Article(id=1210201266437886043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1628956800000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-15, revisedDate=1632067200000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464066370, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660924800000, pubDateStr=2022-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464066370, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464066370, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464066370, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201262210027558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464065363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563147232, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201266727293033, articleId=1210201266437886043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Aggregation Morphology of Copper Products on Performance of Transformer Oil, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the aggregation morphology of copper products in transformer oil and its influence on the ageing performance of transformer oil were investigated. The aggregation morphology of copper products in oil were tested by molecular weight distribution test method, and the ageing properties of oil samples were also analyzed periodically. The results show that the distribution of copper products changes with the ageing time obviously. The proportion of ionic copper decreases gradually with the ageing time, while the proportion of colloidal and suspended copper exhibit a tendency of continuous accumulation. The acid value and dielectric loss factor of the transformer oil increase significantly with ageing time, while the breakdown voltage decreases continuously. The concentration of ionic, colloidal, and suspended copper are positively correlated with the acid value and dielectric loss factor, and negatively correlated with the breakdown voltage.

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本文主要针对变压器油中铜类产物聚集形态及其对油样老化性能的影响进行研究,采用分子量分布测试方法对油中铜类产物聚集形态进行检测,并定期对绝缘油的老化性能进行分析。结果表明:铜类产物随老化时间的延长分布变化明显,铜的离子态占比随老化时间的延长逐渐降低,而胶体态与悬浮态占比呈现不断累积的趋势;变压器油酸值与介质损耗因数随老化时间的延长显著增大,而油的击穿电压呈现不断减小的趋势;铜的离子态、胶体态和悬浮态浓度与变压器油酸值、介质损耗因数呈显著的正相关性,而与击穿电压呈显著的负相关性。

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张海丰(1974-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,教授,博士,主要从事金属赋存形态与变压器故障预警相关的研究。
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林海丹(1984-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘材料的研究。

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林海丹(1984-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘材料的研究。

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林海丹(1984-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘材料的研究。

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铜类产物聚集形态对变压器油性能的影响
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林海丹 1 , 胡梦竹 2 , 司金凤 3 , 张海丰 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(8): 59-63
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(8): 59-63
铜类产物聚集形态对变压器油性能的影响
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林海丹1, 胡梦竹2, 司金凤3, 张海丰3
作者信息
  • 1国网吉林省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,吉林 长春 130012
  • 2广西电网有限公司 电力科学研究院,广西 南宁 530000
  • 3东北电力大学 化工学院,吉林 吉林 132012
  • 林海丹(1984-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事高电压绝缘材料的研究。

通讯作者:

张海丰(1974-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,教授,博士,主要从事金属赋存形态与变压器故障预警相关的研究。
Effect of Aggregation Morphology of Copper Products on Performance of Transformer Oil
Haidan LIN1, Mengzhu HU2, Jinfeng SI3, Haifeng ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of Jilin Electric Power Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China
  • 2Electric Power Science Pesearch Institute of Guangxi Electric Grid Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
  • 3School of Chemistry Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
出版时间: 2022-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.010
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本文主要针对变压器油中铜类产物聚集形态及其对油样老化性能的影响进行研究,采用分子量分布测试方法对油中铜类产物聚集形态进行检测,并定期对绝缘油的老化性能进行分析。结果表明:铜类产物随老化时间的延长分布变化明显,铜的离子态占比随老化时间的延长逐渐降低,而胶体态与悬浮态占比呈现不断累积的趋势;变压器油酸值与介质损耗因数随老化时间的延长显著增大,而油的击穿电压呈现不断减小的趋势;铜的离子态、胶体态和悬浮态浓度与变压器油酸值、介质损耗因数呈显著的正相关性,而与击穿电压呈显著的负相关性。

变压器油  /  铜类产物  /  聚集形态  /  老化性能

In this paper, the aggregation morphology of copper products in transformer oil and its influence on the ageing performance of transformer oil were investigated. The aggregation morphology of copper products in oil were tested by molecular weight distribution test method, and the ageing properties of oil samples were also analyzed periodically. The results show that the distribution of copper products changes with the ageing time obviously. The proportion of ionic copper decreases gradually with the ageing time, while the proportion of colloidal and suspended copper exhibit a tendency of continuous accumulation. The acid value and dielectric loss factor of the transformer oil increase significantly with ageing time, while the breakdown voltage decreases continuously. The concentration of ionic, colloidal, and suspended copper are positively correlated with the acid value and dielectric loss factor, and negatively correlated with the breakdown voltage.

transformer oil  /  copper products  /  aggregation morphology  /  ageing characteristics
林海丹, 胡梦竹, 司金凤, 张海丰. 铜类产物聚集形态对变压器油性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (8) : 59 -63 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.010
Haidan LIN, Mengzhu HU, Jinfeng SI, Haifeng ZHANG. Effect of Aggregation Morphology of Copper Products on Performance of Transformer Oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (8) : 59 -63 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.010
电力变压器作为电网枢纽重要的设备之一,其稳定运行直接关系到电力系统供电的可靠性[1]。变压器油具有绝缘、冷却、灭弧和信息载体的重要功能,其性能的优劣直接关系到变压器的安全稳定运行[2]。近年来,变压器油中的铜杂质备受关注[3-5],作为过渡金属,铜在变压器油老化过程中起到重要的催化作用,致使油品的绝缘性能下降。此外,在一些故障变压器和电抗器中甚至发现铜的腐蚀物和沉积物,对变压器的稳定运行带来重大隐患。
变压器在长期运行过程中,绝缘油中固有的极性物质和氧化初期产生的自由基不可避免地攻击铜材质,形成的铜类产物具有很强的催化氧化作用,加速油品中氧化产物的分解,生成的酸性物质会进一步加速铜材质的腐蚀[6-7]。铜类产物在变压器油中以不同的聚集形态存在,如离子态、胶体态、悬浮态等。识别变压器油中铜类产物的聚集形态,考察铜类产物的不同聚集形态对变压器油性能的影响,对于了解变压器的运行状态,并实施有效的防控措施具有重要的现实意义,然而此领域的研究鲜见报道。
本研究围绕铜类产物的聚集形态,重点考察变压器油中铜的离子态、胶体态、悬浮态随老化时间变化的分布规律,通过定期监测变压器油的性能参数,解析铜类产物不同聚集形态对变压器油老化性能的影响。
25#克拉玛依变压器新油、铜片(纯度为99.9%,厚度为1 mm)、绝缘纸(普通牛皮纸),铜片及绝缘纸的预处理过程参照文献[8]。
取3个500 mL洁净干燥的烧瓶,在真空箱中向每个烧瓶装入300 g油样,放入15 g处理好的绝缘纸(油纸质量比为20∶1),并放入5片尺寸为15 mm×20 mm的铜片(每0.05 cm2铜片对应1 g油样,ABB公司提供的参考值),立即密封,将3个装有油样的烧瓶放入120℃恒温老化箱中,每周取样进行测定,试验数据取3个油样测定的平均值。
油样酸值按照GB/T 7599—1987《运行中变压器油、汽轮机油酸值测定法(BTB法)》进行测定;油样击穿电压按照GB/T 507—2002《绝缘油击穿电压测定法》进行测定;油样介质损耗因数按照GB/T 5654—2007《液体绝缘材料相对电容率、介质损耗因数和直流电阻率的测量》进行测量。
油样中铜含量测定参照文献[9]的操作步骤,铜类产物不同聚集形态采用分子量分布测定方法进行测定[10],具体操作为:①取原油样进行总铜含量测定,记为C1;②取原油样经过0.45 μm微膜(Millipore,USA)过滤,滤出油样测定铜含量,记为C2,铜的悬浮态含量=C1-C2;③取经过0.45 μm微膜过滤后的油样经1 kDa超滤膜(Millipore,USA)过滤,过滤液测定铜含量记为C3C3为铜的离子态含量;④铜的胶体态含量=C2-C3
图1显示了铜类产物3种不同聚集形态浓度随老化时间的变化。由图1可知,铜类产物的聚集形态最早出现的是离子态,其浓度随老化时间的延长逐渐增加,在42 d时浓度达到0.45 mg/kg,随后离子态浓度在0.41~0.52 mg/kg范围内波动并趋于稳定。前期研究表明油中生成的铜离子具有恶性循环的特征[11],变压器铜金属部件受到油中酸性物质、过氧化物、重金属盐、硫、氨等物质攻击[8],导致铜被腐蚀释放铜离子,其催化作用会加速油样的老化,而生成具有腐蚀作用的氧化产物会加速铜离子的生成。铜类产物的胶体态在21 d出现,其浓度随着老化时间的延长逐渐增加,70 d时浓度增加至1.32 mg/kg;铜类产物的悬浮态在28 d时出现,与胶体态含量变化相似,呈明显的单峰分布特征,70 d时铜类产物的悬浮态浓度达到最大值,为2.32 mg/kg。
图2是铜类产物不同聚集形态的占比随老化时间的变化。由图2可见,铜的离子态占比随老化时间的延长不断降低,尤其是14~28 d离子态占比急剧降低,然而铜的胶体态占比在此阶段迅速升高,相关报道表明铜的离子态能与油中氧化产物形成金属皂化物[12],这可能是铜的胶体态占比急剧升高的原因。铜的悬浮态占比在21 d后迅速升高,42 d后占比超过50%,前期研究表明随着油中氧化产物的不断增加,生成的聚合物通过吸附或螯合作用不断累积铜杂质,从而引起铜的悬浮态含量不断累积。从铜类产物聚集形态变化趋势而言,铜的离子态占比随老化时间的延长逐渐降低,而胶体态与悬浮态占比呈现出先迅速升高并不断累积的趋势。
图3显示了变压器油各项性能随老化时间的变化。由图3(a)可见,变压器油酸值随老化时间的延长呈现出先缓慢增大后迅速增大的趋势,酸值由最初的0.21 mgKOH/g急剧增大到70 d时的1.16 mgKOH/g,增长了约4.5倍。酸值表征油样中有机酸与无机酸的含量[13],油样及绝缘纸老化过程中产生的酸性物质会加速铜的腐蚀,腐蚀过程中产生的铜离子通过催化作用导致油样老化加速[7],使得油样的介质损耗因数不断增大(图3(c))。与酸值变化趋势不同,绝缘油的击穿电压随老化时间的延长呈现先缓慢减小,在老化21~28 d急剧减小,随后缓慢减小的趋势(图3(b))。击穿电压反映绝缘油耐受电压的能力,与油中水分、杂质和导电微粒的关系密切,绝缘油的击穿电压下降会严重影响变压器的运行[7]。由图3(c)可以看出,油样的介质损耗因数随老化时间的延长明显增大,由7 d时的0.22%增加至70 d时的15.82%。
图4反映了铜的离子态与变压器油性能指标之间的相关性。由图4可见,铜的离子态浓度与变压器油酸值(R2=0.97)、介质损耗因数(R2=0.95)呈显著的正相关性,而离子态浓度与击穿电压(R2=0.95)呈显著负相关性。在变压器油的正常运行中,不仅油品老化能产生酸类物质,绝缘纸在放电或过热环境下也能产生酸性物质,酸性物质的产生直接导致铜材质的腐蚀,因此油样酸值增大显著提高了铜的离子态含量(图4(a))。铜的离子态作为活性
带电粒子,在电场条件下将激活烃类分子形成游离基团[11],铜离子及游离基团具有电泳电导倾向,会显著减小绝缘油的击穿电压(图4(b)),并导致介质损耗因数增加(图4(c))。
图5反映了铜的胶体态浓度与变压器油性能指标之间的相关性。由图5可见,铜的胶体态浓度与绝缘油酸值(R2=0.78)、介质损耗因数(R2=0.91)呈显著正相关性,而与击穿电压(R2=0.92)呈负相关性,表明铜的胶体态显著影响油样的介电性能。分析认为铜的胶体态主要由铜离子与醇、醛、酮、酸等极性产物经配位生成[9],直接引起油样绝缘性能降低,导致介质损耗因数增大。
图6显示了铜的悬浮态浓度与变压器油性能指标之间的相关性。由图6可见,铜的悬浮态浓度与油的酸值(R2=0.91)、介质损耗因数(R2=0.98)呈显著正相关性,而与绝缘油击穿电压呈显著负相关性(R2=0.99)。铜的悬浮态含量与酸值呈显著正相关性,这可能归因于酸值增大将引起油样中铜离子(图4(a))及老化产物增加,大量有机聚合产物吸附或螯合铜离子[11],从而增加了铜的悬浮态含量(图1)。由于铜的悬浮态具有导电性,在电场作用下发生定向迁移而直接导致击穿电压减小(图6(b))与介质损耗因数增大(图6(c))。
(1)铜类产物在变压器油老化过程中出现的顺序为离子态、胶体态、悬浮态,随着老化时间的延长,铜的离子态占比逐渐降低,而胶体态与悬浮态占比呈现出先迅速增加并不断累积的趋势。
(2)变压器油性能随老化时间的延长变化明显,其中酸值呈现出先缓慢增大后迅速累积的趋势,击穿电压呈现先缓慢减小后急剧减小最后缓慢减小的趋势,介质损耗因数随老化时间的延长显著增大。
(3)铜的离子态、胶体态和悬浮态浓度与变压器油酸值、介质损耗因数呈显著的正相关性,而与击穿电压呈显著的负相关性。
  • 国网吉林省电力有限公司科技项目(2020-22-0110)
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2022年第55卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.010
  • 接收时间:2021-08-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-15
  • 修回日期:2021-09-20
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国网吉林省电力有限公司科技项目(2020-22-0110)
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    1国网吉林省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,吉林 长春 130012
    2广西电网有限公司 电力科学研究院,广西 南宁 530000
    3东北电力大学 化工学院,吉林 吉林 132012

通讯作者:

张海丰(1974-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,教授,博士,主要从事金属赋存形态与变压器故障预警相关的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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