Article(id=1210201200289517916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1626105600000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-13, revisedDate=1628697600000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464050600, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1658246400000, pubDateStr=2022-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464050600, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464050600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464050600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201193939333459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464049085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563116850, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201200578924906, articleId=1210201200289517916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and Properties of Epoxy Resin/Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Dielectric, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) was surface modified by γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH560), and then epoxy resin/functionalized BNNS (EP/BNNS-KH560) composites were prepared by doping BNNS-KH560 into epoxy resin matrix. The structure and morphology of the functionalized BNNS were measured, and the properties of EP/BNNS-KH560 composites were studied. The results show that the surface of BNNS is grafted with KH560 successfully, which exhibits a transparent thin layer structure under transmission electron microscope. The addition of BNNS-KH560 with a wide energy level gap can maintain the high insulating properties, excellent dielectric properties, and mechanical properties of the composites, and improve their thermal stability. Additionally, the BNNS-KH560 can form a good heat conduction channel in epoxy resin matrix, and improve the thermal conductivity of the composites effectively. When the mass fraction of BNNS-KH560 in composites is 20%, the thermal conductivity of the composites can reach 0.51 W/(m·K).

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采用γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)对氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)进行表面改性,然后将其掺入环氧树脂基体中,制备了环氧树脂/功能化氮化硼纳米片(EP/BNNS-KH560)复合材料。对功能化氮化硼纳米片的结构及形貌进行测定,并对EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的性能进行研究。结果表明:BNNS表面成功接枝KH560,在透射电子显微镜下展现出透明薄层结构;宽能级间隙的BNNS-KH560填料的加入可以保持复合材料的高电绝缘性、优异的介电性能和力学性能,使其热稳定性提高,并能在环氧树脂基体中形成良好的导热通道,有效改善复合材料的导热性能。当复合材料中BNNS-KH560质量分数为20%时,复合材料的导热系数可达到0.51 W/(m·K)。

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任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川南充人,讲师,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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夏彦卫(1966-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,高级工程师,主要从事输变电设备检修技术的研究。

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夏彦卫(1966-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,高级工程师,主要从事输变电设备检修技术的研究。

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夏彦卫(1966-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,高级工程师,主要从事输变电设备检修技术的研究。

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环氧树脂/功能化氮化硼纳米片复合电介质的制备及性能研究
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夏彦卫 1 , 庞先海 1 , 魏成梅 2 , 贾伯岩 1 , 任俊文 2 , 廖昀 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(7): 27-33
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(7): 27-33
环氧树脂/功能化氮化硼纳米片复合电介质的制备及性能研究
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夏彦卫1, 庞先海1, 魏成梅2, 贾伯岩1, 任俊文2, 廖昀2
作者信息
  • 1国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,河北 石家庄 050021
  • 2四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610021
  • 夏彦卫(1966-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,高级工程师,主要从事输变电设备检修技术的研究。

通讯作者:

任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川南充人,讲师,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
Preparation and Properties of Epoxy Resin/Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Dielectric
Yanwei XIA1, Xianhai PANG1, Chengmei WEI2, Boyan JIA1, Junwen REN2, Yun LIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Hebei Electric Power Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
  • 2College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610021, China
出版时间: 2022-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.005
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采用γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)对氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)进行表面改性,然后将其掺入环氧树脂基体中,制备了环氧树脂/功能化氮化硼纳米片(EP/BNNS-KH560)复合材料。对功能化氮化硼纳米片的结构及形貌进行测定,并对EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的性能进行研究。结果表明:BNNS表面成功接枝KH560,在透射电子显微镜下展现出透明薄层结构;宽能级间隙的BNNS-KH560填料的加入可以保持复合材料的高电绝缘性、优异的介电性能和力学性能,使其热稳定性提高,并能在环氧树脂基体中形成良好的导热通道,有效改善复合材料的导热性能。当复合材料中BNNS-KH560质量分数为20%时,复合材料的导热系数可达到0.51 W/(m·K)。

环氧树脂  /  功能化氮化硼纳米片  /  导热系数  /  电气特性

The boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) was surface modified by γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH560), and then epoxy resin/functionalized BNNS (EP/BNNS-KH560) composites were prepared by doping BNNS-KH560 into epoxy resin matrix. The structure and morphology of the functionalized BNNS were measured, and the properties of EP/BNNS-KH560 composites were studied. The results show that the surface of BNNS is grafted with KH560 successfully, which exhibits a transparent thin layer structure under transmission electron microscope. The addition of BNNS-KH560 with a wide energy level gap can maintain the high insulating properties, excellent dielectric properties, and mechanical properties of the composites, and improve their thermal stability. Additionally, the BNNS-KH560 can form a good heat conduction channel in epoxy resin matrix, and improve the thermal conductivity of the composites effectively. When the mass fraction of BNNS-KH560 in composites is 20%, the thermal conductivity of the composites can reach 0.51 W/(m·K).

epoxy resin  /  functionalized boron nitride nanosheets  /  thermal conductivity  /  electrical characteristics
夏彦卫, 庞先海, 魏成梅, 贾伯岩, 任俊文, 廖昀. 环氧树脂/功能化氮化硼纳米片复合电介质的制备及性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (7) : 27 -33 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.005
Yanwei XIA, Xianhai PANG, Chengmei WEI, Boyan JIA, Junwen REN, Yun LIAO. Preparation and Properties of Epoxy Resin/Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Dielectric[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (7) : 27 -33 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.005
环氧树脂作为一种高性能的热固性树脂,因内部分子结构联系紧密,具有优异的绝缘性能、力学性能、热稳定性,较强的附着力、耐腐蚀性以及易加工性,广泛应用于印刷电路板及电子器件的封装材料[1-2]。随着电力电子器件逐渐向高度集成化、高功率密度的方向发展,设备的热管理问题显得愈发重要,然而环氧树脂内部结晶不完整,分子链段运动困难,导致其固有导热系数较低(约为0.20 W/(m·K))[3],热管理能力有限,已无法满足实际应用的需求[4-6]。为了保证器件的工作效率和使用寿命,亟待开发具有优异导热性能的绝缘电介质材料[7-8]
近二十年来,提高环氧树脂的导热性能主要有以下两种方法:①合成具有高取向、高结晶度的聚合物。通过定向拉伸或模压成型,或借助于外力(磁场或电场)使单体分子在聚合过程中实现有序排列,或将易结晶的单体和液晶结构引入分子链中,提高分子的结晶度,提高导热性。②在环氧树脂基体中引入高导热填料来提升导热性能。前者所需的合成工艺较复杂、成本较高,现多采取后者来提高环氧树脂的导热性能。氮化硼纳米片(BNNS) 作为具有宽能级间隙且高面内导热系数(约2 000 W/(m·K))的陶瓷材料,同时具有出色的力学性能、耐化学腐蚀性以及高热稳定性,广泛用于制备各种高导热绝缘复合电介质[9-11]。LIN M等[12]采用真空过滤芳纶纳米纤维和BNNS的混合凝胶,制备了一种新型的导热和低介电纳米复合薄膜。在BNNS质量分数为50%时,其面外导热系数可达0.62 W/(m·K),约为纯芳纶纳米纤维膜的5倍。GU J等[13]采用捏合和热压法制备了六方氮化硼/聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷橡胶导热复合材料,结果表明当填料的体积分数为40%时,复合材料的导热系数和热扩散系数分别为1.11 W/(m·K)和1.17 mm2/s,分别是纯聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷橡胶基体的6倍和9倍。然而,BNNS由于表面可润湿性差、与聚合物基体之间缺乏界面作用、比表面积大、具有纳米粒子易团聚的特点[14],在聚合物中分散性很差,不能形成连续有效的导热网络,导致复合材料的导热性能提高效果不理想。
本研究在浓碱环境中对六方氮化硼进行液相剥离,制备羟基功能化的氮化硼纳米片(BNNS-OH),并采用γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)对BNNS-OH进行功能化,在BNNS边缘接枝环氧基团,利用环氧基团与环氧树脂内部的基团相互作用,提高BNNS与环氧树脂之间的界面相容性,有效改善BNNS在环氧树脂基体中的分散性,提高环氧树脂的导热性能,同时保持环氧树脂良好的电学性能和力学性能。
双酚A型环氧树脂(EP),型号为E-51,环氧当量为192 g/eq,南通星辰合成材料有限公司;六方氮化硼(h-BN),粒径为10 μm,秦皇岛一诺高新材料开发有限公司;KH560,上海阿尔丁生化科技股份有限公司;其他试剂,均为分析纯,北京国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
将称取好的h-BN粉末加入到5 mol/L的NaOH中,超声分散6 h,然后将溶液放入聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中,在180℃下水热反应24 h,得到羟基功能化的氮化硼纳米片(BNNS-OH),用去离子水反复过滤至滤液呈中性后,干燥成粉末,备用。
称取BNNS-OH粉末加入到乙醇和水的混合溶液中(乙醇与水的体积比为4∶5),超声分散1 h后,加入少量稀盐酸调节pH值至4,再加入硅烷偶联剂KH560。混合溶液超声1 h后,在70℃水浴下磁力搅拌反应24 h,用无水乙醇反复清洗并过滤出白色沉淀以除去反应中剩余的KH560,最后将白色沉淀放入真空烘箱中在60℃下干燥48 h,得到BNNS-KH560粉末,制备原理如图1所示。
将一定量的BNNS-KH560加入到环氧树脂中,搅拌30 min使其分散均匀后,加入固化剂和促进剂(分别为环氧树脂质量的80%和1.6%)的混合液,继续搅拌1 h,使BNNS-KH560纳米颗粒在环氧树脂中充分分散,放入真空烘箱中在60℃下真空脱气30 min,接着倒入模具中,继续脱气以除去混合液中残留的气泡。最后在120℃下固化2 h、130℃下固化2 h,待冷却至室温,脱模得到环氧树脂复合材料样品,制备流程如图2所示。通过调控复合材料中BNNS-KH560的含量,制备BNNS-KH560纳米颗粒质量分数分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%的复合材料,并标记为EP、EP/BNNS-KH560 5%、EP/BNNS-KH560 10%、EP/BNNS-KH560 15%、EP/BNNS-KH560 20%。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)采用Nicolet 6700型红外光谱仪在400~4 000 cm-1范围进行测试。
纳米粒子的微观结构和形貌采用JEOL JEM-2100F型透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行表征。
热失重分析(TGA)采用高分辨率德国耐驰公司TGA 2950型热重分析仪进行测试,N2气氛,流量为20 mL/min,升温速率为10℃/min,测试温度为30~800℃。
复合材料的形貌结构采用美国FEI公司Quanta 250 FEG型场发射环境扫描电子显微镜分析,样品在低温液氮中进行脆断,断面采取喷金处理。
复合材料的体积电阻率采用美国泰克(Tektronix)公司Keithley 6517B型静电计进行测量。
复合材料在101~107 Hz频率范围内的介电响应特性采用德国Novocontrol公司Concept 50型宽频介电阻抗松弛谱仪进行测量。
复合材料的力学性能采用上海铸金分析仪器有限公司Instron型电子万能试验机进行测量,拉伸速度为1 mm/min。
复合材料的导热系数采用公式K=α×Cp×ρ计算,其中Cp为复合材料的比热容,ρ为复合材料的密度,α为复合材料的热扩散系数,采用德国NETZSCH公司LFA 467 LT型激光导热仪对热扩散系数进行测试。
功能化纳米颗粒BNNS-KH560的TEM如图3所示。从图3可以观察到,BNNS-KH560对电子束是半透明的,证实了BNNS-KH560的薄层结构,且其比表面积大,具有一定的柔性,结构完整。
图4为h-BN和BNNS-KH560纳米粒子的红外光谱图。从图4可以看出,h-BN的红外光谱在1 360 cm-1和777 cm-1处分别出现B-N键的面内伸缩振动峰和B-N-B键的面外弯曲振动峰。在BNNS-KH560纳米颗粒的红外光谱中,在1 104 cm-1处出现Si-O键的特征吸收峰[15],在2 920 cm-1和2 849 cm-1处出现了明显的-CH2-不对称和对称伸缩振动峰,表明BNNS表面已成功接上环氧基团。此外,BNNS-KH560的红外光谱中在3 442 cm-1处出现明显的羟基振动峰,推断是BNNS-KH560在测试时表面附有水分导致的。该实验结果表明,利用Na+进入h-BN片层之间,辅助超声波和高温高压作用,可以有效将h-BN剥离成单层或少层的二维纳米片,同时利用强碱激活h-BN边缘B原子,在缺电子的B原子位置有效接上羟基[16]。随后通过加入硅烷偶联剂KH560,与BNNS-OH上的羟基基团脱水缩合成功制备了BNNS-KH560纳米颗粒。
EP及EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的脆性断裂面微观形貌如图5所示。
图5(a)可以看出,EP的断面很平整,呈河流状,表现为典型的脆性断裂特征。从图5(b)可以看到,在BNNS-KH560质量分数为5%的环氧复合材料中,断面形貌不平整,BNNS-KH560纳米片在环氧树脂基体中被包覆,均匀孤立地分布在基体中,这将有利于提高环氧树脂的韧性,然而不能形成良好的导热通道。从图5(c)可以看出,在较高BNNS-KH560含量的环氧复合材料中,BNNS-KH560纳米片在环氧树脂基体中相互接触形成导热通道,且能均匀分散,未见明显团聚现象。这是由于BNNS-KH560边缘接有环氧基团,能与环氧树脂基体中的环氧基团相互作用,界面之间存在良好的相容性[15]
测试EP及EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的导热系数并计算导热系数增量,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,EP在室温(25℃)下的导热系数只有0.21 W/(m·K),这是由于纯环氧树脂内部的结晶度和有序性很低,导致声子的平均自由行程很短。EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的导热系数随着BNNS-KH560质量分数的增加明显提升,当BNNS-KH560的质量分数为20%时,复合材料的导热系数达到最高值0.51 W/(m·K),约为EP导热系数的2.4倍。这是由于BNNS表面接枝了KH560,成功附上环氧基团,有效增强了填料与环氧树脂基体之间的界面相容性[14],降低了界面声子散射。随着BNNS-KH560纳米片质量分数的增加,BNNS-KH560纳米填料在环氧树脂基体中能够保持均匀分散,同时填料与填料之间相互接触面积增大,可以形成更加庞大的导热通道,复合材料的导热性能明显增强。
图7为EP及EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料在室温(25℃)下的介电特性测试结果。
图7(a)可以看出,复合材料的介电常数随频率升高略有下降,表现出良好的频率稳定性,随着BNNS-KH560质量分数的增加,复合材料的介电常数相应增大。这是由于BNNS-KH560纳米片的含量越多,复合材料内部的无机-有机两相界面越多,引起界面极化,导致介电常数增大。当BNNS-KH560质量分数为20%时,复合材料的介电常数在102 Hz下增加到5.6,约比EP的介电常数提高了24%,仍能保持较低的介电常数。从图7(b)7(c)可以看出,在101~106 Hz宽频范围内,介质损耗因数能保持在0.04以下,交流电导率也保持在很小的范围内,具有低漏导电流。结果表明BNNS-KH560填料的加入能保持环氧树脂良好的介电特性,这是由于添加的BNNS是宽带隙(约5.9 eV))的无机纳米填料,具有高绝缘性[17],且BNNS边缘接枝的环氧基团能够与环氧基体良好作用,降低界面极化强度。
图8为EP及EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的体积电阻率。从图8可以看出,随着BNNS-KH560质量分数的增加,复合材料的体积电阻率降低幅度几乎可以忽略不计,表明高电绝缘纳米填料BNNS-KH560的掺入不会劣化环氧固有的电绝缘性能,复合材料能保持原本的高绝缘性能。
优异的力学性能对于复合材料的实际应用是至关重要的,而优异的力学性能又总是与两相良好的界面结构紧密相关。图9为EP及EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的应力-应变曲线,图10为EP及EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料拉伸强度及断裂伸长率。从图10可以看到,当BNNS-KH560纳米颗粒质量分数为5%时,复合材料的拉伸强度达到73.19 MPa,断裂伸长率增长到3.89%,相较于纯EP的力学性能略微有所升高。这得益于无机填料BNNS-KH560边缘接枝的环氧基团,增强了填料与基体的界面作用,在基体中良好分散的无机填料可以有效吸收应力。而对于EP/BNNS-KH560质量分数为20%的复合材料,由于无机填料的含量过高,易于在复合材料中引入缺陷,形成局部应力集中点,从而使其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率表现出下降的趋势。
图11为EP和EP/BNNS-KH560 10%复合材料的热失重曲线。从图11可以看出,当失重率为5%时,EP材料和EP/BNNS-KH560 10%复合材料对应的热分解温度分别为369.72℃和372.95℃,最大热分解温度分别为412.32℃和415.78℃,表明BNNS-KH560的加入能明显提高复合材料的起始热分解温度和最大热分解温度,这是由于环氧树脂基体中的BNNS-KH560纳米片具有较高的比热容和导热系数,能够导出更多的热量,从而使复合材料的热分解温度提升,耐热能力增强。此外,BNNS-KH560纳米片的添加会导致弯曲路径效应,一定程度上限制环氧树脂基体分子链的运动。因此添加BNNS-KH560纳米片有利于提升环氧树脂基复合材料的热稳定性。
(1)采用硅烷偶联剂KH560对BNNS进行了表面功能化,功能化后的BNNS-KH560与环氧树脂基体的界面相容性大幅增强,能均匀分散在基体中,有效改善环氧树脂基复合材料的导热性能。当BNNS-KH560的质量分数为20%时,复合材料的导热系数可达到0.51 W/(m·K)。
(2)随着BNNS-KH560质量分数的增加,复合材料的介电常数和介质损耗仍然能保持在较低的水平,并一直保持着高绝缘性。
(3)由于无机填料BNNS-KH560与环氧树脂基体之间良好的界面相容性,EP/BNNS-KH560复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率在低填料含量下都表现出略微的增强,表明BNNS的表面功能化有利于提高复合材料的力学性能。
(4)填料BNNS-KH560的加入能限制环氧树脂基体分子链的运动,导出体内积聚的热量,有效提高复合材料的起始分解温度和最大热降解温度,复合材料的热稳定性得到增强。
  • 国网河北省电力有限公司科技项目资助(kj2020-052)
  • 国家博士后科学基金(2018M643475)
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2022年第55卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.005
  • 接收时间:2021-07-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-13
  • 修回日期:2021-08-12
基金
国网河北省电力有限公司科技项目资助(kj2020-052)
国家博士后科学基金(2018M643475)
作者信息
    1国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,河北 石家庄 050021
    2四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610021

通讯作者:

任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川南充人,讲师,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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