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Article(id=1210201199886864711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645545600000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-23, revisedDate=1650729600000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464050504, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1658246400000, pubDateStr=2022-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464050504, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464050504, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464050504, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201193939333459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464049085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563116850, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201200201437528, articleId=1210201199886864711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Evaluation of Impregnating Resin for Driving Motor of New Energy Vehicle, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the impregnating resin for driving motor of new energy vehicles, epoxy resin and polyester imide resin were selected as research objects. The properties of the two impregnating resins were compared by thermal weight loss and bonding strength tests, and their long-term ageing characteristics were compared emphatically. The results show that the VOC content and long-term thermal resistance of the two impregnating resins meet the requirements. The bonding strength of epoxy resin is higher than that of polyester imide at 25℃, but decreases rapidly at 150℃ and 180℃. Ageing at 200℃ for 2 000 h, high and low temperature impact for 600 cycles, high and low temperature for 8 cycles under ATF oil immersion, high and low temperature for 8 cycles under ATF oil + 0.5% water closed immersion, and ageing at 150℃ for 2 000 h under ATF oil immersion experiments have similar effects on the bonding strength of the two impregnating resins. However, under the condition of ATF oil + 0.5% water closed immersion at 150℃, the bonding strength of epoxy resin is only 16.41%, 13.64%, 4.29%, and 4.29% of the initial value after aged for 500, 1 000, 1 500, and 2 000 h, while the bonding strength of polyester imide is higher than the initial value under the same condition. The structural and elemental changes of epoxy resin before and after its bonding strength decreasing significantly were compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray electron spectroscopy, it is inferred that the hydrolysis at high temperature is the main reason for the decline of bonding strength.

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为了评价新能源汽车驱动电机用浸渍树脂，选用市面上常见的环氧树脂和聚酯亚胺树脂两款材料，利用热失重和粘结强度测试比较两种浸渍树脂的相关性能，重点比较各项长期老化性能。结果表明：两种浸渍树脂的VOC含量和长期耐热性都符合要求，25℃下环氧树脂的粘结强度比聚酯亚胺树脂的高，但在150℃、180℃时快速下降。200℃下老化2 000 h、高低温冲击600个循环、自动变速箱油（ATF油）浸泡下高低温8个循环、ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下高低温8个循环、ATF油浸泡下150℃老化2 000 h等试验对两种浸渍树脂粘结强度的影响类似。但ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡150℃老化条件下，环氧树脂的粘结强度在500、1 000、1 500、2 000 h后只有初始值的16.41%、13.64%、4.29%、4.29%，而相同条件下聚酯亚胺的粘结强度均比初始值高。利用傅里叶红外光谱和X射线电子能谱对比分析了环氧树脂粘结强度大幅下降前后的结构变化和元素变化，推断高温下的水解是其粘结强度下降的主要原因。

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魏雄强（1988-），男（汉族），湖北应城人，工程师，长期从事电机绝缘系统研究与工艺开发工作；

曹元（1982-），男（汉族），山东日照人，工程师，主要从事高分子树脂材料的合成与工艺、绝缘材料应用与评价等领域的研究工作。

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魏雄强（1988-），男（汉族），湖北应城人，工程师，长期从事电机绝缘系统研究与工艺开发工作；

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魏雄强（1988-），男（汉族），湖北应城人，工程师，长期从事电机绝缘系统研究与工艺开发工作；

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曹元（1982-），男（汉族），山东日照人，工程师，主要从事高分子树脂材料的合成与工艺、绝缘材料应用与评价等领域的研究工作。

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曹元（1982-），男（汉族），山东日照人，工程师，主要从事高分子树脂材料的合成与工艺、绝缘材料应用与评价等领域的研究工作。

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articleId=1210201199886864711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=节能与新能汽车技术路线图战略咨询委员会, journalName=节能与新能汽车技术路线图, refType=null, unstructuredReference=节能与新能汽车技术路线图战略咨询委员会.节能与新能汽车技术路线图2.0[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2020., articleTitle=0, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210538966223286389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=43, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=张军, 肖倩, 孟庆阔, journalName=汽车工业研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张军,肖倩,孟庆阔.新能源汽车驱动电机发展现状及趋势分析[J].汽车工业研究,2018(6):43-47., articleTitle=新能源汽车驱动电机发展现状及趋势分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210538967468994679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, 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remark=3浙江荣泰科技企业有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210538963530543125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=FTIR spectra of epoxy resin before and after ageing, figureFileSmall=n+4sgwDY802K19zExriD6Q==, figureFileBig=73+UQ/HnZEWztQF+zzQ/Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210538963622817820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=图1, caption=环氧树脂老化前后的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=n+4sgwDY802K19zExriD6Q==, figureFileBig=73+UQ/HnZEWztQF+zzQ/Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210538963757035552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FTIR spectra of polyester imide resin before and after ageing, figureFileSmall=8rSqfbKsVmbJaoWgDCMW+A==, figureFileBig=3qYUA78mk9Ho8LFEa0xhHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210538963937390625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=图2, caption=聚酯亚胺树脂老化前后的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=8rSqfbKsVmbJaoWgDCMW+A==, figureFileBig=3qYUA78mk9Ho8LFEa0xhHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210538964059025444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Ageing test of bonding strength samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化试验项目老化条件浸泡液试验设备
恒温老化200℃/2 000 h—鼓风烘箱1
高低温冲击老化-40℃/0.5 h+150℃/0.5 h为一个循环，温度转换时间不大于30 s, 共600个循环—温度冲击试验箱
高低温循环耐油老化-40℃/8 h+150℃/40 h为一个循环，温度转换时间不大于1 h，共8个循环ATF油或ATF油+0.5%水温度（湿度）速变试验箱
150℃高温耐油老化150℃/2 000hATF油或ATF油+0.5%水鼓风烘箱2
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964193243177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粘结强度样品老化试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化试验项目老化条件浸泡液试验设备
恒温老化200℃/2 000 h—鼓风烘箱1
高低温冲击老化-40℃/0.5 h+150℃/0.5 h为一个循环，温度转换时间不大于30 s, 共600个循环—温度冲击试验箱
高低温循环耐油老化-40℃/8 h+150℃/40 h为一个循环，温度转换时间不大于1 h，共8个循环ATF油或ATF油+0.5%水温度（湿度）速变试验箱
150℃高温耐油老化150℃/2 000hATF油或ATF油+0.5%水鼓风烘箱2
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964319072300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Heat release of resin measured by DSC befor and after curing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型液体放热量/(J/g)固化后放热量/(J/g)固化程度/%
聚酯亚胺树脂326.409.3097.15
环氧树脂286.409.7696.59
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964423929904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DSC测试树脂固化前后的放热量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型液体放热量/(J/g)固化后放热量/(J/g)固化程度/%
聚酯亚胺树脂326.409.3097.15
环氧树脂286.409.7696.59
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964524593206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Thermal weight loss of impregnating resin aged at 220℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型初始质量/g老化后热失重/%
3 d6 d9 d12 d
环氧树脂5.0031.061.342.002.00
聚酯亚胺树脂4.9573.164.845.387.46
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964616867897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

浸渍树脂220℃下老化热失重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型初始质量/g老化后热失重/%
3 d6 d9 d12 d
环氧树脂5.0031.061.342.002.00
聚酯亚胺树脂4.9573.164.845.387.46
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964730114113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Bonding strength of impregnating resin at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型25℃120℃150℃180℃
环氧树脂3961216234
聚酯亚胺树脂26211810276
), ArticleFig(id=1210538964876914757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

浸渍树脂在不同温度下的粘结强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型25℃120℃150℃180℃
环氧树脂3961216234
聚酯亚胺树脂26211810276
), ArticleFig(id=1210538965011132487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Bonding strength of impregnating resin aged at 200℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型初始值500 h1 000 h1 500 h2 000 h
环氧树脂396433395428420
聚酯亚胺树脂262373345340369
), ArticleFig(id=1210538965115990089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

浸渍树脂在200℃下老化后的粘结强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型初始值500 h1 000 h1 500 h2 000 h
环氧树脂396433395428420
聚酯亚胺树脂262373345340369
), ArticleFig(id=1210538965216653389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Bonding strength of impregnating resin after high and low temperature shock ageing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型初始值300个循环600个循环
环氧树脂396522561
聚酯亚胺树脂262368368
), ArticleFig(id=1210538965313122386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

浸渍树脂在高低温冲击老化后的粘结强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树脂类型初始值300个循环600个循环
环氧树脂396522561
聚酯亚胺树脂262368368
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试验类别树脂类型初始值2循环4循环6循环8循环
ATF油浸泡环氧树脂396513495509523
聚酯亚胺树脂262378353366375
ATF油+0.5%水浸泡环氧树脂396471455439490
聚酯亚胺树脂262329337343379
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浸渍树脂在高低温循环耐油老化后的粘结强度

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试验类别树脂类型初始值2循环4循环6循环8循环
ATF油浸泡环氧树脂396513495509523
聚酯亚胺树脂262378353366375
ATF油+0.5%水浸泡环氧树脂396471455439490
聚酯亚胺树脂262329337343379
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试验类别树脂类别初始值500h1000h1500h2000h
ATF油浸泡环氧树脂396463487472491
聚酯亚胺树脂262316321315318
ATF油+0.5%水浸泡环氧树脂39665541717
聚酯亚胺树脂262296317316320
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浸渍树脂在150℃高温耐油老化后的粘结强度

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试验类别树脂类别初始值500h1000h1500h2000h
ATF油浸泡环氧树脂396463487472491
聚酯亚胺树脂262316321315318
ATF油+0.5%水浸泡环氧树脂39665541717
聚酯亚胺树脂262296317316320
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树脂类型状态C1sO1s
峰值/eV峰面积/CPS.eV原子分数/%峰值/eV峰面积/CPS.eV原子分数/%
环氧树脂老化前285.26280 008.872.85533.03230 864.423.67
老化后285.13415 025.487.81532.75128 463.610.71
聚酯亚胺树脂老化前285.22223 235.6276.94532.4116 272.3615.79
老化后284.84487 511.1282.85531.75192 572.6612.89
), ArticleFig(id=1210538965891936364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201199886864711, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

浸渍树脂X射线电子能谱

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树脂类型状态C1sO1s
峰值/eV峰面积/CPS.eV原子分数/%峰值/eV峰面积/CPS.eV原子分数/%
环氧树脂老化前285.26280 008.872.85533.03230 864.423.67
老化后285.13415 025.487.81532.75128 463.610.71
聚酯亚胺树脂老化前285.22223 235.6276.94532.4116 272.3615.79
老化后284.84487 511.1282.85531.75192 572.6612.89
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新能源汽车驱动电机用浸渍树脂综合评价探索
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魏雄强 1 , 刘全胜 2 , 曹元 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(7): 50-55
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(7): 50-55
新能源汽车驱动电机用浸渍树脂综合评价探索
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魏雄强1, 刘全胜2, 曹元3
作者信息
  • 1华域汽车电动系统有限公司,上海 201323
  • 2亚绝材料科技(上海)有限公司,上海 201201
  • 3浙江荣泰科技企业有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314004

    • 魏雄强（1988-），男（汉族），湖北应城人，工程师，长期从事电机绝缘系统研究与工艺开发工作；

    曹元（1982-），男（汉族），山东日照人，工程师，主要从事高分子树脂材料的合成与工艺、绝缘材料应用与评价等领域的研究工作。

Comprehensive Evaluation of Impregnating Resin for Driving Motor of New Energy Vehicle
Xiongqiang WEI1, Quansheng LIU2, Yuan CAO3
Affiliations
  • 1Huayu Automotive Electric Drive System Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201323, China
  • 2Asia Insulation Materials (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201201, China
  • 3Zhejiang Rongtai Technical Industry Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314004, China
出版时间: 2022-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.008
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摘要
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为了评价新能源汽车驱动电机用浸渍树脂，选用市面上常见的环氧树脂和聚酯亚胺树脂两款材料，利用热失重和粘结强度测试比较两种浸渍树脂的相关性能，重点比较各项长期老化性能。结果表明：两种浸渍树脂的VOC含量和长期耐热性都符合要求，25℃下环氧树脂的粘结强度比聚酯亚胺树脂的高，但在150℃、180℃时快速下降。200℃下老化2 000 h、高低温冲击600个循环、自动变速箱油（ATF油）浸泡下高低温8个循环、ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下高低温8个循环、ATF油浸泡下150℃老化2 000 h等试验对两种浸渍树脂粘结强度的影响类似。但ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡150℃老化条件下，环氧树脂的粘结强度在500、1 000、1 500、2 000 h后只有初始值的16.41%、13.64%、4.29%、4.29%，而相同条件下聚酯亚胺的粘结强度均比初始值高。利用傅里叶红外光谱和X射线电子能谱对比分析了环氧树脂粘结强度大幅下降前后的结构变化和元素变化，推断高温下的水解是其粘结强度下降的主要原因。

新能源汽车  /  驱动电机  /  浸渍树脂  /  热老化  /  ATF油  /  评价方法

In order to evaluate the impregnating resin for driving motor of new energy vehicles, epoxy resin and polyester imide resin were selected as research objects. The properties of the two impregnating resins were compared by thermal weight loss and bonding strength tests, and their long-term ageing characteristics were compared emphatically. The results show that the VOC content and long-term thermal resistance of the two impregnating resins meet the requirements. The bonding strength of epoxy resin is higher than that of polyester imide at 25℃, but decreases rapidly at 150℃ and 180℃. Ageing at 200℃ for 2 000 h, high and low temperature impact for 600 cycles, high and low temperature for 8 cycles under ATF oil immersion, high and low temperature for 8 cycles under ATF oil + 0.5% water closed immersion, and ageing at 150℃ for 2 000 h under ATF oil immersion experiments have similar effects on the bonding strength of the two impregnating resins. However, under the condition of ATF oil + 0.5% water closed immersion at 150℃, the bonding strength of epoxy resin is only 16.41%, 13.64%, 4.29%, and 4.29% of the initial value after aged for 500, 1 000, 1 500, and 2 000 h, while the bonding strength of polyester imide is higher than the initial value under the same condition. The structural and elemental changes of epoxy resin before and after its bonding strength decreasing significantly were compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray electron spectroscopy, it is inferred that the hydrolysis at high temperature is the main reason for the decline of bonding strength.

new energy vchicle  /  driving motor  /  impregnating resin  /  thermal ageing  /  ATF oil  /  evaluation method
魏雄强, 刘全胜, 曹元. 新能源汽车驱动电机用浸渍树脂综合评价探索. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (7) : 50 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.008
Xiongqiang WEI, Quansheng LIU, Yuan CAO. Comprehensive Evaluation of Impregnating Resin for Driving Motor of New Energy Vehicle[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (7) : 50 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.008
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0 引言
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近年来，新能源汽车行业迎来快速发展，根据《节能与新能汽车技术路线图2.0》的规划，到2035年，节能汽车与新能源汽车年销量各占50%，汽车产业实现电动化转型[1]。新能源汽车的快速发展给驱动电机带来了巨大的发展机遇，电机技术的发展成为行业关注的热点[2]。
新能源驱动电机不断地朝着高速高效、高功率密度、轻量小型化、高可靠性方向发展。性能优异的绝缘材料是提升电动汽车驱动电机可靠性和高功率密度的重要基础[3]。新能源驱动电机按照不同的冷却方式，可以分为水冷驱动电机和油冷驱动电机等[4]。与传统工业电机相比，新能源驱动电机的运行工况更加复杂，电机运行时的温升也不断提高,同时还要承受高温、高低温冲击、机械振动、氧化等复杂环境应力的影响，各种环境因素同时起作用，对绝缘材料提出了更高的要求[5-6]。
由于新能源汽车的特殊性，现有针对绝缘材料的评价方法并不完全适用。目前新能源汽车行业对绝缘材料还没有系统、完善的评价方法。各电机制造厂商对各种绝缘材料的认证过程中没有统一的标准，也无法建立材料性能与电机长期运行安全性、可靠性的联系。
基于上述现状，有必要对驱动电机使用的电磁线、浸渍树脂、绝缘纸等主要绝缘材料进行系列测试。考虑到油冷驱动电机中浸渍树脂需要与自动变速箱油（ATF油）直接接触，结合新能源驱动电机的特殊运行工况，可以设计不同的老化条件，重点考核绝缘材料各项长期老化后的性能及浸渍树脂与ATF油的相容性。
在系列测试涉及的绝缘材料中，浸渍树脂是其中重要的一部分。浸渍树脂的耐热性、绝缘性能、力学性能、环保性能和施工性能对新能源汽车驱动电机的安全运行和生产制造具有重要的意义，研究浸渍树脂的老化性能对于探索电机结构的长期安全运行至关重要。目前，新能源驱动电机主要浸漆工艺有常规的滴浸、VPI、电加热沉浸（滴浸）等[7]。已经商业化的新能源驱动电机浸渍树脂主要以环保型聚酯亚胺树脂和环氧树脂两类为主，其他品种的树脂用量很少，多用于一些极为特殊的场合[8-9]。
环保型聚酯亚胺浸渍树脂主要由树脂、固化剂、活性稀释剂和助剂组成[10-12]，其树脂的结构调整方便，易满足柔韧性、力学性能等不同方向的改善需求，此外使用不饱和聚酯亚胺树脂代替不饱和聚酯树脂也可以进一步提升耐热性。为了满足环保的要求，体系中的稀释剂一般为丙烯酸酯类、甲基丙烯酸酯类等高沸点活性单体，固化过程中的VOC含量可以降低到3%以下。单组分、低引发温度、贮存稳定的低挥发环保滴漆体系已经成为主流趋势。环氧树脂浸渍树脂主要由环氧树脂、固化剂、环氧稀释剂、助剂等组成，由于固化后极性羟基和醚键的存在，环氧树脂对各种基材都具有突出的黏附性。大部分的环氧树脂和固化剂的反应是通过直接缩聚进行的，没有水或其他挥发性副产品放出，也没有双键的加聚反应，其固化过程中显示出很低的收缩性。
本研究选取新能源驱动电机领域具有代表性的环保型聚酯亚胺浸渍树脂和环氧浸渍树脂各一款，主要分析两种浸渍树脂在各种长期老化条件下的热失重和粘结强度性能变化趋势。通过对比两款材料的性能变化差异，分析对两种树脂有显著影响的老化条件。通过解析树脂结构变化的差异，建立树脂结构变化和性能变化的内在联系。
1 实验
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1.1 主要材料
环氧浸渍树脂，环氧酸酐单组份型，市售；聚酯亚胺浸渍树脂，丙烯酸酯类稀释剂，市售；漆包线，0.315 mm裸线线径，2级漆膜的Q(ZY/XY)-2/200漆包线；ATF油，Dexron ULV；蒸馏水；乙醇，分析纯。
1.2 主要仪器及设备
差示扫描量热仪（DSC），DSC3500 Sirius型，德国耐驰公司；电子万能材料试验机（带温控箱），CMT5504型，深圳三思试验设备有限公司；鼓风烘箱1，PHH101型，广州五所环境仪器有限公司；鼓风烘箱2，T0G-M960ZS型，江苏拓米罗环境试验设备有限公司；温度冲击试验箱，CJ62S2111型，重庆银河试验仪器有限公司；温度（湿度）速变试验箱，EBS-KWGDS62IV型，重庆银河试验仪器有限公司；傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR），IRAffinity-1S，日本岛津公司；X射线电子能谱测试仪（XPS），EscaLab 250Xi型，赛默飞公司。
1.3 扭绞线圈样品制备及测试
依据IEC 61033:1991方法A：扭绞线圈法试验进行粘结强度样品制样及测试[13]。
1.4 试验项目
1.4.1 热失重
在每个铝制圆盘（内部直径为45 mm，高度为10 mm）内称量5 g±0.1 g树脂，初始质量记为W0，将树脂置于150℃鼓风烘箱1中固化1 h，树脂固化后质量记为W1。
将固化后的热失重样品置于220℃鼓风烘箱1下并每隔一段时间称重，质量记为Wt。浸渍树脂VOC含量是指固化过程中浸渍树脂质量损失占固化前浸渍树脂质量的百分比，即(W0-W1)/W0×100%。热失重是指一段时间老化后固化树脂的质量损失占固化树脂初始质量的百分比，即(W1-Wt)/W1×100%。每个测试点准备3组样品，结果取3个测试值的平均值。
1.4.2 粘结强度样品的老化试验
将扭绞线圈样品直接置于老化箱或盛有ATF油液的密封罐中，并将密封罐置于不同试验设备中老化，定期取样测试，老化试验项目如表1所示。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 浸渍树脂固化程度
浸渍树脂的性能都需要先将浸渍树脂固化后进行测试，因此要保证制样过程中浸渍树脂固化完全。依据各自的产品说明书，两种浸渍树脂的固化条件都设置为150℃/1 h。为了验证固化程度，使用DSC测试两种树脂固化前后的放热峰，依据DSC放热峰面积大小计算固化程度，结果如表2所示。
由表2可知，两种树脂在此固化条件下固化程度都已经超过了95%，符合试验设计的预期要求。之后的热失重测试样品和粘结强度测试样品均采用此固化工艺进行固化。
2.2 热失重性能
浸渍树脂VOC含量过高不仅需要更多环保处理设备投入，对定子浸渍后的性能也有一定影响。通过称量热失重样品固化过程中的质量来计算VOC含量，得到环氧树脂的VOC含量为0.70%，聚酯亚胺树脂的VOC含量为1.41%，显示两种浸渍树脂的VOC含量都很低，符合环保浸渍漆的要求。
为了揭示长期高温暴露对绝缘材料性能的影响，通过测量浸渍树脂固化样品在220℃温度下老化3、6、9、12 d的质量损失，比较两种树脂的热失重，结果如表3所示。
从表3可以看出，两种固化树脂老化12 d的热失重都小于10%，其中环氧树脂的热失重更低，老化12 d后的热失重为2.00%。
2.3 粘结强度
扭绞线圈的粘结强度测试是测定浸渍树脂对漆包线基材粘结强度的试验方法，将浸渍固化后的扭绞线圈在试验机上进行弯曲试验，把在规定时间内该线圈的最大破坏力作为该浸渍树脂对漆包线基材的粘结强度。通过设计测试不同温度下浸渍树脂的粘结强度以及不同老化时间和环境条件下浸渍树脂的粘结强度，研究粘结强度的变化规律，并对比两种浸渍树脂的测试结果差异。
2.3.1 扭绞线圈在不同温度下的粘结强度
表4为浸渍树脂在不同温度下（在对应温度下保持10 min后测试）的粘结强度。从表4可以看出，随着温度升高，两款树脂的粘结强度都随着温度的升高而逐渐下降，其中环氧树脂的粘结强度下降更快。对比不同测试温度下的粘结强度可以发现，室温下，环氧树脂的粘结强度高于聚酯亚胺树脂；在120℃下，两者处于同一水平；在180℃下，聚酯亚胺树脂的粘结强度则更高，测试值已经超过环氧树脂的2倍。
2.3.2 扭绞线圈在200℃高温老化后的粘结强度
表5为浸渍树脂在200℃下老化后的粘结强度。从表5可以看出，在200℃下高温老化后，两种浸渍树脂的粘结强度比初始值均有一定程度的增长，老化500 h时粘结强度就已经达到最大值，在之后的500～2 000 h内，两者的粘结强度小幅波动。在同等条件下，聚酯亚胺树脂的粘接强度比环氧树脂的要低。
2.3.3 扭绞线圈在高低温冲击后的粘结强度
表6为浸渍树脂在高低温冲击老化后的粘结强度，高低温冲击老化中-40℃/0.5 h+150℃/0.5 h为一个循环。从表6可以看出，与之前的高温老化相似，高温150℃对两种浸渍树脂的粘结强度都有提升。聚酯亚胺树脂的粘结强度更早达到最大值，从300循环到600循环，其粘结强度保持同一水平，而环氧树脂的粘结强度还在继续增长。
2.3.4 扭绞线圈在高低温循环耐ATF油老化后的粘结强度
表7为浸渍树脂在高低温循环耐油老化后的粘结强度，高低温循环老化中-40℃/8 h+150℃/40 h为一个循环，温度转换时间不大于1 h，设计了两种浸泡状态。
从表7可以看出，ATF油浸泡下环氧树脂的粘结强度在2个循环后就基本达到最大值，而聚酯亚胺树脂的粘结强度在8个循环结束时还在继续增长。与单一ATF油浸泡相比，ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下环氧树脂的粘结强度数据波动更大，而聚酯亚胺树脂在此两种浸泡条件下的粘结强度接近。在该实验条件下，ATF油中是否加水对聚酯亚胺树脂粘结强度的影响更小。
2.3.5 扭绞线圈在150℃高温耐ATF油老化后的粘结强度
表8为浸渍树脂在150℃高温耐油老化后的粘结强度。从表8可以看出，150℃高温下ATF油中不加水对两种浸渍树脂的粘结强度影响类似，高温下浸渍树脂的粘结强度有一定增长，环氧树脂在老化500 h后粘结强度还在缓慢增长，聚酯亚胺树脂在老化500 h后粘结强度基本保持不变。聚酯亚胺树脂在此两种老化条件下粘结强度表现非常类似，老化500 h后粘结强度基本达到最大值，之后从500 h到2 000 h内，粘结强度测试值都比较稳定，说明ATF油浸泡下在150℃老化2 000 h内，0.5%的水对聚酯亚胺树脂的粘结强度没有显著影响。环氧树脂则明显不同，在ATF油+0.5%水浸泡及150℃高温条件下，粘结强度持续降低，在老化500 h后粘结强度只有初始值的16.41%，1500 h后粘结强度达到最低值，只有初始值的4.29%。
2.4 树脂结构分析
ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下150℃老化对两款树脂的粘结强度有不同的影响，其中环氧树脂的性能下降严重，因此对比测试ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下150℃老化2 000 h的两种树脂和初始树脂的傅里叶红外光谱和X射线电子能谱。将粘结强度试样中的浸渍树脂剥落，使用乙醇清洗试样残留的ATF油，清洗3次后，将试样置于40℃鼓风烘箱中24 h除去乙醇，再用于傅里叶红外光谱和X射线电子能谱测试[14-19]。
2.4.1 红外光谱
图1为环氧树脂在ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下150℃老化2 000 h前后的红外光谱。从图1可以看出，环氧树脂老化前的红外光谱中，3 400 cm-1处的宽峰是羟基的伸缩振动吸收峰。环氧酸酐体系固化时，环氧开环与酸酐反应生成酯并有羟基生成，因此固化后体系中含有大量的羟基。1 735 cm-1处为环氧树脂固化后生成的酯C=O伸缩振动峰，1 608、1 583、1 510 cm-1处为环氧树脂的苯环伸缩振动峰，1 037 cm-1为羟基的C-O伸缩振动峰。1 300～1 000 cm-1为酯的C-O伸缩振动吸收带。
对比老化前后红外光谱变化可以看出，老化后环氧树脂3 400 cm-1处吸收峰变大变宽，羟基数量有所增加；1 735 cm-1处酯的C=O伸缩振动强度变弱，1 300～1 000 cm-1吸收带变小，酯键含量降低。推测由于酯键大量水解，造成酯键含量减少，有更多羟基生成[20-21]。
图2为聚酯亚胺树脂在ATF油+0.5%水密闭浸泡下150℃老化2 000 h前后的红外光谱。
从图2可以看出，聚酯亚胺树脂老化前的红外光谱中，3 400 cm-1处的小宽峰是羟基的伸缩振动吸收峰。聚酯亚胺树脂合成过程中有酯化反应，因此羟基会有少量过量。1 729 cm-1为树脂和稀释剂中酯的C=O伸缩振动峰，1 643 cm-1处的小峰为少量未固化的碳碳双键（C=C）的伸缩振动吸收峰。1 300～1 000 cm-1为酯的C-O伸缩振动吸收带。
对比老化前后红外光谱变化可以看出，聚酯亚胺树脂在老化后在1 643 cm-1处小的吸收峰消失，这是少量C=C在长期老化后进一步固化造成的[22]。其他吸收峰的形状和强度变化不大，显示其结构变化并不明显。
2.4.2 X射线电子能谱
表9为浸渍树脂的X射线电子能谱。由表9可知，环氧树脂C元素含量由老化前的72.85%提高到老化后的87.81%，O元素由老化前的23.67%下降到老化后的10.71%，证实了在老化时环氧树脂的化学结构发生了比较大的变化。聚酰亚胺树脂的C元素和O元素含量变化较小，与红外光谱测试结果相印证，说明其化学结构没有发生大的改变。
3 结论
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（1）两种浸渍树脂的VOC含量和长期耐热性均符合要求。在25℃下，聚酯亚胺浸渍树脂的粘结强度比环氧浸渍树脂的低；在120℃下，两者在同一水平；而在150℃、180℃下，聚酰亚胺浸渍树脂的粘结强度反而比环氧浸渍树脂更高。
（2）在200℃老化、高低温冲击条件下，长期老化对环氧树脂和聚酯亚胺树脂的粘结强度影响趋势一致。
（3）在ATF油+0.5%水密闭环境150℃老化后，环氧树脂的粘结强度显著下降，而聚酯亚胺的粘结强度均比初始值高。使用红外光谱和XPS分析老化前后两种树脂，环氧树脂的化学结构发生了明显变化，推断其性能下降的原因是树脂发生了水解；而聚酯亚胺树脂的结构变化不大。
（4）在新能源驱动电机较严苛运行工况下，聚酯亚胺浸渍树脂更具有优势。
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2022年第55卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.008
  • 接收时间：2022-02-23
  • 首发时间：2025-12-23
  • 出版时间：2022-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2022-02-23
  • 修回日期：2022-04-24
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    1华域汽车电动系统有限公司,上海 201323
    2亚绝材料科技(上海)有限公司,上海 201201
    3浙江荣泰科技企业有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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