Article(id=1210201265968123977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1628697600000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-12, revisedDate=1634572800000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464066258, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660924800000, pubDateStr=2022-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464066258, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464066258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464066258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201262210027558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464065363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563147232, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201266249142357, articleId=1210201265968123977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and Properties of Aramid Fibrid/Mica Composite Insulating Paper, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using aramid fibrid as reinforcing material and introducing into mica paper-based materials, we manufacture an aramid fibrid/mica composite insulating paper by wet paper with pulp. The morphology, mechanical strength, insulating properties, thermal stability, and glue permeability of the composite paper were systematically studied. The results show that the flake mica and ribbon-like aramid fibrid are orderly stacked to form a “brick-mud” structure. The increase of aramid content makes the composite paper structure more compact, and the mechanical strength also increases. With the increase of aramid content, the gap between mica is filled, and the air permeability of composite paper decreases. The electric strength and thermal stability of the composite paper decrease with the increase of thickness, but the composite paper still maintains good insulating properties and thermal resistance.

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以芳纶沉析纤维作为补强材料模型引入云母纸基材料,利用湿法抄造成形制备了芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合绝缘纸,系统研究了复合纸的形貌、机械强度、绝缘性能、热稳定性、胶液渗透性等。结果表明:片状的云母和飘带状的芳纶沉析纤维相间有序堆叠,形成类似“砖-泥”结构,芳纶含量的增加使复合纸结构更加紧密,机械强度也随之提高。芳纶含量的增加填补了云母之间的空缺,复合纸透气度随之下降;复合纸厚度的增加使其电气强度和热稳定性降低,但复合纸仍然保持着较好的绝缘性能和耐温性能。

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冯清华(1984-),男(汉族),江西九江人,副教授,主要从事纸基绝缘材料的研究。
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王淼林(1997-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,硕士生,主要从事纸基绝缘材料方面的研究。

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王淼林(1997-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,硕士生,主要从事纸基绝缘材料方面的研究。

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王淼林(1997-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,硕士生,主要从事纸基绝缘材料方面的研究。

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芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合绝缘纸的制备及性能
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王淼林 1 , 李俊 2 , 谢益民 1 , 李新辉 2 , 冯清华 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(8): 32-36
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(8): 32-36
芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合绝缘纸的制备及性能
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王淼林1, 李俊2, 谢益民1, 李新辉2, 冯清华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1湖北工业大学 制浆造纸工程研究所,湖北 武汉 430068
  • 2湖北平安电工科技股份公司,湖北 咸宁 437400
  • 王淼林(1997-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,硕士生,主要从事纸基绝缘材料方面的研究。

通讯作者:

冯清华(1984-),男(汉族),江西九江人,副教授,主要从事纸基绝缘材料的研究。
Preparation and Properties of Aramid Fibrid/Mica Composite Insulating Paper
Miaolin WANG1, Jun LI2, Yimin XIE1, Xinhui LI2, Qinghua FENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Pulp and Paper Engineering Research Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2Pamica Electric Material Hubei Co., Ltd., Xianning 437400, China
出版时间: 2022-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.006
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以芳纶沉析纤维作为补强材料模型引入云母纸基材料,利用湿法抄造成形制备了芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合绝缘纸,系统研究了复合纸的形貌、机械强度、绝缘性能、热稳定性、胶液渗透性等。结果表明:片状的云母和飘带状的芳纶沉析纤维相间有序堆叠,形成类似“砖-泥”结构,芳纶含量的增加使复合纸结构更加紧密,机械强度也随之提高。芳纶含量的增加填补了云母之间的空缺,复合纸透气度随之下降;复合纸厚度的增加使其电气强度和热稳定性降低,但复合纸仍然保持着较好的绝缘性能和耐温性能。

芳纶沉析纤维  /  云母  /  胶液渗透性  /  电气强度

Using aramid fibrid as reinforcing material and introducing into mica paper-based materials, we manufacture an aramid fibrid/mica composite insulating paper by wet paper with pulp. The morphology, mechanical strength, insulating properties, thermal stability, and glue permeability of the composite paper were systematically studied. The results show that the flake mica and ribbon-like aramid fibrid are orderly stacked to form a “brick-mud” structure. The increase of aramid content makes the composite paper structure more compact, and the mechanical strength also increases. With the increase of aramid content, the gap between mica is filled, and the air permeability of composite paper decreases. The electric strength and thermal stability of the composite paper decrease with the increase of thickness, but the composite paper still maintains good insulating properties and thermal resistance.

aramid fibrid  /  mica  /  glue permeability  /  electric strength
王淼林, 李俊, 谢益民, 李新辉, 冯清华. 芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合绝缘纸的制备及性能. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (8) : 32 -36 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.006
Miaolin WANG, Jun LI, Yimin XIE, Xinhui LI, Qinghua FENG. Preparation and Properties of Aramid Fibrid/Mica Composite Insulating Paper[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (8) : 32 -36 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.006
小型化和高功率的电气设备更加符合现代人的使用要求,对电气设备中至关重要的绝缘材料提出了更高的要求[1]。云母因其特殊的结构拥有优异的电性能、耐热性能、耐化学性能、耐电晕性和低成本,作为无机耐高温绝缘材料在绝缘系统中得到了广泛的应用[2]。但是随着云母使用得越来越多,大片完好的云母变得很少,在这种情况下,碎云母片制得的云母纸引起了人们的关注[3]。但是,由于云母微片之间的范德华力较弱,制得的纯云母纸易碎且较脆[4],需用补强材料来提高云母纸的韧性和强度[5-7]
王腊梅等[8]研究了添加芳纶纤维对云母纸性能的影响,结果表明,芳纶短切纤维和芳纶浆粕的加入可以提高芳纶云母复合纸的强度。具有超高强度、模量,耐高温性能和绝缘性能良好的芳纶纤维[9-11],应用在建材、航空、国防等多个领域[12-13]。芳纶沉析纤维由于其比表面积大,与水、酰胺类树脂更易结合[14];其形态柔顺,较易分散,可在湿法成形过程中制备强度和匀度良好的片状材料[15]。由于芳纶纤维的这些优异特性,使用芳纶纤维与云母复合抄造而成的芳纶云母纸成为云母绝缘材料的发展方向[16-18]。越来越多的研究者开始对芳纶云母纸进行研究,袁世波[19]研究了芳纶纤维与云母的界面结合改善机制,分别采用植物纳米纤维(NFC)和芳纶纳米纤维(ANFs)来提高纸基绝缘材料的性能。ZHAO Y S等[20]和LU Z Q等[21]也研究了加入NFC对于芳纶云母纸性能的影响,结果表明,芳纶纤维/云母-NFC复合纸具有高机械强度(拉伸强度约为29.04 MPa)、优异的介电性能(电气强度约为14.87 kV/mm)和良好的热稳定性。
虽然现在的研究已经朝着加入纤维补强材料来提高云母纸性能的方向发展,但对于在芳纶云母纸中加入胶黏剂的研究仍在继续[22]。一方面,加入胶黏剂的前提是此物质能否允许加入,对于这方面的研究极少;另一方面,现有研究更多关注的是芳纶/云母复合绝缘纸的电气强度和机械强度[23],较少研究芳纶的引入对绝缘材料厚度、胶液渗透时间等方面的影响规律,而在实际应用中,绝缘材料的厚度和胶液渗透时间等参数至关重要。
本研究以芳纶沉析纤维为芳纶纤维模型,通过在传统的云母抄造体系中加入芳纶纤维,制备芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸,研究不同配比对芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸形貌、机械强度、绝缘性能、热稳定性和胶液渗透时间等性能的影响规律。
芳纶沉析纤维,长度为(1.175±0.019)mm,直径为(38.2±1.2)μm,细小纤维含量为18.3%;白云母鳞片,湖北平安电工科技股份公司生产。
95568.S型纤维解离器,RK-3A型快速Köthen抄纸机,Frank-PTI公司;DC-HJY03型电脑测控厚度紧度仪,四川长江造纸仪器有限责任公司;SU8010型扫描电子显微镜,株式会社日立制作所;CMT6103型万能拉力试验机,MTS工业系统(中国)有限公司;YD2665型耐电压测试仪,常州市扬子电子有限公司;Q500型热重分析仪,美国TA仪器公司;Williams型渗透仪,桂林彰信检测设备有限公司;991289型L&W透气度测试仪,Lorentzen & Wettre公司。
芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸的制备:复合纸定量为120 g/m2,将芳纶沉析纤维与白云母鳞片倒入纤维解离器中,在8 000 r转速下疏解后,加到纸页成形器中抄造成形,在0.1 MPa真空、97℃下干燥14 min后得到芳纶/云母复合纸。纯云母纸对照样记为M纸,芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸记为x A-M纸,x表示芳纶沉析纤维的含量。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察2.0 kV加速电压下芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸的表面微观形貌特征;用万能拉力试验机对复合纸进行机械强度测试,样品大小为10 cm×1.5 cm;采用热重分析仪进行热稳定性测试,样品用量为3~5 mg,测试条件为:从室温加热到80℃并保温10 min,然后继续加热到800℃,加热速率均为20℃/min,氮气流速为100 mL/min;样品厚度按照GB/T 451.3—2002采用电脑测控厚度紧度仪进行测试;透气度按照GB/T 458—2008采用L&W透气度测试仪进行测试,样品为半径0.1 m的圆形;渗透性按照GB/T 5019.2—2009采用渗透仪进行测试,甲苯和蓖麻油的体积分数分别为40%和60%,样品尺寸为75 mm×75 mm。
图1为芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸表面和截面的代表性SEM图像。从图1(a)可以看到,大小不一的云母片随机堆积在一起,表面出现缝隙和沟槽,云母呈现层片状结构,鳞片表面光滑、无斑点。从图1(b)(f)可以看出,芳纶沉析纤维外观呈带状,有褶皱,其卷曲分布在云母片上,将云母包覆其中,利用其自身比表面积大的特点同时将另一个云母鳞片粘接起来。当纤维含量较低时(10%A-M纸),大多数纤维存在于云母鳞片之间的空隙中。随着纤维含量的增加,纤维更倾向于平整地附着在云母表面,并填补云母片的空隙,弥补了纯云母纸的缺陷,从而提高复合纸的整体性能。当沉析纤维含量到达50%时,可以看出沉析纤维对界面附着力的改性很好,沉析纤维很好地实现了包覆和粘结,起到了缺陷改性剂的作用。图2为芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸的结构示意图。从图2可以看出,复合纸为层状复合结构,比较紧密的层状结构表明了纤维与云母的复合效果不错。层状结构的形成归因于片状的云母和飘带状的芳纶沉析纤维相间有序堆叠,形成类似“砖-泥”结构,看起来就像是结构紧密的一面墙。
图3为芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸的拉伸应力-应变曲线。由图3可以看出,与对照样(M纸)相比,A-M纸的拉伸应力和拉伸应变随着芳纶沉析纤维含量的增加而逐渐增大,这主要是由于云母片与芳纶沉析纤维之间的界面粘结增强。当芳纶沉析纤维含量仅为10%、20%时,复合纸的拉伸应力相比于M纸(1.28 MPa)变化不大,但当芳纶沉析纤维含量达到30%时,复合纸的拉伸应力为1.60 MPa,并且随着沉析纤维含量的增加,其拉伸应力变得更大,当芳纶沉析纤维含量达到50%时,拉伸应力达到最大值,为1.86 MPa。这表明芳纶沉析纤维的加入可以提高云母纸的机械强度。
图4为芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸的绝缘性能测试结果。从图4(a)可以看出,云母本身具有较大的电气强度,约为12.88 kV/mm,使M纸具有良好的电绝缘性能。引入芳纶纤维后,电气强度随着芳纶纤维含量的增加而降低。电气强度降低有多方面原因,其中一个原因是芳纶本身的电气强度就比云母小,加入之后自然会降低复合纸的绝缘性能。另外,电气强度还与复合纸的结构有关,由图1可知加入的纤维存在于云母片之间的表面或者空隙中,使得复合纸的厚度不断增加(如图4(b)所示),致使电场在纸张结构中分布不均匀,无法散出大量的热,导致电气强度降低。反之,纸张厚度较小时,电子电离概率减小,其电气强度较高[24]。虽然芳纶沉析纤维的加入使得复合纸的电气强度下降,但只有加入10%的芳纶沉析纤维时,其电气强度的下降比较明显,后面芳纶含量再增加,其下降幅度较小。
图5为不同芳纶含量的芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸的热稳定性测试结果。从图5可以看出,在整个升温过程中,纯云母纸的残留率基本不变,这说明云母的耐热性能良好,因此复合纸的热稳定性就取决于芳纶的热稳定性。由图5(a)可以看出,沉析纤维含量不同的复合纸热分解温度都在410℃左右,其分解过程大致分为3个阶段:首先,从室温升到410℃失去芳纶中的结合水,其残留率变化很小;然后,从410℃升温到600℃的过程中,纤维获得能量,分子链发生断裂,产生强烈的降解、交联等复杂反应,其质量损失现象显著[25];最后,从600℃升到800℃,沉析纤维大分子降解为小分子,基本完全降解碳化。不同的是最后剩余样品的残留率分别为93.7%、84.3%、73.2%,说明随着芳纶含量的增加,样品残留率逐渐降低,复合纸的稳定性逐渐减弱,但是残留率的下降并不是很多,与普通植物纤维相比都具有较好的热稳定性,故芳纶纤维对于制备耐高温的云母复合纸有很好的保障作用[26]。由图5(b)可知,不同芳纶含量的复合纸温度变化最大值都在472℃左右,区别在于峰面积的不同,其代表了芳纶含量的不同。总的来说,芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸具有良好的热稳定性。
材料透气度的好坏和渗透时间的长短对于施胶来说是重要的参数指标。图6为芳纶沉析纤维/云母复合纸胶液渗透性能的测试结果。从图6可以看出,纯云母纸的透气度比较小,只有1.5 μm/(Pa·s),随着沉析纤维含量的增加,透气度成“U”型趋势先下降后上升,但均比纯云母纸小,其值都在0.5 μm/(Pa·s)以下。同样地,随着芳纶含量的增加,复合纸的渗透时间越来越长,说明胶液渗透复合纸所需要的时间更长,这对于提高复合纸的性能有一定的阻碍作用,但渗透时间最长不超过90 s,因此对复合纸加胶改性影响不大。
赵梦雅等[22]将不同类型的胶黏剂和云母作为绝缘涂料制备了芳纶/云母复合纸,从其研究结果可以看出,加胶之后芳纶/云母纸的抗张强度最小为25 N/cm,而本研究中复合纸最大抗张强度不超过 6 N/cm,加胶之后抗张强度是未加胶的4倍。加胶之后复合纸的电气强度最小也有18 kV/mm,远大于未加胶的芳纶/云母纸,这说明对芳纶/云母纸进行加胶改性是没有问题的。
(1)芳纶沉析纤维可以增强云母片之间的界面附着力,也可以填充云母片之间的空隙。因此A-M复合纸的拉伸应力随着芳纶沉析纤维含量的增加而逐渐变大。当芳纶沉析纤维含量达到50%时,拉伸应力达到最大值,为1.86 MPa。
(2)芳纶沉析纤维的加入使得复合纸纸张厚度变大,电子碰撞的电离概率变大,复合纸的电气强度降低。但只有加入10%的芳纶沉析纤维时,其电气强度的下降比较明显,之后再随着芳纶含量的增加,其下降幅度较小。
(3)芳纶/云母复合纸的热稳定性随着芳纶含量的增加而降低,但芳纶/云母复合纸仍具有优异的热稳定性。
(4)随着芳纶沉析纤维含量的增加,芳纶/云母复合纸的透气度相应降低,渗透时间随之延长,但对其加胶改性影响不大。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.006
  • 接收时间:2021-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-12
  • 修回日期:2021-10-19
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    1湖北工业大学 制浆造纸工程研究所,湖北 武汉 430068
    2湖北平安电工科技股份公司,湖北 咸宁 437400

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冯清华(1984-),男(汉族),江西九江人,副教授,主要从事纸基绝缘材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
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Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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