Article(id=1210201194761417045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1624723200000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-27, revisedDate=1627574400000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464049282, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1658246400000, pubDateStr=2022-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464049282, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464049282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464049282, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201193939333459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464049085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563116850, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201195092767063, articleId=1210201194761417045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Degradation Properties of Biaxially Stretched Polylactic Acid Films, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biaxially oriented polylactic acid (BOPLA) films were prepared by twin-screw extruder and static stretching machine, and they were buried in outdoor soil. The natural degradation process and mechanism of the BOPLA films were studied by analytical balance, Fourier transform infrared spectoscopy (FI-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the BOPLA film degrades slowly due to its dense surface at the initial degradation stage. After degrading for 10 months, the dense layer on the surface is eroded seriously, and the degradation goes deep into the film, the degradation is accelerated. The crystallinity, grain size, glass transition temperature, and other properties, which affected by the degradation of crystalline and amorphous regions, reach the peak value after degrading for 3 months, and then show a fluctuating downward trend.

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通过双螺杆挤出机和静态拉伸机制备双向拉伸聚乳酸(BOPLA)薄膜,并将其埋于室外土层,采用分析天平、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了BOPLA薄膜的自然降解过程和机理。结果表明:BOPLA薄膜在降解初期因表面致密而降解缓慢,在降解10个月后表面致密层被严重侵蚀且降解深入薄膜内部,降解加速。在降解过程中结晶度、晶粒尺寸、玻璃化转变温度等性能受无定型区和结晶区降解变化的影响,在降解3个月后达到最高,之后呈现波动下降的变化趋势。

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陈志平(1986-),女(汉族),河北衡水人,高级工程师,主要从事各类薄膜的双向拉伸工艺研究。

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陈志平(1986-),女(汉族),河北衡水人,高级工程师,主要从事各类薄膜的双向拉伸工艺研究。

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陈志平(1986-),女(汉族),河北衡水人,高级工程师,主要从事各类薄膜的双向拉伸工艺研究。

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双向拉伸聚乳酸薄膜降解性能研究
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陈志平 1 , 冯羽风 1 , 陆春立 1 , 宋文春 1 , 任小龙 2 , 杨正昊 1 , 廖文靖 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(7): 17-21
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(7): 17-21
双向拉伸聚乳酸薄膜降解性能研究
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陈志平1, 冯羽风1, 陆春立1, 宋文春1, 任小龙2, 杨正昊1, 廖文靖1
作者信息
  • 1桂林格莱斯科技有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2桂林电器科学研究院有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
  • 陈志平(1986-),女(汉族),河北衡水人,高级工程师,主要从事各类薄膜的双向拉伸工艺研究。

Degradation Properties of Biaxially Stretched Polylactic Acid Films
Zhiping CHEN1, Yufeng FENG1, Chunli LU1, Wenchun SONG1, Xiaolong REN2, Zhenhao YANG1, Wenjing LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Guilin Glesi Scientific Technology Co., Ltd., 541004 China
  • 2Guilin Electrical Equipment Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2022-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.003
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通过双螺杆挤出机和静态拉伸机制备双向拉伸聚乳酸(BOPLA)薄膜,并将其埋于室外土层,采用分析天平、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了BOPLA薄膜的自然降解过程和机理。结果表明:BOPLA薄膜在降解初期因表面致密而降解缓慢,在降解10个月后表面致密层被严重侵蚀且降解深入薄膜内部,降解加速。在降解过程中结晶度、晶粒尺寸、玻璃化转变温度等性能受无定型区和结晶区降解变化的影响,在降解3个月后达到最高,之后呈现波动下降的变化趋势。

PLA薄膜  /  双向拉伸  /  降解

Biaxially oriented polylactic acid (BOPLA) films were prepared by twin-screw extruder and static stretching machine, and they were buried in outdoor soil. The natural degradation process and mechanism of the BOPLA films were studied by analytical balance, Fourier transform infrared spectoscopy (FI-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the BOPLA film degrades slowly due to its dense surface at the initial degradation stage. After degrading for 10 months, the dense layer on the surface is eroded seriously, and the degradation goes deep into the film, the degradation is accelerated. The crystallinity, grain size, glass transition temperature, and other properties, which affected by the degradation of crystalline and amorphous regions, reach the peak value after degrading for 3 months, and then show a fluctuating downward trend.

polylactic acid films  /  biaxially oriented  /  degradation
陈志平, 冯羽风, 陆春立, 宋文春, 任小龙, 杨正昊, 廖文靖. 双向拉伸聚乳酸薄膜降解性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (7) : 17 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.003
Zhiping CHEN, Yufeng FENG, Chunli LU, Wenchun SONG, Xiaolong REN, Zhenhao YANG, Wenjing LIAO. Degradation Properties of Biaxially Stretched Polylactic Acid Films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (7) : 17 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.003
由于白色污染引起的生态环境问题日益严重,全球掀起了禁塑热潮,对于可降解材料的需求、研制和开发大幅增加。其中原料来源于玉米淀粉的聚乳酸(PLA)因其原料可再生,可在堆肥条件下3~6个月内降解,自然掩埋条件下1~5年内降解,降解产物为H2O和CO2,所以是真正意义上的绿色环保材料。学者们针对PLA的改性、降解和在绝缘材料方面的性能做了大量的研究[1-5]。PLA具有优异的绝缘性能,其体积电阻率和介质损耗因数与常用绝缘材料聚乙烯基本相当,介电常数低于聚氯乙烯和绝缘油纸,PLA绝缘电缆平均可承受压力是聚氯乙烯的3.5倍[6-8]。作为可降解材料,PLA的降解性能备受关注。据文献报道,PLA的降解受分子结构、结晶度、分子量、pH值、温度、湿度等多重因素的影响[9],其中结晶度是影响PLA降解的重要因素[5],无定型结构的PLA降解要快于结晶结构的PLA。PLA经过双向拉伸后,在外力拉伸作用下取向,分子排列紧密程度、结晶度会大幅提高。现有文献中针对PLA降解过程的分析对象均为未经拉伸的PLA,还未有双向拉伸聚乳酸(BOPLA)降解过程的研究报道。本文自制BOPLA薄膜,并土埋于室外,研究BOPLA薄膜的自然降解过程。
PLA,牌号为110(熔融指数为4.0~5.5 g/10min(190℃、2.16 kg)),浙江海正生物材料股份有限公司。
小型双螺杆挤出压延机,自制;静态双向拉伸机,自制;分析天平,BSA2202S型,赛多利斯;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR),Nexus670型,美国Nicolet公司;差示扫描量热仪(DSC),DSC4000型,美国Perkins-Elmer公司;扫描电子显微镜(SEM),S-3400N型,日本日立公司;X射线衍射仪(XRD),XD-6型,北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司。
将干燥后的PLA经小型双螺杆挤出机在210℃挤出,经40℃压延机铸片后制得PLA片材。将片材用静态拉伸机在75℃下进行纵/横向双向拉伸3.5×3.5倍,制得BOPLA薄膜。
将BOPLA薄膜裁成尺寸为10 cm×10 cm的样品,埋于室外10 cm深处的土层之下(试验当年平均气温为18~25℃,平均湿度为73%~79%),每月将样品取出进行性能表征,试验周期为12个月。
失重率测试:利用分析天平测定薄膜降解前后的质量,利用公式w=(m1-m2)/m1×100%计算失重率,其中w为失重率,m1为薄膜降解前的质量,m2为薄膜降解后的质量。
FTIR测试:将降解不同时间的BOPLA薄膜用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行测试,测定波数范围为500~4 000 cm-1
DSC测试:在流速为20 mL/min的高纯氮气下,将样品以10℃/min的升温速率升温,得到升温曲线作为本次实验数据。
XRD测试:测试条件为Cu靶,波长为0.154 056 nm,电压为30 kV,衍射角2θ为5°~50°,扫描速度为2°/min,得到的XRD谱图用Jade 6软件计算薄膜的结晶度和结晶晶粒尺寸。
SEM测试:将薄膜样品表面喷金后进行SEM观察、拍照。
BOPLA在拉伸过程中,PLA分子链在外界应力作用下会沿拉伸方向取向,结晶情况发生改变。采用XRD对拉伸前后PLA的结晶情况进行表征,结果如图1所示。从图1可以看出,拉伸前PLA表现为无定型聚合物的馒头峰,双向拉伸之后PLA出现尖锐的结晶峰,且同步双向拉伸制备的PLA薄膜纵向(MD)、横向(TD)结晶性能表现为各向同性。
试验每月取样一次,对样品进行外观观察和失重率测试。图2为BOPLA薄膜降解前后的外观照片。从图2可以看出,薄膜样品在土埋12个月后,外观整体保持得较完整,但边缘变得粗糙,并有少部分缺失,表面有诸多白色斑点,并在清洗过程中无法去除,此为降解过程中被侵蚀的痕迹。图3为薄膜不同降解时间下的失重率情况。从图3可以看出,BOPLA薄膜样品在降解初期失重率增加较为缓慢,在降解10个月后,失重率增加开始变快,至土埋12个月后,薄膜的失重率为6.21%。这可能是因为降解初期薄膜表面较致密,外界物质不易渗入到薄膜内部使PLA发生降解,随着降解时间的延长,薄膜表面致密层被破坏,外界物质渗入到薄膜内部,使PLA降解加剧。
PLA在降解过程中,酯基水解成羧基和羟基,官能团的含量将发生变化。采用红外光谱表征BOPLA薄膜不同土埋降解时间后的分子结构变化,结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出,BOPLA薄膜降解前后并没有新的官能团产生。但是随着降解时间的延长,薄膜中官能团的红外吸收峰强弱发生了变化。谱图中 -CH3基团的-C-H-特征伸缩振动峰(2 998 cm-1和2 944 cm-1)降解前后变化不明显,而酯基C=O的特征伸展运动峰(1 749 cm-1)随着降解时间的延长峰强逐渐增大。图4纵坐标为透过率,表征透射强度,由于总强度为透射强度和吸收强度之和,而总强度一定,酯基C=O的红外透射强度增大,则酯基C=O的吸收强度变小,说明酯基的含量随着降解时间的延长逐渐减少[10]。红外测试结果证实了BOPLA薄膜在土埋降解过程中分子链降解在持续发生。
采用扫描电子显微镜对降解前后薄膜的表观形貌进行了分析,并给出了具有代表性的SEM照片如图5所示。
图5可以看出,BOPLA薄膜在土埋降解3个月后,薄膜表面基本无变化,但边缘部位出现表皮崩裂和破损。土埋降解5个月后,薄膜表面致密层崩裂,露出里面拉伸取向的纤维状结构。土埋降解7个月后,薄膜表面沿分子取向方向被侵蚀成沟壑状。土埋降解10个月后,薄膜表面出现大量被侵蚀的蜂窝状孔洞,并深入薄膜内部。土埋降解12个月后,薄膜表面孔洞增多,且成孔结构沿分子取向呈现一定排列的条状孔。文献报道,PLA的降解总是从无定型区向结晶区降解[11],无定形区分子排列松散,环境中的物质容易渗透进去,使分子链发生降解。因此降解后的薄膜表面出现沟壑或孔洞沿分子取向排列的现象。
图5还可以看出,BOPLA薄膜的降解是按从边缘到中间,从表层到内部,从无定型区到结晶区的顺序降解的。降解初期薄膜表面较致密,外界物质不容易渗透到薄膜内部促使薄膜降解。薄膜表面层崩裂、被侵蚀后,才开始向内部降解。薄膜土埋降解10个月后,降解已经从外表面渗透到内部,降解开始加剧,这也说明了薄膜失重率从土埋降解10个月后开始加剧的原因。
采用XRD表征了降解前后薄膜的结晶度和晶粒尺寸的变化情况,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,经过双向拉伸的PLA薄膜结晶度和晶粒尺寸在降解过程中并未持续下降或减小,而是在降解3个月后增加到最大,之后呈现上下波动的趋势。研究指出,PLA是半结晶聚合物,其降解是循序渐进的,降解过程总是从无定型区到结晶区,当大部分无定型区降解后,才由边缘向结晶区的中心开始降解。在无定型区降解过程中,会生成立构规整的低分子物质,导致结晶尺寸和结晶度增大[12-13]。降解后结晶度反而增大的情况在PLA自然降解试验中也有报道[12],但试验周期较短,对于3个月后的降解现象未有报道。对于降解后结晶度增大的原因,文献中解释为可能是无定形区降解使得结晶区比例增加,使得结晶度增大;也有可能是无定形区降解生成了短链产物,分子链重排导致结晶度增大[9]。从结晶度和晶粒尺寸变化来看,这两种原因是同时存在的。从失重率、红外光谱和SEM结果可以看出,PLA的降解在持续发生,致密结构下PLA降解缓慢,因此在降解过程中松散的无定形区首先降解,无定形区的降解一定程度上导致结晶度增大;从晶粒尺寸的变化来看,链段的重排是必然存在的,分子链重排在一定程度上导致结晶度增大。因此,结晶度在降解3个月后达到最大,之后结晶区部分的降解导致结晶度开始下降,结晶区和无定型区的降解导致结晶度呈现上下波动的趋势。
高分子材料分子链的运动受分子量、分子排列紧密程度等因素影响,分子量越大、分子排列越紧密,分子链越不易运动,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和熔点(Tm)就越高。此外,结晶度和晶粒尺寸的大小对高分子链段的运动也有很大影响,结晶度越高,结晶越完善,熔点越高;晶粒尺寸越大,表面能越小,熔点越高[14]图7为降解不同时间后BOPLA薄膜TgTm的变化情况。
图7可以看出,在BOPLA薄膜降解过程中,BOPLA薄膜的熔点和玻璃化转变温度在降解3个月后达到最高,之后呈现上下波动的趋势,但总体呈现下降的趋势。从XRD的测试结果看出,BOPLA薄膜在降解3个月后结晶度和晶粒尺寸都达到最大,分子链排列紧密,结晶尺寸增大,导致BOPLA薄膜的熔点和玻璃化转变温度达到最高。在这一过程中分子链排列紧密程度的影响比分子量减小的影响大,晶体尺寸的增大或晶格中无序性的下降都会导致熔点升高[11]。之后受分子链降解、结晶尺寸和结晶度在后续降解过程中交替上升和下降的综合因素影响下,BOPLA薄膜在降解过程中熔点和玻璃化转变温度呈现交替上升和下降的趋势,但总体较降解3个月前呈现下降趋势。
经双向拉伸后PLA结晶度较未拉伸前大幅提高。BOPLA薄膜在土埋降解初期,因薄膜表面致密,失重率增加缓慢,随着降解时间增加,薄膜表面致密层被破坏,降解开始加剧。BOPLA薄膜是按边缘到中间、表面到内部、无定型区到结晶区的顺序降解的。受分子链降解、分子链重排和无定型区减少等综合因素的影响,BOPLA薄膜的结晶度、结晶尺寸、玻璃化转变温度和熔点在降解3个月后达到最大,之后呈现波动下降的变化趋势。
  • 桂林电器科学研究院有限公司创新基金项目(18673)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.003
  • 接收时间:2021-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-27
  • 修回日期:2021-07-30
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桂林电器科学研究院有限公司创新基金项目(18673)
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    1桂林格莱斯科技有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
    2桂林电器科学研究院有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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