Article(id=1210210520351764679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1632412800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-24, revisedDate=1637251200000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766466272676, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1666195200000, pubDateStr=2022-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766466272676, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766466272676, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766466272676, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210210518682431674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766466272277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563185976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617004252328399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617004252328400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210210521547141331, articleId=1210210520351764679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence Mechanism of Microstructure on Electrical Properties of Polypropylene Resin for Capacitor, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three typical imported PP resins with a large market share for capacitor application were chosen, and their molecule structure, aggregation structure, and electrical properties were systematically measured. The influence law of molecular weight and distribution on the crystallization properties, as well as the action mechanism of crystallization properties on dielectric and breakdown properties was investigated, and in consequence the correlations between microstructure and macroscopic electrical properties was built. The results show that optimizing the molecular weight and distribution avoiding too large and narrow can contribute to regular and compact alinement and stacking of molecules, and then the orientation of dipole and transportation of electrons can be inhibited, resulting in the decrease of dielectric loss and increase of breakdown strength.

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选取3种电容器市场占有率较大的进口聚丙烯树脂,对其分子结构、聚集态结构和电学性能进行测试。通过研究分子量大小与分布对结晶特性的影响规律,以及结晶特性对介电和击穿性能的作用机制,建立了聚丙烯树脂微观结构与宏观电学性能的相互联系。结果表明:调控分子量大小与分布,避免分子量过大以及分布过窄,有助于分子链的规则排列及致密结构的生成,进而抑制偶极子的转向,降低介质损耗,同时抑制电子的迁移,提高击穿场强。

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刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事电气功能电介质材料的研究。
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程璐(1988-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,助理教授,主要从事储能电介质材料与电力电容器评价的研究。

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程璐(1988-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,助理教授,主要从事储能电介质材料与电力电容器评价的研究。

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figureFileBig=noMxMzBGb8Q9sxfhim+pow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253791438434763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210520351764679, language=CN, label=图7, caption=聚丙烯树脂直流击穿场强与结晶度的关联, figureFileSmall=xoHYIgfQK42WvyE3pq11FA==, figureFileBig=noMxMzBGb8Q9sxfhim+pow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253791534903759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210520351764679, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Molecular weight of PP samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样MnMwD
PP-A101 437337 1453.32
PP-B72 088346 5494.81
PP-C82 853334 4714.04
), ArticleFig(id=1210253791639761363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210520351764679, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

聚丙烯树脂分子量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样MnMwD
PP-A101 437337 1453.32
PP-B72 088346 5494.81
PP-C82 853334 4714.04
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电容器用聚丙烯树脂微观结构对电学性能的影响机理研究
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程璐 1 , 刘文凤 1 , 马宇威 1 , 刘宏博 1 , 徐哲 1 , 张翀 2 , 戴熙瀛 2 , 邢照亮 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(10): 33-38
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(10): 33-38
电容器用聚丙烯树脂微观结构对电学性能的影响机理研究
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程璐1, 刘文凤1, 马宇威1, 刘宏博1, 徐哲1, 张翀2, 戴熙瀛2, 邢照亮2
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2全球能源互联网研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 程璐(1988-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,助理教授,主要从事储能电介质材料与电力电容器评价的研究。

通讯作者:

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事电气功能电介质材料的研究。
Influence Mechanism of Microstructure on Electrical Properties of Polypropylene Resin for Capacitor
Lu CHENG1, Wenfeng LIU1, Yuwei MA1, Hongbo LIU1, Zhe XU1, Chong ZHANG2, Xiying DAI2, Zhaoliang XING2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Power Equipment and Electrical Insulation, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
  • 2Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2022-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.006
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选取3种电容器市场占有率较大的进口聚丙烯树脂,对其分子结构、聚集态结构和电学性能进行测试。通过研究分子量大小与分布对结晶特性的影响规律,以及结晶特性对介电和击穿性能的作用机制,建立了聚丙烯树脂微观结构与宏观电学性能的相互联系。结果表明:调控分子量大小与分布,避免分子量过大以及分布过窄,有助于分子链的规则排列及致密结构的生成,进而抑制偶极子的转向,降低介质损耗,同时抑制电子的迁移,提高击穿场强。

电容器  /  聚丙烯  /  聚集态结构  /  击穿场强

Three typical imported PP resins with a large market share for capacitor application were chosen, and their molecule structure, aggregation structure, and electrical properties were systematically measured. The influence law of molecular weight and distribution on the crystallization properties, as well as the action mechanism of crystallization properties on dielectric and breakdown properties was investigated, and in consequence the correlations between microstructure and macroscopic electrical properties was built. The results show that optimizing the molecular weight and distribution avoiding too large and narrow can contribute to regular and compact alinement and stacking of molecules, and then the orientation of dipole and transportation of electrons can be inhibited, resulting in the decrease of dielectric loss and increase of breakdown strength.

capacitor  /  polypropylene  /  aggregation structure  /  breakdown strength
程璐, 刘文凤, 马宇威, 刘宏博, 徐哲, 张翀, 戴熙瀛, 邢照亮. 电容器用聚丙烯树脂微观结构对电学性能的影响机理研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (10) : 33 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.006
Lu CHENG, Wenfeng LIU, Yuwei MA, Hongbo LIU, Zhe XU, Chong ZHANG, Xiying DAI, Zhaoliang XING. Influence Mechanism of Microstructure on Electrical Properties of Polypropylene Resin for Capacitor[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (10) : 33 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.006
电力电容器作为电力系统中重要的一次设备,起到滤除谐波、改善功率因数、储存电能等重要作用[1-4]。根据电容器作用和工况的不同,电力电容器主要包括交流工况下使用的并联补偿电容器、串联补偿电容器和交流滤波电容器,直流工况下使用的直流滤波电容器、直流支撑电容器,以及脉冲电容器等[5]。电容器种类繁多且使用环境和性能指标不尽相同,然而不同类型电容器所用的介质材料几乎均为双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜(BOPP)。BOPP是由聚丙烯(PP)熔融挤出后流延成厚片,然后在特定温度下经过异步或同步双向拉伸制得[6],其兼具较高的电气强度和极低的介质损耗,同时机械加工性能和经济成本具有优势,因此成为了难以替代的电容器介质材料[7-9]
电工用聚丙烯树脂是聚丙烯中的顶端产品,相比普通包装用聚丙烯树脂,其纯度要求更高,性能稳定性要求更加严格。目前我国电容器用BOPP薄膜的整体产能约为10万吨,占全球总产能的40%左右[10];然而我国电容器用聚丙烯树脂原料仍然依赖进口,导致原料价格长期居高不下,电容器行业经济负担沉重,产能受制于人。在国际与国内市场中,电工用聚丙烯树脂市场占有率和认可度最高的为北欧化工的系列产品,甚至一度形成了市场垄断;此外,新加坡TPC公司、大韩油化生产的聚丙烯树脂近年来也占据了部分市场。我国的石油化工行业在这方面也做了相关工作,2012年上海石化与北京化工研究院合作开发了灰分低于50×10-6的聚丙烯树脂(F300C),为电工用聚丙烯树脂的研发奠定了基础;中原石化通过优化第二代环管法聚丙烯工艺技术,结合北京化工研究院研发的高活性催化剂,开发出了电容器专用聚丙烯树脂(PPH-FC03),并于2018年1月在湖北龙辰电子试用成功,然而在进一步的评估实验中发现其性能指标与进口原料仍然存在一定差距,因此该款产品仍未大批量投入实际应用[11-14]
可见,电容器用聚丙烯树脂的国产化成为了现阶段我国电容器技术发展的“卡脖子”环节,开发高性能国产电容器用聚丙烯树脂是目前电容器行业亟待解决的问题。开展电容器用聚丙烯树脂国产化研究的首要任务是全面系统掌握国际主流聚丙烯树脂的结构和性能参数。因此本研究选取目前市场认可度较高的3家进口电容器用聚丙烯树脂样品,通过对其分子结构和聚集态结构进行测试表征,获得聚丙烯树脂分子链结构对薄膜结晶特性的影响规律和机理,进而结合电学性能测试,建立聚丙烯微观结构与宏观性能的相互联系。
本研究所选聚丙烯试样为产自3个不同国家的电容器专用树脂粒料,分别命名为PP-A、PP-B和PP-C。结构测试使用试样均为原始粒料,电学性能测试所用试样为通过热压法在190℃条件下制备的聚丙烯薄膜,其厚度约为120 μm。
对于聚丙烯微观结构的测试主要针对分子链结构和聚集态结构。其中分子链结构测试包括等规度和分子量分布。参考GB/T 2412—2008,用沸腾正庚烷抽提法测试试样的等规度。将聚丙烯破碎成粉末后放入玻璃砂漏斗,在索氏提取器中用沸腾正庚烷抽提24 h,以不溶物的质量分数作为样品的等规度。采用PL-GPC220型高温凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)测试聚丙烯粒料的分子量。在150℃下,将粒料溶于1,2,4-三氯苯溶剂中,以1 mL/min的流速进行测试。聚集态结构的表征包括采用搭载热台的偏光显微镜(PLM)观察不同聚丙烯试样的结晶形态,以及采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试聚丙烯试样的结晶参数。XRD的测试条件为常温,测试角度范围为10°~30°。热台首先以10℃/min的升温速率从室温升至180℃,并保温3 min以确保试样完全熔融;然后以5℃/min的速率降温至130℃,再以2℃/min的速率降温,观察聚丙烯试样的结晶过程,直至显微镜视野内不再发生变化,整个结晶过程结束。DSC的测试过程以10℃/min的速率升温至200℃并保温3 min消除热历史,然后以10℃/min的速率降温至30℃获得结晶曲线,再以10℃/min的速率升温至200℃获得熔融曲线。
电学性能的测试包括介电性能测试和击穿特性测试。采用Novocontrol Concept 80型宽带介电谱仪测试聚丙烯薄膜试样在常温下频率为0.1 Hz~10 kHz范围内介电常数和介质损耗的频率响应。直流击穿测试采用直径为25 mm的球-球铜电极,电极与薄膜试样均浸入硅油内以减少电晕放电对薄膜击穿电压的影响,升压速率设置为1 kV/s,每个试样至少测试30个击穿点。
聚丙烯树脂的分子链结构包括分子链大小、形态,它决定了分子链的堆叠排列特性,进而影响载流子在聚丙烯薄膜中的迁移特性。因此,分析聚丙烯树脂的分子链结构和聚集态结构对于高性能电容器用聚丙烯树脂的研究至关重要[15]。本研究首先对3种试样的等规度进行测试,得到PP-A、PP-B和PP-C的等规度分别为98.76%、98.57%和98.31%。可见,电容器用聚丙烯树脂均为高等规度原料,并且3种试样之间没有呈现出显著差距。等规度对于聚丙烯的结晶和成膜特性都有影响,较高的等规度有利于提高薄膜的结晶度,但同时会对薄膜的成膜特性产生负面影响,因此为了平衡BOPP的各项性能,电工用聚丙烯树脂的等规度基本上都控制在相近的水平。
高分子聚合物的分子量大小与分布对材料的结晶性能和加工性能具有重要影响,也是原料厂商在设计制造产品过程中重点调控的参数之一。本研究采用凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)测试了3种试样的分子量,并计算提取试样的数均分子量Mn、重均分子量Mw和多分布系数DD=Mw/Mn),结果见表1
表1可以看出,PP-B具有最小的Mn,同时其Mw略高于其他两种试样,超过了340 000,因此其D值最大。PP-A和PP-C的重均分子量相差不大,但是二者的D值相差显著,PP-A的D值在3种试样中最小,即分子量分布更加集中。通常分子量分布越宽,薄膜的加工性能越好,但是对于结晶性能会有一定影响,因此一般电工用聚丙烯树脂的分子量分布会比包装用聚丙烯树脂更窄,D值大部分集中在4~6[13]
无论是等规度还是分子量大小,对于聚丙烯薄膜性能的作用都是通过产生不同的聚集态结构影响薄膜中载流子的迁移特性,进而导致介电性能和击穿性能的差异。因此研究薄膜的结晶结构、特征参数的变化对于建立聚丙烯微观结构和宏观性能的相互联系至关重要。为了探究不同聚丙烯树脂的结晶形态,采用热台搭载偏光显微镜对聚丙烯试样进行非等温结晶,结晶完成的形态如图1所示。从图1可以看出,3种试样都呈现出典型的球晶形态,并且相邻球晶之间的晶界为直线状态,表明不同厂家的聚丙烯树脂成核机理相同,因为只有同时成核且球晶生长速率相同的球晶界面才会形成平面,否则会形成回转双曲面。不同的是,3种球晶的尺寸和分布差异显著,其中PP-A的球晶尺寸最小,大部分分布在50 μm以下且晶界较为模糊,这与PP-A具有最窄的分子量分布有关[16];而PP-B和PP-C的球晶直径均达到150~200 μm,晶粒大小均匀,晶界清晰。
本研究采用X射线衍射的方法测定聚丙烯薄膜试样的晶型,其XRD结果如图2所示。
图2中PP-C仅呈现出了α的特征峰:2θ为14.1°、16.9°、18.5°、21.2°,分别对应晶面(110)、(040)、(130)和(111),表明试样PP-C为单纯的α晶。与之不同的是,PP-A与PP-B在2θ=16.1°处出现了强烈的衍射峰,其对应晶面(300)为β晶的特征峰,说明试样PP-A和PP-B中为α晶与β晶共存,且根据衍射峰强度可以看出β晶占主导地位。单斜晶的α晶型和六方晶的β晶型均为聚丙烯常见的晶型,在BOPP薄膜生产过程中,正是由于β晶在双向拉伸环节受到温度和应力的作用转为α晶,才使得薄膜表面呈现出“粗化”现象[6],便于后续油浸式电容器的真空浸渍环节顺利开展。考虑到α晶由于结构更加规则也更加稳定,在试样中广泛存在,而β晶属于亚稳态通常不会在试样中长期大量存在,因此推测试样PP-A和PP-B中加入了一定量的β成核剂。
通过DSC可以进一步研究3种聚丙烯试样的结晶特性,图3为3种树脂的DSC熔融和结晶曲线。
图3可以看出,不同的聚丙烯树脂的结晶温度都集中在112℃附近;但是熔融温度(Tm)呈现了差异化分布,其中PP-C的熔融温度最高达到了166.43℃,PP-A的熔融温度相比PP-C降低了约1℃,而PP-B的熔融温度最低,为164.27℃。Tm的差异一定程度上可以由XRD的测试结果解释。晶型是影响聚合物熔融温度最主要的因素之一,相比β晶,α晶结构更规则,因此也具有更高的熔融温度,约为165℃,而β晶的熔融温度一般为154℃左右[17]。因此图3中晶型为α晶的PP-C熔融温度最高,而β晶与α晶共存的PP-A和PP-B的Tm相对较低。除晶型以外,晶片厚度也会对熔融温度造成影响,通常高分子晶体表面普遍存在熔融温度较低的分子链排列不规则区域,晶片厚度越小,该不规则排列部分所占比例越大,熔融温度越低。由此推断在3种聚丙烯试样中,PP-C的晶片厚度大且分子链堆叠规整度更高,对应的PP-B的晶片厚度较小,分子链排列不规则区域占比更大。
通过对熔融峰进行积分[18],计算熔融峰面积可以得到PP-A、PP-B和PP-C的结晶度(Xc%)分别为52.9%、51.5%和54.1%。与熔融温度相对应,PP-C呈现出了相较其他两种聚丙烯试样更高的结晶度,其最高的结晶度和熔融温度共同说明PP-C具有更强的结晶能力。在分子链结构和等规度没有明显差异的情况下,聚合物的结晶特性受分子量大小和分布的影响较为显著。图4为3种聚丙烯试样的GPC测试结果与DSC测试结果的关联对比。从图4可以看出,重均分子量的增大导致了结晶度和熔融温度同时下降。对于大分子聚合物而言,分子量越大,结晶度越低,分子量达到一定值后结晶度趋于稳定。结晶过程主要取决于链段向晶核扩散和规整堆积的速度,分子量越大,结晶过程中链段的扩散和迁移规整排列速度越慢,进而一定程度上导致结晶度降低[19]。因此具有最大重均分子量且分子量分布最宽的PP-B结晶度和熔融温度都显著低于PP-A和PP-C。
聚丙烯薄膜作为电容器的介质材料,其介电常数(ε′)和介质损耗因数(tanδ)是最重要的电学性能参数。本研究测试了3种聚丙烯试样在30℃下0.1 Hz~10 kHz频率范围内的介电频谱,如图5所示。从图5可以看出,3种聚丙烯树脂的介电常数没有显著区别,并且随着频率的增大呈现出略微减小的趋势。虽然聚丙烯作为一种非极性介质不存在固有偶极矩,但是在聚丙烯的生产过程中会加入各种助剂、防老化剂、改性剂以及吸附分子(如水分子)等,因此不可避免会含有少量杂质产生松弛极化。在高频下松弛极化过程的响应出现滞后,导致介电常数随着频率的升高出现小幅下降。与之对应的介质损耗频谱中,在500~4 000 Hz的频率范围内3种聚丙烯试样均呈现出损耗峰。而损耗峰的频率范围对应了不同的松弛极化过程,其中偶极子转向极化通常根据偶极子类型的不同,频率范围分布在100~105 Hz,属于松弛极化中响应速率最快的极化类型;相比之下,同属于跳跃极化的热离子极化和空间电荷极化响应速率相对较慢,通常热离子极化对应的频率范围为10-3~102 Hz,空间电荷极化则更慢,对应频率范围为10-9~10-3 Hz[20-21]。因此根据损耗峰对应的频率范围推测图5中聚丙烯试样的损耗主要是由少量的杂质小分子、分子链段及支链的转向极化导致[22]
进一步提取3种试样介质损耗峰对应的频率,按照损耗峰频率由高到低分别为PP-B(3 644 Hz)、PP-A(949 Hz)、PP-C(484 Hz),与结晶度大小呈负相关关系,结晶度越大对应损耗峰频率越低。当外施电压的周期与松弛极化建立所需时间相当,即ωτ≈1(ω为外施电压频率,τ为松弛极化过程的时间常数)时,介质损耗频谱出现峰值[23]图5中的介质损耗峰对应了聚丙烯链段、杂质小分子的转向松弛过程,而在聚合物内部,偶极子的转向过程在分子链排列规则且紧密的结晶区域内很难发生[19],大量的偶极子转向松弛极化发生在无定形区域内,以及晶片表面分子链排列不规则的区域,因此结晶度越大,晶片厚度越厚,转向极化的活化能越高,松弛过程建立所需时间越长,对应的介质损耗峰频率越低。
除了介电特性以外,聚丙烯的击穿场强对电容器的性能同样起着至关重要的作用。因此本研究通过直流击穿测试研究不同试样的电气强度。每种试样至少测试30个点,并根据式(1)对其进行威布尔分布统计。
Fx=1-e-(x-c)αβ
式(1)中:x为试样两端施加的场强;F(x)为外施场强Ex时发生击穿的概率;α为尺度参数,表示击穿概率为63.2%时所对应的击穿场强;β为形状参数,反映数据的分散性,其值越大说明数据的分散性越小;c为位置参数,此处设定c=0。
图6展示了3种试样的直流击穿场强威布尔分布。从图6中可以看出,3种聚丙烯试样直流击穿场强的分布特性差异不大,PP-B的分散性略大于PP-A和PP-C。其差距主要体现在不同聚丙烯树脂的尺度参数,又称为特征击穿场强。PP-A、PP-B和PP-C的直流特征击穿场强分别为433.3、346.3、443.5 kV/mm,PP-A和PP-C的直流击穿场强相比PP-B分别提高了25%和28%。
值得注意的是,本研究测试的聚丙烯薄膜击穿场强与电容器实际应用的BOPP薄膜通常呈现的600 kV/mm以上的电气强度具有一定差距,这主要是由于一方面本研究击穿测试所用聚丙烯薄膜均为热压法制备而成,其厚度是常用BOPP薄膜的10倍以上,厚度差异很大程度上会导致击穿场强降低;另一方面热压聚丙烯薄膜与双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜的结晶形态不同,前者如图1所示呈现为球晶的聚集态结构,而后者由于拉伸作用分子链出现了取向并且呈现出“环形结晶”,因此通过热压薄膜得到的击穿性能并不能完全对应该聚丙烯树脂BOPP薄膜的击穿特性。将聚丙烯试样的结晶度与直流特征击穿场强进行对比,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,聚丙烯的直流特征击穿场强与结晶度具有很强的相关性,PP-A和PP-C在具有较高结晶度的同时其直流击穿场强也同时明显高于PP-B。聚丙烯属于半结晶聚合物,因为分子排列状态直接受到温度影响,所以击穿过程及机理可以根据温度的不同分为3个阶段:低于玻璃化转变温度时为电子崩击穿主导,温度处于玻璃化转变温度与熔融温度之间时为非晶电介质的集体击穿主导,温度接近熔融温度时为电机械击穿主导[24]。对于电子崩击穿,结晶度的提升会导致电子平均自由程增大,有助于电子在电场作用下加速获得足够动能发生碰撞电离,因此结晶度的提升会导致击穿场强的降低[25]。而本研究所有的击穿测试在室温下进行,因此击穿过程为Frohlich的非晶电介质的集体击穿。相比球晶内部致密有序的结构,在晶界部分存在大量无规则排列小分子以及杂质形成的缺陷;从陷阱的角度来讲,在非晶区以及结晶区与非晶区的界面处通常存在大量浅陷阱,浅陷阱的存在一定程度上可以促进电子输运过程,使得击穿路径一般都沿晶界发展,因此较高的结晶度有助于击穿场强的提升[2628]
(1)电容器用聚丙烯树脂均为高等规度材料,其分子量的大小对结晶特性具有显著影响,分子量越大,结晶度和熔融温度越低。
(2)部分厂商可能为了促进双向拉伸过程结晶的转变加入了β成核剂,高结晶度有助于提升聚丙烯薄膜的直流击穿场强,同时抑制聚丙烯内部的转向极化发生。
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2022年第55卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.006
  • 接收时间:2021-09-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-24
  • 修回日期:2021-11-19
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国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5500-201958321A-0-0-00)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2全球能源互联网研究院有限公司,北京 102209

通讯作者:

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事电气功能电介质材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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