 kV复合绝缘子均压环类型及结构对其电场分布的影响
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房子祎, 郝金鹏, 伍弘, 吴波, 杨凯
作者信息
  • 国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院，宁夏 银川 750011

    • 房子祎（1993-），女（汉族），宁夏银川人，工程师，主要从事复合材料老化的研究；

    郝金鹏（1985-），男（汉族），黑龙江尚志人，高级工程师，主要从输电线路及外绝缘技术的研究。

Influence of grading ring type and structure on electric field distribution of 220 kV composite insulator
Ziyi FANG, Jinpeng HAO, Hong WU, Bo WU, Kai YANG
Affiliations
  • State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Research Institute, Yinchuan 750011, China
出版时间: 2023-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.01.009
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摘要
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以220 kV棒形悬式复合绝缘子为例，采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件以1/4杆塔模型进行220 kV线路复合绝缘子的仿真计算，研究不同类型、不同结构均压环对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响。结果表明：半圆形均压环均匀电场的效果稍弱于管状均压环，防鸟均压环的均压效果与低压端安装的管状均压环基本一致。复合绝缘子沿面电场强度随着高压端或两端均压环管径的增大而减小，且降幅逐渐减小；当高压端均压环直径增大时，复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势。当两端均压环直径增大时，高压端沿面电场强度先减小后增大最后又减小，低压端沿面电场强度则一直增大。增大高压端均压环罩入深度会提升复合绝缘子中部的沿面电场，同时导致连接端电场增大，不利于复合绝缘子的安全运行。

复合绝缘子  /  均压环  /  电场分布  /  结构参数

Taking 220 kV rod-shaped suspension composite insulator as an example, we conducted simulation and calculation on a 1/4 tower model for 220 kV line composite insulator by the COMSOL multiphysics software, and the influences of the grading rings with different types and structures on the electric field distribution of composite insulator were studied. The results show that the electric field uniformity effect of semicircular grading ring is slightly weaker than that of the tubular grading ring, and the voltage equalizing effect of bird-proof grading ring is basically the same as that of the tubular grading ring installed at low voltage end. The surface electric field intensity of composite insulator decreases with the increase of pipe diameter of high-voltage end or double-end grading ring, and the decline decreases gradually. When the diameter of high-voltage end grading ring increases, the surface electric field intensity of composite insulator decreases at first and then increases. When the diameter of double-end grading ring increases, the surface electric field intensity at high-voltage end decreases at first, then increases and finally decreases, while the surface electric field intensity at low-voltage end keeps increasing. Increasing the covering depth of grading ring at high voltage end can improve the surface electric field at the middle of the composite insulator, and lead to the increase of electric field at the connecting end, which is not conducive to the safe operation of composite insulator.

composite insulator  /  grading ring  /  electric field distribution  /  structural parameters
房子祎, 郝金鹏, 伍弘, 吴波, 杨凯. 220 kV复合绝缘子均压环类型及结构对其电场分布的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (1) : 51 -61 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.01.009
Ziyi FANG, Jinpeng HAO, Hong WU, Bo WU, Kai YANG. Influence of grading ring type and structure on electric field distribution of 220 kV composite insulator[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (1) : 51 -61 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.01.009
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0 引言
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复合绝缘子由于具有质量轻、安装方便、耐候性好等优点，被广泛应用于架空输电线路中[1-3]。由于复合绝缘子自身电容较小及其特殊的结构特点，电场分布极不均匀，按照标准规定要求，110 kV交流输电线路应在复合绝缘子高压端安装均压环，220 kV、330 kV输电线路应在复合绝缘子两端安装均压环，以改善复合绝缘子的表面电场分布和控制高电场区域的场强[4-6]。均压环与复合绝缘子并联，可提高复合绝缘子串整体的绝缘性能，通过调整高压端附近的电压分布从而降低绝缘子沿面电场强度以避免产生电晕，减少由电晕引起的可听噪声，以及电晕噪声产生的无线电干扰和电视干扰]7]。但均压环的安装会缩短复合绝缘子的干弧距离，在实际运维过程中易发生鸟害跳闸事故，威胁电网的安全运行。故需要针对复合绝缘子均压环安装类型及安装结构进行研究及优化设计。
国内外对均压环参数优化设计方面进行了较多研究，司马文霞等[8]研究了影响±800 kV直流复合绝缘子表面电位和电场分布的影响因素及均压环参数对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响，提出了一种应用于±800 kV直流复合绝缘子的大小双均压环结构。胡建林等[9]以±1 100 kV直流空心复合支柱绝缘子和±800 kV直流实心复合支柱绝缘子为例，引入大均压环表面、护套沿面和端部金具表面等处的最大电场强度作为优化参考量，建立电场计算模型对均压环进行优化设计。汪诗经等[10]研究了均压环安装位置对220 kV复合绝缘子覆冰及电气特性的影响，结果表明覆冰质量从高到低依次为两端带均压环、高压端带均压环、低压端待均压环。吴光亚等[11]采用电容测量法，对比±500 kV不同串型绝缘子串的电位分布特性，提出了双联直流复合绝缘子均压环装置合理的结构尺寸和安装形式。但目前尚未有关于220 kV复合绝缘子均压环类型及其结构对电场分布影响的仿真分析。
本研究采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件，建立220 kV输电线路单元仿真模型，以有限元法进行分析求解，研究不同均压环类型、结构及参数对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响，为输电线路绝缘配置和均压环安装形式的选择提供参考。
1 复合绝缘子均压环模型仿真优化设计
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1.1 220 kV仿真模型建立
1.1.1 杆塔
选取的220 kV直流输电线路铁塔型号为2B2-ZB3，高度为48.35 m，铁塔顶部宽度为11.6 m，横担长度为2.9 m。首先在AutoCAD中完成三维模型的构建，如图1(a)所示，然后导入COMSOL软件中进行仿真模型的构建，如图1(b)所示。
1.1.2 复合绝缘子
采用220 kV棒形悬式复合绝缘子进行仿真分析，绝缘子总长度2 480 mm，干弧距离2 180 mm。采用“大-小-中-小”伞裙结构，其大、中、小伞裙半径分别为74.48、59.28、46.47 mm，伞间距为24.96 mm，如图2所示。采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立复合绝缘子的仿真模型，如图3所示。
1.1.3 均压环
实际线路常见的均压环为管状均压环、半圆形均压环和防鸟均压环三类，如图4所示，其中应用最为广泛的是管状均压环。半圆形均压环为管状均压环的一半结构，防鸟均压环是在管状均压环的结构上增加了金属圆盘，能够防止鸟粪直接掉落而引起的鸟粪闪络。半圆形均压环、防鸟均压环其他结构参数与管状均压环相同。
采用管径为40 mm、直径为300 mm的管状均压环建立仿真模型，其结构如图5所示。
1.1.4 线夹
220 kV输电线路主要使用的是双分裂导线，且为垂直分布结构，导线型号为2×J-300/25，直径为23.76 mm，由于线夹对仿真结构影响不大，因此均采用XGH-5线夹。线夹及导线组合如图6所示。
1.2 仿真模型优化
由于全塔模型计算周期长，计算中易发生网格剖分错误等问题，因此选择全塔模型、半塔模型以及1/4杆塔模型进行对比，选择与全塔模型数据接近，且计算量最小的模型进行后续仿真。图7(a)为半塔模型选取示意图，图7(b)为1/4杆塔模型选取示意图。
由于采用电场及电势分布云图无法进行定量分析，将全塔、半塔和1/4塔型的沿面电场及沿面电势的数据导出进行对比。不同塔型沿面电势和电场的仿真结果如图8所示。
从图8可以看出，全塔模型、半塔模型与1/4杆塔模型的沿面电场、沿面电势图形吻合度非常高，整体偏差偏小。为定量分析优化后的杆塔与全塔模型仿真结果的相似度，采用相似系数对两种仿真结果进行表征，相关系数C可以用式（1）表示。
C=∑i=1nXiYi∑i=1NXi2∑i=1NYi2
式（1）中，X(i)与Y(i)为不同的数组。
综合考虑仿真内容以及仿真时长等多方面因素，发现1/4杆塔模型的仿真结果与全塔模型极为相似，相关系数均大于95%。故选择1/4杆塔模型进行220 kV线路复合绝缘子的仿真计算，既减少了仿真过程中杆塔模型经常出现的网格剖分问题，又使仿真时长减少为全塔仿真的25%，便于针对均压环各参数进行仿真分析。
2 均压环类型对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响
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复合绝缘子均压环起到均匀分布电压、保护电气间隙的作用。为保证均压环起到良好的均压效果，对于220 kV输电线路，需要在复合绝缘子两端安装均压环，以改善其电场分布。安装半圆形均压环和管状均压环时，复合绝缘子两端的均压环为同一类型。安装防鸟均压环时，由于防鸟均压环的盘式结构能够防止鸟粪直接掉落而引起的鸟粪闪络，因此防鸟均压环应安装在复合绝缘子的低压端，复合绝缘子高压端安装半圆形均压环或管状均压环。为了更加准确地了解220 kV输电线路安装不同类型均压环时复合绝缘子的电场及电势分布，对管状均压环、半圆形均压环以及防鸟均压环进行对比研究。具体讨论的情况为：①研究半圆形均压环对复合绝缘子电场的影响时，在复合绝缘子两端安装同参数的半圆形均压环；②研究防鸟均压环对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响时，在复合绝缘子低压端安装防鸟均压环、高压端安装等径管状均压环。
2.1 半圆形均压环和管状均压环
通过建立仿真模型，研究复合绝缘子两端安装半圆形均压环、管状均压环时，其表面电场分布情况。仿真采用的半圆形均压环与管状均压环除在形状上有所差异外，其他参数均一致。图9所示为安装半圆形均压环时复合绝缘子的电场及电势分布云图。图10、图11所示为安装半圆形均压环、管状均压环时复合绝缘子的沿面电势及电场。
由图11可以看出，安装管状均压环和半圆形均压环后的复合绝缘子沿面电势没有明显差异，管状均压环在拉伸电势线的效果上略微优于半圆形均压环。管状均压环的均压效果优于半圆形均压环主要体现在爬电距离为0～200 mm范围内。当爬电距离超过200 mm以后，二者的均压效果基本相同。使用半圆形均压环后复合绝缘子的最大电场强度及其变化如表1所示，其中变化幅度为与安装管状均压环的数据对比。
由表1可以看出，管状均压环在降低复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值的效果上要优于半圆形均压环，复合绝缘子高压端、低压端沿面电场强度最大值均低于半圆形均压环。
2.2 防鸟均压环
防鸟均压环与管状均压环相比除了具有金属圆盘结构外，其余结构参数与管状均压环相同。图12(a)、(b)分别为安装防鸟均压环（低压端安装防鸟均压环，高压端安装等径管状均压环）、管状均压环（包括仅在高压端安装和绝缘子两端都安装）时复合绝缘子的沿面电势及电场分布的仿真结果。当管状均压环仅安装在复合绝缘子高压端时，以下简称“高压端均压环”，安装在复合绝缘子两端时，以下简称“两端均压环”）。
从图12(a)可以看出，复合绝缘子安装防鸟均压环、高压端均压环以及两端均压环时，爬电距离在0～6 000 mm范围内的沿面电势变化不大，三者基本一致；爬电距离在6 000～8 700 mm范围内，防鸟均压环与两端均压环的均压效果几乎一致，均优于高压端均压环。由此可以看出，与两端均压环相比，防鸟均压环的均压效果与低压端安装的管状均压环相同。由图12(b)可以看出，爬电距离在6 000～8 700 mm范围内，安装高压端均压环后复合绝缘子的电场强度高于安装防鸟均压环和两端均压环，且在8 000～9 000 mm范围内，出现电场强度异常升高。安装防鸟均压环和高压端均压环后复合绝缘子的沿面最大电场强度及其变化如表2所示，其中变化幅度为与两端均压环的数据对比。由表2可知，防鸟均压环与两端均压环的均压效果几乎一致，由于防鸟均压环能防止鸟粪直接掉落引起的鸟粪闪络故障，因此在鸟害严重区域可在低压端安装防鸟均压环，以降低鸟害闪络的风险。
3 均压环结构对复合绝缘子电场分布的影响
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220 kV复合绝缘子需在一端或两端安装均压环。本节选取应用最广泛的管状均压环进行研究，研究对象为复合绝缘子两端均安装均压环的情况，通过在220 kV复合绝缘子的高压端、低压端及高低压两端安装不同管径、直径和罩入深度的管状均压环，仿真分析管状均压环的管径、直径和罩入深度对复合绝缘子表面电场分布的影响。选择220 kV线路复合绝缘子实际使用的均压环进行对比，管径Φ=40 mm，直径D=300 mm，罩入深度H=50 mm。在仿真过程中保持其余参数不变，研究单一参数变化的均压规律。如无特殊说明，下文所有“均压环”均指管状均压环。
均压环与均压环或铁塔间绝缘间隙长度受均压环罩入深度的影响，罩入深度的变化将影响绝缘间隙的绝缘性能，均压环罩入深度的示意图如图13所示。
3.1 均压环管径的影响
3.1.1 高压端均压环管径对电场分布的影响
当只改变复合绝缘子高压端均压环的管径时，不同均压环管径对复合绝缘子沿面电势及电场分布影响的仿真结果如图14所示。
从图14可以看出，当均压环管径Φ从30 mm增大至100 mm时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势下降幅度减小，主要改善了爬电距离为200～7 000 mm内的沿面电势，因此增大均压环管径能使复合绝缘子的沿面电势分布更加均匀。不同高压端均压环管径复合绝缘子的最大沿面电场强度及其变化如表3所示，其中变化幅度为与实际使用的管径Φ=40 mm均压环的情况进行对比。
从表3可以看出，随着均压环管径的增大，复合绝缘子高压端的最大沿面电场强度逐渐减小，低压端的最大沿面电场强度则先减小后增大。均压环管径过大会增大均压环与复合绝缘子伞裙接触的概率，同时与鸟粪接触面积的面积增大，会增大鸟害故障发生的概率。综合考虑均压环的起晕电场（20 kV/cm）以及复合绝缘子沿面电场强度最大值约束（5 kV/cm），建议220 kV高压端加装的均压环管径为30～50 mm。
3.1.2 低压端均压环管径对电场分布的影响
当只改变复合绝缘子低压端均压环的管径时，不同均压环管径对复合绝缘子沿面电势及电场分布影响的仿真结果如图15所示。从图15可以看出，当低压端均压环管径从30 mm变化至100 mm时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势整体变化较小，在爬电距离为0～7 000 mm范围内几乎没有变化，在7 000～8 700 mm范围内随着Φ的增大，低压端沿面电势逐渐降低，但降幅较小，对沿面电势整体没有太大影响。不同低压端均压环管径复合绝缘子的最大沿面电场强度及其变化如表4所示，其中变化幅度为与实际使用的Φ=40 mm均压环的情况进行对比。
由表4可知，当低压端均压环管径逐渐增大时，绝缘子高压端的沿面电场强度最大值先减小后增大；低压端沿面电场强度则一直减小，低压端均压环管径变化的影响范围为爬电距离为7 000～8 700 mm的范围内。由于复合绝缘子本身的沿面电场强度较低，加装管径过大的均压环并不能起到良好的防护作用。因此低压端均压环应尽可能选择管径小的均压环进行安装，这样也可以减少鸟粪接触均压环的有效面积，减小鸟害事故发生的概率。
3.1.3 两端均压环管径对电场分布的影响
当同时改变复合绝缘子高、低压端均压环的管径时，得到其沿面电场及电势分布如图16所示。从图16可以看出，两端均压环管径越大，将爬电距离在200～7 000 mm范围内的电势向外拉伸的作用越好，使得复合绝缘子上更多的伞裙承担电势；同时将爬电距离在7 000～8 700 mm范围内的电势降低，使得复合绝缘子端承担的电势降低。不同两端均压环管径复合绝缘子的最大沿面电场强度及其变化如表5所示，其中变化幅度为与实际使用的直径Φ=40 mm均压环的情况进行对比。
由表5可知，两端均压环管径同时变化时综合了仅高压端变化以及仅低压端变化的特点，随着两端均压环管径的增大，高、低压端沿面电场强度最大值均减小，但减小量在管径达到一定程度后也会逐渐减小。说明均压环管径也不能无限制增大，且管径过大会增大均压环与复合绝缘子伞裙接触的概率，对防鸟害效果极为不利。因此需要在满足复合绝缘子沿面电场强度以及均压环表面电场的要求下选择管径尽可能小的均压环。
3.2 均压环直径的影响
3.2.1 高压端均压环直径对电场分布的影响
当只改变复合绝缘子高压端均压环的直径时，不同均压环直径对复合绝缘子电势及电场影响的仿真结果如图17所示。从图17可以看出，当均压环直径从240 mm增大至440 mm时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势不断向外拉伸，主要改善了爬电距离为200～7 000 mm范围的沿面电势，因此均压环直径增大能使复合绝缘子的沿面电势分布更加均匀。不同直径高压端均压环复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度最大值及其变化如表6所示，其中变化幅度为与实际使用的直径D=300 mm均压环的情况进行对比。
由表6可以看出，随着高压端均压环直径的增大，复合绝缘子高压端的沿面电场强度最大值先减小后增大，低压端的沿面电场强度最大值则一直增大。说明均压环的直径也不能无限制增大或减小，直径增大到一定程度后的均压效果会逐渐减弱，且增大到一定程度后均压环与绝缘子伞裙距离太远，无法有效保护复合绝缘子，不能起到原有的均压效果。同时，均压环直径过大会导致均压环与鸟粪下落路径相交的可能变大，增大了鸟粪闪络的概率。均压环直径减小到一定程度后的均压效果也会逐渐减弱，均压环的直径过大或过小最终都会导致均压环失去均压效果。
综合考虑均压环的均压效果以及降低鸟粪闪络两方面来看，高压端均压环直径可以选取为240～300 mm，这既能保证复合绝缘子沿面电场强度不超过允许值，又使得均压环的直径较小，减小与鸟粪接触的概率。
3.2.2 低压端均压环直径对电场分布的影响
当只改变复合绝缘子低压端均压环的直径时，不同直径均压环对复合绝缘子沿面电势及电场影响的仿真结果如图18所示。
从图18可以看出，当低压端均压环直径从240 mm增大到440 mm时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势整体变化较小，在爬电距离为0～7 000 mm范围内几乎没有变化；在爬电距离为7 000～8 700 mm时，均压环直径增大导致复合绝缘子的低压端沿面电势逐渐减小，但降幅较小。不同直径低压端均压环复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度最大值及其变化如表7所示，其中变化幅度为与实际使用的D=300 mm均压环的情况进行对比。
从表7可以看出，随着低压端均压环直径的增大，复合绝缘子高压端的沿面电场强度最大值先减小再增大最后又减小，低压端则是一直增大，最终达到的结果与低压端未加装均压环的效果类似，即低压端均压环在直径过大的情况下出现均压失效的结果。因此加装低压端均压环时，应尽可能选择直径较小的均压环，以此达到均压效果。
3.2.3 两端均压环直径对电场分布的影响
当同时改变复合绝缘子两端均压环的直径时，复合绝缘子沿面电势及电场的仿真结果如图19所示。从图19可以看出，复合绝缘子两端均压环直径同时改变时，综合了仅高压端变化以及仅低压端变化的所有特点，两端均压环直径越大，电势整体分布越高，主要将爬电距离在200～7 000 mm内的电势向外拉伸，使得更多绝缘子串承担电势；但在低压端的均压效果较弱，几乎没有影响。不同直径两端均压环复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度最大值及其变化如表8所示，其中变化幅度为与实际使用的D=300 mm均压环的情况进行对比。
由表8可知，两端均压环直径同时变化时综合了仅高压端变化以及仅低压端变化的特点，高压端沿面电场强度先减小后增大最后又减小，低压端沿面电场强度一直增大。均压环直径过小时均压环无法将电势及电场向外拉伸，最终导致电场及电势局限于高压端的少部分绝缘子串上；均压环直径过大则会使得均压环无法有效保护绝缘子伞裙，也会失去均压效果。因此220 kV复合绝缘子可以选择直径为240～300 mm的均压环。
3.3 均压环罩入深度的影响
3.3.1 高压端均压环罩入深度对电场分布的影响
当只改变复合绝缘子高压端均压环罩入深度时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势及电场仿真结果如图20所示。从图20可以看出，随着高压端均压环罩入深度逐渐增大（即向绝缘子伞裙方向移动），均压环越靠近绝缘子伞裙，均压环拉伸复合绝缘子沿面电势的作用越强，沿面电势在图形上越往上分布，主要影响的是爬电距离为125～7 000 mm的范围，因此均增大压环罩入深度能够使得复合绝缘子的沿面电势分布更加均匀。不同高压端均压环罩入深度复合绝缘子的最大沿面电场强度及其变化如表9所示，其中变化幅度为与高压端均压环罩入深度为50 mm的情况进行对比。
从表9可知，当高压端均压环罩入深度增大时，复合绝缘子高压端的最大沿面电场强度先减小后增大，低压端的最大沿面电场强度则有小幅度增大。罩入深度增大能够增大复合绝缘子中部的沿面电场，但也会导致连接端电场的增大。复合绝缘子高压端是电场最集中的部分，不仅要考虑复合绝缘子伞裙的电场分布，还要兼顾复合绝缘子的端部电场。因此高压端均压环罩入深度可以选择为110 mm左右，这既能将复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度最大值保持在5 kV/cm以下，又能使电场分布较为均匀。
3.3.2 低压端均压环罩入深度对电场分布的影响
当只改变复合绝缘子低压端均压环的罩入深度时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势及电场仿真结果如图21所示。
从图21可以看出，当低压端均压环罩入深度从50 mm变化到170 mm时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势整体变化较小，在爬电距离为0～7 000 mm的范围几乎无变化；在7 000～8 700 mm的范围内随着均压环罩入深度的增加，低压端沿面电势逐渐降低，但降幅较小。不同均压环罩入深度复合绝缘子的最大沿面电场强度及其变化如表10所示，其中变化幅度为与罩入深度为50 mm的情况进行对比。
由表10可知，低压端罩入深度增大时，复合绝缘子高压端的最大沿面电场强度有小幅度增加，低压端的最大沿面电场强度则一直减小。这是因为低压端的沿面电场强度本身较低，对复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度最大值影响较小，因此低压端均压环可选择小一点的罩入深度。
3.3.3 两端均压环直径对电场分布的影响
当同时改变复合绝缘子两端均压环的罩入深度时，复合绝缘子的沿面电势及电场仿真结果如图22所示。从图22可以看出，随着两端均压环罩入深度的增大，复合绝缘子在爬电距离为200～7 000 mm范围的电势向外拉伸，使得更多绝缘子串承担电势；同时将爬电距离在7 000～8 700 mm范围的电势降低，使得复合绝缘子端部承担的电势降低。不同两端均压环罩入深度复合绝缘子的最大沿面电场强度及其变化如表11所示，其中变化幅度为与罩入深度为50 mm的情况进行对比。
由表11可知，随着两端均压环罩入深度的增大，复合绝缘子高压端的沿面电场强度最大值先减小后增大，低压端的沿面电场强度最大值逐渐减小。虽然安装均压环能够降低复合绝缘子的沿面电场，但会使输电线路的耐雷水平降低，因此应尽量选择罩入深度较小的安装方式。
4 结论
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（1）安装位置相同的情况下，同结构参数的管状均压环的均压效果略优于半圆形均压环。防鸟均压环的均压效果与管状均压环的均压效果基本一致，但其圆盘式的结构能够有效防止鸟粪掉落到复合绝缘子伞裙，因此在鸟害严重区域可安装防鸟均压环。
（2）高压端均压环能在整体上改善复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度，低压端均压环改善的范围主要集中在低压端。
（3）高压端均压环管径增大会使复合绝缘子的沿面电场减小；低压端管径增大时，高压端沿面电场强度先减小后增大，低压端沿面电场强度则一直减小。两端均压环管径增大，高、低压端沿面电场强度最大值均减小，且减小量逐渐减小。
（4）高压端均压环直径增大时，复合绝缘子的沿面电场强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势。在低压端均压环直径变化的过程中，高压端沿面电场强度最大值先减小再增大最后又减小。两端均压环直径增大使得高压端沿面电场强度先减小后增大最后又减小，低压端沿面电场强度则一直增大。
（5）增大高压端均压环罩入深度能够提升复合绝缘子中部的沿面电场，使伞裙承担的电压更加均匀，但也会导致连接端电场升高，不利于复合绝缘子的安全运行。
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2023年第56卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.01.009
  • 接收时间：2021-11-30
  • 首发时间：2025-11-21
  • 出版时间：2023-01-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-11-30
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    国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院，宁夏 银川 750011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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