Article(id=1210201125014344174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630857600000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-06, revisedDate=1637683200000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464032653, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464032653, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464032653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464032653, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201122451624379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464032042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563098203, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201126322967036, articleId=1210201125014344174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation of Porous Superhydrophobic Structure Based on 3D Printing, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to obtain superhydrophobic film by simple and mold free method, on the basis of the transformation of 3D printer transmission system, we filled hydrophobic silica nanoparticles in thermoplastic elastomer solution material to prepare printing ink. Then ordered porous superhydrophobic film was prepared using the ink by 3D printing technology. The printability of ink and the wettability, wear resistance, insulating property, and oil-water separation of the film were investigated. The results show that the porous structure film prepared by this method shows well super-hydrophobicity, high oil-water separation efficiency, good insulating property and mechanical properties such as wear resistance and durability.

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为了采用简便、无模的方法获得超疏水膜,本研究在对3D打印机传动系统改造的基础上,运用疏水二氧化硅纳米颗粒填充热塑性弹性体溶液材料制备打印墨水,将该墨水通过3D打印技术实现了有序多孔结构的超疏水膜制备,并对配置墨水的可打印性,膜的润湿型、耐磨性、绝缘性、油水分离性等进行了探究。结果表明:通过该方法制备出的多孔结构膜具有良好的超疏水性,很高的油水分离效率,并且表现出较好的绝缘性及耐磨、耐久等机械特性。

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王志豪(1994-),男(汉族),河南商丘人,硕士生,主要从事生产系统管理与优化的研究;

段巍(1972-),女(汉族),山西太原人,副教授,主要从事机械设计及理论的研究。

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王志豪(1994-),男(汉族),河南商丘人,硕士生,主要从事生产系统管理与优化的研究;

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王志豪(1994-),男(汉族),河南商丘人,硕士生,主要从事生产系统管理与优化的研究;

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段巍(1972-),女(汉族),山西太原人,副教授,主要从事机械设计及理论的研究。

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基于3D打印的多孔超疏水结构制备
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王志豪 , 王鹏 , 段巍 , 张雪松 , 陈涛
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(6): 55-59
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(6): 55-59
基于3D打印的多孔超疏水结构制备
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王志豪, 王鹏, 段巍, 张雪松, 陈涛
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 机械工程系,河北 保定 071000
  • 王志豪(1994-),男(汉族),河南商丘人,硕士生,主要从事生产系统管理与优化的研究;

    段巍(1972-),女(汉族),山西太原人,副教授,主要从事机械设计及理论的研究。

Preparation of Porous Superhydrophobic Structure Based on 3D Printing
Zhihao WANG, Peng WANG, Wei DUAN, Xuesong ZHANG, Tao CHEN
Affiliations
  • Department of mechanical engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.010
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为了采用简便、无模的方法获得超疏水膜,本研究在对3D打印机传动系统改造的基础上,运用疏水二氧化硅纳米颗粒填充热塑性弹性体溶液材料制备打印墨水,将该墨水通过3D打印技术实现了有序多孔结构的超疏水膜制备,并对配置墨水的可打印性,膜的润湿型、耐磨性、绝缘性、油水分离性等进行了探究。结果表明:通过该方法制备出的多孔结构膜具有良好的超疏水性,很高的油水分离效率,并且表现出较好的绝缘性及耐磨、耐久等机械特性。

3D打印  /  超疏水  /  绝缘  /  油水分离。

In order to obtain superhydrophobic film by simple and mold free method, on the basis of the transformation of 3D printer transmission system, we filled hydrophobic silica nanoparticles in thermoplastic elastomer solution material to prepare printing ink. Then ordered porous superhydrophobic film was prepared using the ink by 3D printing technology. The printability of ink and the wettability, wear resistance, insulating property, and oil-water separation of the film were investigated. The results show that the porous structure film prepared by this method shows well super-hydrophobicity, high oil-water separation efficiency, good insulating property and mechanical properties such as wear resistance and durability.

3D printing  /  superhydrophobic  /  insulation  /  oil-water separation
王志豪, 王鹏, 段巍, 张雪松, 陈涛. 基于3D打印的多孔超疏水结构制备. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (6) : 55 -59 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.010
Zhihao WANG, Peng WANG, Wei DUAN, Xuesong ZHANG, Tao CHEN. Preparation of Porous Superhydrophobic Structure Based on 3D Printing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (6) : 55 -59 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.010
近年来,新兴的3D打印技术在构建具有微/纳米结构的超润湿型表面和结构方面引起了广泛的关注。由于灵活的设计性和针对高复杂性结构可自由制造的优点,3D打印技术被认为在许多领域的功能器件的制作上具有广阔前景。随着各种漏油事件的发生,以及各个行业的污油排放等情况使得大量水资源被油类污染[1],找到一种环境友好型的油水分离方法具有重要意义。受一些自然现象的启发,例如:荷叶上滚落的水珠、在水上行走的水蝇,观察得知荷叶表面具有微纳米粗糙结构使其展现出特殊的润湿性,即超疏水性。科学界将接触角大于150°、滚动角小于10°的表面称为超疏水表面[2]。将弹性体材料制作成适于打印的墨水是研究3D打印超疏水材料的关键。热塑性弹性体颗粒(TPE)具有可溶解于溶剂[3]的特性,且溶解后具有较好的黏稠度。这一特性为热塑性弹性体颗粒作为3D打印墨水基底提供了可行性[4]
现有的研究一般都是将硅橡胶材料作为墨水基底。HE Z K等[5]用硅橡胶材料制备3D打印墨水,成功打印出具有疏水功能的疏水膜。LÜ J等[6]将疏水二氧化硅纳米颗粒填充至PDMS硅橡胶中制作了可用于3D打印的油墨,运用3D打印技术打印出了可用于油水分离的超疏水膜。FAN X L等[7]利用四氢呋喃溶解TPE材料将其喷在织物上,再经过无水乙醇的刻蚀从而制造出超疏水涂层。T J HINTON等[8]对商用FDM型3D打印机的喷头进行了改进,通过设计机械式蜗杆挤出装置,实现了硅橡胶的3D打印。V OZBLAT等[9]通过提升硅橡胶的黏度实现了打印精度的提升,并将喷头改成了气压驱动式以挤出高黏度硅橡胶。
受上述研究启发,本研究提出一种具有网状结构且具有绝缘特性的超疏水膜的制作方法,用疏水的二氧化硅纳米颗粒填充热塑性弹性体溶液制备墨水,再将配置的墨水通过3D打印技术制备有序多孔结构的超疏水膜。对超疏水膜的疏水性能、耐磨性能、绝缘性能等进行测试,通过测定其接触角与滚动角并通过油水分离试验,研究该膜的超疏水效果。
热塑性弹性体颗粒(TPE),型号为I913BT-B2696,主要成分为苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物,深圳久炫公司;四氢呋喃,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇,天津市汇杭化工科技有限公司;全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷以及用于染色的苏丹黑B,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;二氧化硅纳米颗粒,上海缘江化工有限公司。
选用深圳市创想三维科技有限公司ender-3s3D型打印机,为了保证油墨能顺利从喷嘴中挤出,本研究对打印机传动系统和喷头进行了改进,其中物料传动系统改为气动传输,气泵最大气压为8 kPa,试验所用气压均不超过该值。打印机喷头采用针筒代替原打印机喷头,确保不同黏度的3D打印墨水通过不同的气压顺利将墨水从针筒中挤出,气压的大小可通过调节气压阀来实现。
将5 g TPE溶于10 g四氢呋喃溶剂之中作为墨水基底,待两者完全融合之后形成胶状并将其转移至烧杯中,这种混合胶体具有良好的流动性和绝缘性。再加入1.7 g全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷,提高打印墨水的疏水性。上述配置的墨水还不足以达到3D打印所需要的黏稠度,为进一步提高墨水的黏稠度和疏水性还需要加入填充物。二氧化硅纳米颗粒不仅能改变墨水的黏稠度而且具有超疏水效果从而增加墨水的超疏水性。将2.3 g二氧化硅纳米颗粒加入上述混合胶液中,以500 r/min的转速充分搅拌,然后用真空泵将墨水中的气泡抽出,将混合后的墨水用玻璃棒转移至针筒中,最后移至3D打印机物料传动系统中打印出网状结构,待其固化后在无水乙醇中刻蚀12 h便得到接触角为154.6°的网状超疏水膜,如图1所示。
喷嘴沿着X轴和Y轴按编程打印速度移动,伴随墨水通过微喷嘴挤压。根据程序设置路径,可将挤压的墨水丝写入基底上,以形成所需的图案。将用3DMAX画出的膜的图形输出为STL格式,将该文件导入至切片软件中,设置合适的打印速度、热床温度,通过气压阀来调节试验过程中的不同气压。3D打印机运动轴运动的同时墨水被挤出,便在3D打印基底上完成打印路径。打印路径设置为Z字形,先打印纵向路径再打印横向路径,叠加之后最终形成多孔的网状结构,至此一个打印周期完成,所有的路径完成后形成最终的试样。
墨水的可打印性对于整个3D打印过程至关重要,对墨水的黏度、流变性能有一定的要求,墨水黏度太低会导致打印时不成型出现坍塌现象,墨水黏度过高则会使墨水难以从喷头中挤出或者使打印过程出现断裂情况。墨水的整体黏度受TPE含量影响较大,可通过改变TPE的含量来调节墨水的黏度。本研究尝试了不同的TPE含量并进行打印测试(为方便,将TPE与四氢呋喃的混合体称为A部分,并在后面注明TPE的质量分数,比如:5 g TPE溶于10 g四氢呋喃溶剂记为33%A。),TPE比重从23%A至45%A进行试验,发现TPE的浓度为33%A时墨水的黏稠度最合适打印。在此基础之上能够打印合格的多孔膜结构。
裸露在膜表面的二氧化硅纳米颗粒是使多孔膜达到超疏水状态的关键因素,不同浓度的二氧化硅纳米颗粒含量直接影响整体的疏水性。在预试验中,调整二氧化硅纳米颗粒在墨水中的质量分数由8%增至14%,研究多孔膜接触角的变化,如图2所示。从图2可以看出,二氧化硅纳米颗粒的含量越高,多孔膜的疏水性越好,其中二氧化硅纳米颗粒质量分数在12%以上时接触角达到153°以上。但在后面的试验中发现二氧化硅纳米颗粒含量过高会降低多孔膜的力学性能从而使打印过程出现严重的断丝以及固化后出现断裂现象,因此在典型试验中将二氧化硅纳米颗粒含量控制在12%最佳。从图2还可以看出,接触角大小还受无水乙醇刻蚀时间影响。为进一步证明多孔膜优越的疏水性,用高速相机拍摄水滴在超疏水网格上的弹跳过程,如图3所示。从图3可以看出,水滴完全离开表面而不润湿基质,这进一步表明在宏观上所制备的网格是超疏水的。
绝缘材料在电力与生活中的巨大作用使其获得广泛关注[10],采用TPE材料为墨水基底使得打印出的网状膜不仅具有超疏水性能还兼具绝缘性能,本研究采用兆欧表测试超疏水膜的绝缘性能,并设置对照试验来进行分析,如图4所示。将兆欧表调至测电阻档位,若所测试材料为绝缘材料则兆欧表读数没有变化,为空载读数;若所测材料为非绝缘材料测兆欧表读数便显示该材料的实际电阻。从图4可以看出,空载绝缘状态下的读数为70 MΩ,电阻特别大,铜箔测试电阻读数为0.2 Ω,超疏水膜电阻读数为70 MΩ,电阻也特别大。可以发现测试超疏水膜时读数与空载时相同,可以得知该膜具有绝缘特性。
超疏水膜虽然在油水分离、自清洁等方面表现出巨大的作用,但其耐久性、力学性能等较差[11],一直制约着超疏水材料的发展,一些超疏水涂层甚至在简单的触摸之后其疏水性便大幅降低[12]。研究表明在一些超疏水涂层表面经过简单的磨损后其表面微结构被破坏或者其表面的超疏水粒子被磨掉会使其完全失去疏水性能[13],现在普遍认为砂纸磨损试验是检验超疏水材料耐磨性能最好的检验方式之一,因此本研究采用砂纸磨损试验来检验该超疏水膜的耐磨性能。如图5所示,将制得的接触角为154.2°的超疏水膜裁成1.5 cm×1.5 cm的方形样品,将其粘在200 g砝码底部,拖动砝码使之在1 200目的砂纸上移动,每移动25 cm为一个周期,测试一定周期后再测定其接触角与滚动角,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,在20个周期即摩擦长度为 5 m的试验过程中,超疏水膜的接触角略有波动但始终保持在150°之上,滚动角小于10°;此外,在出现接触角略微降低之后,还出现某一时段接触角上升的现象。引起该现象的原因可以解释为:摩擦次数较少时超疏水膜表面的二氧化硅纳米颗粒脱落,并且其表面的超疏水结构被破坏导致接触角一度出现下降趋势;伴随着摩擦次数的增加,隐藏在结构内部的SiO2粒子重新暴露在表面使得表面粗糙度上升进而接触角变大,故该膜接触角始终能保持大于150°。
为了模拟超疏水膜在更多情形下的耐磨性能,本研究还进行了胶带剥离试验来验证其耐久性。如图7所示,将尺寸为2.0 cm×2.0 cm的标准试样固定在底座之上,将胶带置于样品表面,在试样与胶带上方放置200 g的砝码来提供压力使胶带与试样完全接触。从放置胶带至移开胶带为一个周期,通过胶带反复粘贴试样表面,每5个周期测定接触角和滚动角,测试结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,在经过20次的连续反复粘贴胶带剥离试验之后,其接触角仍大于150°,滚动角小于10°。
为进一步研究超疏水膜的油水分离能力,将超疏水膜制成一个2 cm×2 cm×1 cm的网兜状盒子,来分析其油水分离能力。在典型试验中使用煤油模拟溢油,为了帮助可视化,在油中滴入少量苏丹黑B,这并不改变油滴在网格表面的行为。将一定量的煤油小心地加入盛有水的烧杯中,加入煤油的质量可以从天平上得到。由于低密度和表面能,煤油迅速扩散并漂浮在水面上。然后,将折叠好的超疏水网盒小心地放在混合物表面。一旦煤油与网格盒接触,网格煤油迅速渗透到网格孔中,而膜的超疏水性使得水无法进入网兜中。用网兜收集煤油,实现油水分离,收集的煤油很容易被吸管吸出,取出网兜后称重可得出水中残留的煤油的质量。根据以式(1)确定分离效率。
p=m1m0×100%
式(1)中:p为分离效率;m0为分离前油的质量;m1为分离后油的渗透质量。
试验得到m0为1.728 g,m1为1.697 g,因此,所制备的网格对煤油的分离效率为98.2%。为避免油水分离后取出网兜时水附着在网兜表面而对试验产生影响,本研究还进行了一组对照试验,即制好的网兜放入只有水的烧杯放置一段时间后取出,发现放入前后水的质量并没有改变从而保证了整体试验的可信度。此外,所制备的超疏水膜具有将其他油与水分离的能力。本试验采用了生活和工业中常用到合成植物油、天然植物油、煤油3种典型油进行分离试验,该超疏水网格对3种油的分离效率均在96%之上。
本研究采用疏水二氧化硅纳米颗粒填充TPE粘弹性油墨进行3D打印,成功制备了有序多孔结构的超疏水膜。将TPE弹性体材料溶于四氢呋喃作为墨水基底,纳米二氧化硅的加入使油墨具有良好的印刷性,而且保证了较大的接触角。通过3D打印方法制备出的超疏水膜具有很高的油水分离效率,并且表现出较好的绝缘耐磨、耐久等特性,在未来油水分离中可能具有很大的应用价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977079)
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2022年第55卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.010
  • 接收时间:2021-09-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-06
  • 修回日期:2021-11-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977079)
作者信息
    华北电力大学 机械工程系,河北 保定 071000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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