Article(id=1210201126364910078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1631203200000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-10, revisedDate=1636646400000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464032974, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464032974, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464032974, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464032974, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201122451624379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464032042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563098203, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201126624956944, articleId=1210201126364910078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effects of Fungi on Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber Insulators, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article introduced the relevant characteristics of fungi. Fungi were cultivated under laboratory conditions and transplanted to the surface of silicone rubber insulators. Then, the static contact angle, ESDD, NSDD, and pollution flashover voltage of contaminated silicone rubber insulators were measured. The inhibition of fungi on the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber insulators and its influence on the pollution flashover voltage were analyzed. The results show that the adhesion of fungi on the surface of the silicone rubber insulator decreases the hydrophobicity of the insulator. The higher the concentration of fungus, the worse the hydrophobicity; the pollution flashover voltage on the surface of the silicone rubber insulator decreases slightly due to the adhesion of fungi; at the same time, the higher the concentration of fungi, the higher the ESDD and NSDD.

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本文介绍了真菌的相关特性,在实验室条件下培养真菌并移植到硅橡胶绝缘子表面,然后对受污染的硅橡胶材料进行静态接触角、盐密、灰密及污闪电压的测量,从而分析真菌对于硅橡胶绝缘子憎水性的抑制情况及对污闪电压的影响。结果表明:真菌附着在硅橡胶绝缘子的表面使绝缘子的憎水性能下降,真菌的浓度越大,憎水性越差;硅橡胶绝缘子表面的污闪电压也因真菌的附着稍有下降;同时,真菌浓度越大,相应的盐密和灰密越高。

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杨世芳(1994-),女(汉族),河北保定人,讲师,博士,研究方向为高电压外绝缘。
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陈杰(1985-),男(汉族),四川达州人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路电气设计技术的研究。

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陈杰(1985-),男(汉族),四川达州人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路电气设计技术的研究。

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陈杰(1985-),男(汉族),四川达州人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路电气设计技术的研究。

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样品编号静态接触角/(°)
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
1-0108.61105.83107.54106.47109.13107.52
1-1109.16106.41110.01103.25104.25106.62
1-294.96107.22104.3299.38103.52101.88
1-392.6285.4797.8388.4089.4790.76
1-475.2965.3467.6672.3763.4668.82
1-557.3867.6250.6062.5456.5758.94
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039237731032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

第1组硅橡胶样品的静态接触角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角/(°)
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
1-0108.61105.83107.54106.47109.13107.52
1-1109.16106.41110.01103.25104.25106.62
1-294.96107.22104.3299.38103.52101.88
1-392.6285.4797.8388.4089.4790.76
1-475.2965.3467.6672.3763.4668.82
1-557.3867.6250.6062.5456.5758.94
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039325811419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Static contact angle of silicone rubber samples in group 2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角/(°)
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
2-0105.35106.27108.92107.86110.64107.81
2-1109.12101.58110.91107.73102.65106.40
2-289.6398.56103.85104.6299.6299.27
2-384.7891.9892.5696.8782.2289.68
2-472.5763.4575.4877.3161.5970.08
2-555.8962.3153.6757.2269.3459.69
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039384531678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第2组硅橡胶样品的静态接触角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角/(°)
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
2-0105.35106.27108.92107.86110.64107.81
2-1109.12101.58110.91107.73102.65106.40
2-289.6398.56103.85104.6299.6299.27
2-384.7891.9892.5696.8782.2289.68
2-472.5763.4575.4877.3161.5970.08
2-555.8962.3153.6757.2269.3459.69
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039464223458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Static contact angle of silicone rubber samples in group 3, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角/(°)
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
3-0107.74106.32104.57108.66109.34107.33
3-1110.32106.64107.73103.47108.32107.30
3-297.99103.21106.7296.8289.7698.90
3-383.7792.8684.6191.52100.1090.57
3-469.8471.2262.8972.6775.6270.45
3-563.7154.9650.9860.6658.7857.82
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039577469672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

第3组硅橡胶样品的静态接触角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角/(°)
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
3-0107.74106.32104.57108.66109.34107.33
3-1110.32106.64107.73103.47108.32107.30
3-297.99103.21106.7296.8289.7698.90
3-383.7792.8684.6191.52100.1090.57
3-469.8471.2262.8972.6775.6270.45
3-563.7154.9650.9860.6658.7857.82
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039682327276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Mean value of static contact angle of silicone rubber sample, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角平均值/(°)
0107.55
1106.77
2100.02
390.34
469.78
558.82
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039782990575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

硅橡胶样品的静态接触角平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号静态接触角平均值/(°)
0107.55
1106.77
2100.02
390.34
469.78
558.82
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039850099443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Equivalent salt density of silicone rubber samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号电导率/(μS/cm)等值盐密/(mg/cm²)
150.007 9
2100.016 9
3140.024 5
4190.034 2
5220.040 1
), ArticleFig(id=1210539039950762742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

硅橡胶样品的等值盐密

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号电导率/(μS/cm)等值盐密/(mg/cm²)
150.007 9
2100.016 9
3140.024 5
4190.034 2
5220.040 1
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040030454523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Equivalent grey density of silicone rubber samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Ws/gWf/g污秽质量/g等值灰密/(mg/cm²)
10.123 50.125 00.001 50.023 1
20.116 90.119 80.002 90.045 4
30.121 70.126 20.004 50.071 2
40.117 30.123 50.006 20.097 5
50.120 20.128 50.008 30.130 5
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040105951999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

硅橡胶样品的等值灰密

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号Ws/gWf/g污秽质量/g等值灰密/(mg/cm²)
10.123 50.125 00.001 50.023 1
20.116 90.119 80.002 90.045 4
30.121 70.126 20.004 50.071 2
40.117 30.123 50.006 20.097 5
50.120 20.128 50.008 30.130 5
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040210809602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=The specific value between NSDD and ESDD, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第1组第2组第3组第4组第5组平均值
2.922.692.912.853.252.92
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040294695687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

灰密和盐密的比值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第1组第2组第3组第4组第5组平均值
2.922.692.912.853.252.92
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040361804555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=The surface flashover voltage of the silicone rubber insulator samples in group 1, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
1-043.843.641.639.842.542.3
1-143.142.439.741.538.841.1
1-241.736.940.439.938.739.5
1-339.337.735.738.438.137.8
1-438.737.434.237.836.937.0
1-539.137.937.533.334.636.5
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040428913422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

第1组硅橡胶绝缘子样品的沿面闪络电压值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
1-043.843.641.639.842.542.3
1-143.142.439.741.538.841.1
1-241.736.940.439.938.739.5
1-339.337.735.738.438.137.8
1-438.737.434.237.836.937.0
1-539.137.937.533.334.636.5
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040496022287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=The surface flashover voltage of the silicone rubber insulator samples in group 2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
2-043.740.743.543.240.742.4
2-142.942.739.241.840.141.3
2-239.841.439.237.138.439.2
2-340.639.137.638.236.838.5
2-438.237.233.736.935.136.2
2-537.536.333.234.736.635.7
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040584102675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

第2组硅橡胶绝缘子样品的沿面闪络电压值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
2-043.740.743.543.240.742.4
2-142.942.739.241.840.141.3
2-239.841.439.237.138.439.2
2-340.639.137.638.236.838.5
2-438.237.233.736.935.136.2
2-537.536.333.234.736.635.7
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040676377364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=The surface flashover voltage of the silicone rubber insulator samples in group 3, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
3-043.242.841.441.640.741.9
3-143.140.138.642.141.541.1
3-241.737.739.740.139.939.8
3-339.740.137.136.536.938.1
3-438.437.635.733.436.336.3
3-538.637.235.932.536.736.2
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040743486230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

第3组硅橡胶绝缘子样品的沿面闪络电压值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
第1次第2次第3次第4次第5次平均值
3-043.242.841.441.640.741.9
3-143.140.138.642.141.541.1
3-241.737.739.740.139.939.8
3-339.740.137.136.536.938.1
3-438.437.635.733.436.336.3
3-538.637.235.932.536.736.2
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040839955225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=Flashover voltage of silicone rubber insulator sample, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
042.2
141.2
239.5
338.1
436.5
536.1
), ArticleFig(id=1210539040928035612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201126364910078, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

硅橡胶绝缘子样品的沿面闪络电压值

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样品编号沿面闪络电压值/kV
042.2
141.2
239.5
338.1
436.5
536.1
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真菌对硅橡胶绝缘子电气性能影响的研究
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陈杰 1 , 安之焕 1 , 唐占元 1 , 卢志超 1 , 高健 1 , 韦克强 1 , 冯娜 1 , 杨世芳 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(6): 28-34
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(6): 28-34
真菌对硅橡胶绝缘子电气性能影响的研究
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陈杰1, 安之焕1, 唐占元1, 卢志超1, 高健1, 韦克强1, 冯娜1, 杨世芳2
作者信息
  • 1国网青海省电力公司经济技术研究院,青海 西宁 810000
  • 2华北电力大学 河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071000
  • 陈杰(1985-),男(汉族),四川达州人,高级工程师,主要从事输电线路电气设计技术的研究。

通讯作者:

杨世芳(1994-),女(汉族),河北保定人,讲师,博士,研究方向为高电压外绝缘。
Effects of Fungi on Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber Insulators
Jie CHEN1, Zhihuan AN1, Zhanyuan TANG1, Zhichao LU1, Jian GAO1, Keqiang WEI1, Na FENG1, Shifang YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Qinghai Economic Research Institute, Xining 810000, China
  • 2Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.005
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本文介绍了真菌的相关特性,在实验室条件下培养真菌并移植到硅橡胶绝缘子表面,然后对受污染的硅橡胶材料进行静态接触角、盐密、灰密及污闪电压的测量,从而分析真菌对于硅橡胶绝缘子憎水性的抑制情况及对污闪电压的影响。结果表明:真菌附着在硅橡胶绝缘子的表面使绝缘子的憎水性能下降,真菌的浓度越大,憎水性越差;硅橡胶绝缘子表面的污闪电压也因真菌的附着稍有下降;同时,真菌浓度越大,相应的盐密和灰密越高。

硅橡胶绝缘子  /  真菌生长  /  憎水性  /  污闪电压

This article introduced the relevant characteristics of fungi. Fungi were cultivated under laboratory conditions and transplanted to the surface of silicone rubber insulators. Then, the static contact angle, ESDD, NSDD, and pollution flashover voltage of contaminated silicone rubber insulators were measured. The inhibition of fungi on the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber insulators and its influence on the pollution flashover voltage were analyzed. The results show that the adhesion of fungi on the surface of the silicone rubber insulator decreases the hydrophobicity of the insulator. The higher the concentration of fungus, the worse the hydrophobicity; the pollution flashover voltage on the surface of the silicone rubber insulator decreases slightly due to the adhesion of fungi; at the same time, the higher the concentration of fungi, the higher the ESDD and NSDD.

silicone rubber insulator  /  fungi growth  /  hydrophobicity  /  polluted flashover
陈杰, 安之焕, 唐占元, 卢志超, 高健, 韦克强, 冯娜, 杨世芳. 真菌对硅橡胶绝缘子电气性能影响的研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (6) : 28 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.005
Jie CHEN, Zhihuan AN, Zhanyuan TANG, Zhichao LU, Jian GAO, Keqiang WEI, Na FENG, Shifang YANG. Effects of Fungi on Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber Insulators[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (6) : 28 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.005
目前复合绝缘子是电力系统中使用最多的绝缘子。环境污染会导致空气中的有害物质大幅增加,使得户外绝缘设备发生污闪的可能性增大,从而对电网的可靠运行造成极大的威胁[1-2]。生物污染在热带及亚热带地区比较常见,在这些地区的绝缘设备表面会不同程度地出现微生物附着,并形成亲水性的生物膜,导致较厚的生物积污,难以彻底清除[3-4]。H C FLEMMING[5]研究表明形成的生物膜通常由细菌、真菌、原生动物和藻类的混合种群共存。S WALLSTROM等[6]对表面存在生物膜的硅橡胶绝缘子进行了检测,发现所有被测绝缘体上的生物都是由单细胞绿藻、细菌和丝状真菌组成。当污层被水分润湿时,绝缘子表面的电场分布发生改变,出现导电层,随后在强电场作用下发生绝缘子闪络。此时硅橡胶绝缘子的绝缘性能会发生很大改变。H E ROJAS等[7]研究发现,被真菌生物污染后,陶瓷和聚合物绝缘体的闪络电压分别降低了约21%和8%。R S GORUR等[8]针对佛罗里达州热带环境内陆研究发现,与没有明显霉菌生长的其他硅橡胶绝缘子相比,具有明显霉菌生长的硅橡胶绝缘子的表面电阻和污染耐受能力显著降低。
此外,生物膜还会引起pH值、氧化还原电位、氧和盐浓度的梯度,以及影响与表面腐蚀相关的参数[5]。真菌分泌大量胞外酶的能力[9]以及易在表面定植的能力,都会促使材料快速降解,因此真菌在生物抗性测试中尤为重要[10]。硅橡胶材料柔软而有弹性,真菌菌丝更容易渗透到聚合物材料中,会在表面附近形成多孔结构[4],从而使绝缘材料产生裂缝和孔隙,这导致材料的机械稳定性降低,并为水分进入绝缘材料提供了通道[11]
绝缘子上生物膜的存在可能会影响硅橡胶绝缘子材料的功能和特性[12]
S KUMAGAI[13]提到霉菌生长时绝缘子几乎没有疏水性。M N DINESH等[14]认为在盐雾条件下,有、无生物污染的绝缘子性能基本相同。R S GORUR等[12]研究得出大气中的盐分不利于霉菌生长的结论。以上结论的差异可能是因为盐分浓度不同导致霉菌生长密度的不同,进而引起对硅橡胶绝缘子的影响程度不同。XIA G等[15]认为与地衣生长相比,绝缘子表面的霉菌生长对安全操作具有更大的危害。在雨天或薄雾条件下,具有较大霉菌生长的复合绝缘子在运行时非常危险。WANG J等[3]也研究发现,如果大部分绝缘子被生物膜覆盖,特别是在生物膜没有隔离成较小区域的情况下,硅橡胶绝缘子的运行状态将受到很大影响。
硅橡胶产品中的各种添加剂可以作为定植微生物的初始营养素,使微生物得以在硅橡胶表面形成稳定的生物膜,进而导致硅橡胶的憎水性、绝缘性能急剧下降。相应地电气设备的绝缘性能和使用寿命也会受到不同程度的影响。
真菌的生长会导致绝缘子的憎水性急剧下降,其绝缘性能也会受到影响,但影响程度目前暂无统一定论。到目前为止,大部分文献的研究对象仍为硅橡胶绝缘子表面绿藻、青苔的生长及地衣和真菌的混合生长,针对真菌本身对硅橡胶绝缘子影响情况研究相对较少。而真菌污染在户外运行的绝缘子生物污染中占据不小的比重。目前尚无真菌污染引发硅橡胶绝缘子跳闸的故障,这是因为绝缘子表面产生大面积真菌附着现象后,运检人员会及时清除或者更换该绝缘子,所以目前覆菌硅橡胶绝缘子运行年限有限,菌类尚不能对其稳定运行造成威胁。但有必要对真菌长时间、大面积附着的硅橡胶绝缘子的电气性能进行研究,用以判断真菌对硅橡胶绝缘性能的影响以及制定防治策略。
本文将在实验室条件下培养的真菌移植到绝缘子表面,然后对受污染的绝缘子进行静态接触角、盐密和灰密及污闪电压的测量,从而分析真菌对于硅橡胶绝缘子憎水性的抑制情况及对污闪电压的影响。
XIA G等[15]认为在相同的环境条件下,绝缘子的表面会同时出现地衣和霉菌,地衣主要集中在上表面,而霉菌则主要集中在下表面。A F LEON等[16]提到这种霉菌是一种真菌,其在绝缘子表面会产生菌落。菌类一般趋向于生长在热带和亚热带的森林山地区域或沿海高盐密污秽地区,沿海的高盐密为真菌生命体提供必要的营养物质。同时,真菌膜层的胞外多聚物可溶解盐分、吸引灰分,进一步提高污秽地区的盐灰密[17-20]
白腐真菌是已知的最具有攻击性的降解真菌之一,为绝缘子主要污染菌种。在之前的研究中发现白腐真菌为优势种群,因此,本研究选择白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌(phanerochaetc chrysosporium)为试验菌种,菌种在显微镜下的形貌如图1所示。
菌株采用沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基培养,培养基使用胰酪胨5.0 g,蛋白胨5.0 g,葡萄糖20.0 g混合调制而成,温度为25℃,最终pH维持在5.6±0.2。
取30.0 g培养基粉末溶解于1 L纯水中,在医用立式蒸汽灭菌器中用蒸馏水蒸气进行高温高压灭菌,于115℃条件下灭菌20 min并冷却至室温。真菌冻存管开启前,先用75%酒精棉擦拭冻存管表面进行消毒,防止其他微生物的污染。用灭菌接种环将白腐真菌接种至液体培养基中。整个操作过程在无菌操作台中通风进行。此后,培养液在温度为(25±1)℃、湿度≥80%及24 h光照的人工气候培养箱中培养10天。
采用抽滤的方式将真菌培养液中的真菌与液体培养基进行分离。在进行抽滤之前,用力震荡烧瓶使分散菌丝体将真菌从孢子中释放出来。然后用纤维滤纸过滤菌丝,将抽滤后得到的物质溶解在灭菌纯水中。
将10 mL液体室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)均匀地倒在90 mm×15 mm的细菌培养皿中,待样品凝固后用无水乙醇对样品进行清洗备用。
本试验采用定性分析的方式探究真菌浓度对硅橡胶绝缘子电气性能的影响。在5个相同的无菌烧杯中分别加入N、4N/5、3N/5、2N/5、N/5 mL的真菌悬浮液,然后每个烧杯均用无菌纯水稀释到20 mL,从而实现N、4N/5、3N/5、2N/5、N/5五个不同的真 菌悬浮液浓度等级,其中N是细胞浓度,取值为106个/mL。再将稀释后得到的20 mL溶液分别倒入5个硅橡胶样品表面(此时真菌悬浮液恰好完全浸没硅橡胶样品),从而形成5组不同真菌浓度接种的硅橡胶样品。将硅橡胶样品在实验室条件下自然干燥24 h。
憎水性通过测量静态接触角进行分析,测量时采用微量进水器把少量的去离子水(如2 μL)滴在硅橡胶表面,滴3次液滴,当液滴稳定在表面上并且三相边界不移动,此时液滴切面和固体平面的夹角就是静态接触角,如图2中的θ1θ2
分别对真菌浓度为N、4N/5、3N/5、2N/5、N/5的真菌悬浮液接种的硅橡胶样品试片进行测量,编号依次为1、2、3、4、5,另设一组对照组,编号为0。
每个硅橡胶样品试片分别在不同方位随机选取5个点测量接触角,并取5次测量结果的平均值作为该浓度下的静态接触角。将3次重复试验的平均值作为最终该浓度下的静态接触角。
接种不同浓度真菌悬浮液的硅橡胶样品表面静态接触角测量图像如图3所示。
图3可以看出,当接种的真菌悬浮液浓度为N/5时,虽有真菌覆盖在硅橡胶样品上,但浓度不高,接触角没有明显的变化,水滴仍然呈现大圆,说明低浓度的真菌对硅橡胶样品的憎水性影响不大;真菌悬浮液浓度为2N/5时,相对于对照组,水滴已经有向周围扩散的趋势;当真菌悬浮液浓度为3N/5时,相较于前面几组样品,水滴扩散得相对明显;当浓度继续增大,没有再呈现出明显的水滴状。
通过图3可直观地看到,随着接种在硅橡胶样品表面真菌悬浮液浓度的增大,受污染的硅橡胶样品表面静态接触角不断变小,从钝角慢慢演变成锐角,水滴铺开的范围也越来越大。这表明了硅橡胶样品表面憎水性会因真菌的存在而明显下降,真菌浓度越大,静态接触角变小越明显。
每个样品从不同方位分别测取5个水滴的静态接触角,测试液滴为2 μL纯水,该样品的静态接触角为5次不同方位测量下测得的静态接触角的平均值。试验重复3次。3组样品多次静态接触角数值如表13所示。每组试验中不同浓度下对应样品的静态接触角已经为5次随机采样得到的平均值,由于试验重复了3次,应再取3次重复试验的平均值作为该浓度下的静态接触角,如表4所示。
结合图3表4可以看出,接种真菌的硅橡胶样品表面的静态接触角随着真菌浓度的增大不断减小,说明硅橡胶表面会随着真菌浓度增大逐渐失去憎水性。标准硅橡胶绝缘子的静态接触角为(95±5)°,考虑到材料样品中可能含有杂质,样品表面较为粗糙,使得对照样品的静态接触角偏大。同时由于硅橡胶材料具有憎水迁移特性,在真菌悬浮液晾干后,硅橡胶的硅氧烷小分子可能会迁移到绝缘子表面。虽然真菌为亲水性物质,但在接种的真菌浓度较小时,可能会受到硅橡胶憎水迁移特性的影响使其静态接触角变化不大;随着真菌浓度的增大,静态接触角的减小开始明显。
将6组样品每隔4 h测一次静态接触角,用来表征样品的憎水迁移过程,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,对照组与样品1、2都表现出良好的憎水迁移性。在24 h以内6组试品的憎水迁移性都有一定的恢复,并在24 h后逐渐达到稳态。样品3、4最后无法恢复良好的憎水性,静态接触角小于90°时憎水性丧失。
盐密全称为等值附盐密度(ESDD),指外绝缘设备上单位表面积的等值盐密。测量方法:使用一定量的蒸馏水将硅橡胶表面的污秽全部洗掉,用哈希9531400-Proket Pro型电导率仪测量污秽溶液电导率,再通过公式换算转化为等值盐密。
在实验室中模拟绝缘子的积污,可直接对真菌悬浮液进行电导率的测量。对不同浓度真菌悬浮液用电导率测试笔进行电导率的测量。并通过式(1)进行盐密的换算。
ESDD=(D25.46)K-1×3S
式(1)中:D为电导率测量值,μS/cm;S为每片被测硅橡胶表面积,cm2K为换算系数(若D≤800 μS/cm,K=0.910;若800 μS/cm≤D≤3 000 μS/cm,K=0.925;若3 000 μS/cm≤D≤20 000 μS/cm,K=0.938)。
对5个不同浓度下的真菌悬浮液接种的硅橡胶进行盐密的测量。硅橡胶均裁成直径为90 mm的圆形试片,表面积为63.6 cm²。分别测量不同浓度真菌悬浮液的电导率,代入式(1)后得到不同真菌悬浮液浓度下硅橡胶的盐密值,如表5所示。从表5可以看出,随着真菌悬浮液浓度的增大,硅橡胶样品表面的盐密值逐渐升高。
灰密全称为非溶性沉积物密度(NSDD),是指外绝缘设备上单位表面积的等值灰密。
直接采用一定体积下不同浓度的真菌悬浮液进行处理,并通过式(2)进行灰密(NSDD)的换算。
NSDD=1000×(Wf-Ws)S
式(2)中:Wf为干燥条件下含污秽的滤纸质量,g;Ws为干燥条件下滤纸自身的质量,g;S为硅橡胶的表面积,cm²。
对滤纸进行编号,一种浓度的真菌悬浮液使用一张滤纸。与盐密测量同理,只用对不同浓度下的真菌悬浮液进行灰密的测量。真菌悬浮液体积与真菌数量有关,因此进行灰密测量时采用的不同浓度真菌悬浮液样品体积需要严格保持一致。将滤纸分成5组,1~5组编号分别对应真菌悬浮液浓度为N/5、2N/5、3N/5、4N/5、N
首先称量每组干燥滤纸的质量,随后采用真空泵对20 mL的不同浓度真菌悬浮液进行抽滤,之后将滤纸放进真空干燥箱,在100℃下干燥20 min。干燥结束后立即用分析天平称出每张滤纸的质量,称重过程应在30 s之内完成,并按照编号做好记录。不同真菌悬浮液浓度下硅橡胶样品的灰密值如表6所示。
将上述所得到的等值灰密除以等值盐密,结果如表7所示。从表7可以看出,灰密约为盐密的2.92倍,说明灰密对硅橡胶样品的影响更大。
由表56可知,随着真菌悬浮液浓度的增大,硅橡胶样品表面的盐密和灰密也有所提高。在户外运行情况下,受真菌污染的绝缘子由于表面不再光滑,很容易在绝缘子表面积污积水,这将更加容易引发真菌在其表面生长繁殖。当绝缘设备表面憎水性能下降时,常常伴随着盐密和灰密的提高,从而对绝缘子的电气特性产生影响,进而危害电网安全。
通常在加压条件下,户外绝缘子会自然积污。在当地积污最重时期将绝缘子取下进行测量。对一部分样品测量盐密、灰密,另一部分样品置于人工雾室受潮使积污样品达到吸水饱和状态,再以逐渐升压法测量样品的闪络电压。每组样品闪络3次,并取其最低闪络电压作为该样品的污闪电压值。
因为是在实验室模拟绝缘子的积污,研究对象为被真菌污染的硅橡胶绝缘子,所以可将受潮的样品直接做沿面闪络试验。
将硅橡胶绝缘子分成6组。第0组为对照试验,硅橡胶样品不进行处理。1~5组对应接种的真菌悬浮液浓度分别为N/5、2N/5、3N/5、4N/5、N。污闪试验中样品与憎水性试验中的样品相对应,其盐密和灰密分别见表56
对样品采用逐渐升压法进行试验。由于试验设备的限制,硅橡胶绝缘子的受潮在人工气候培养箱内进行。先使绝缘子表面充分受潮,将硅橡胶绝缘子样品放置在温度为(25±1)℃、湿度≥95%及24 h光照的人工气候培养箱中5 h。试验过程中绝缘子一端接地,一端接工频高压,其余部分悬空。因为绝缘子样品为大小相同的圆形,所以可以认为爬电距离近似相同。启动工频高压试验控制台,合闸后均匀升压,初始电压为0。在升压的过程中,出现滋滋的电流声时表明绝缘子即将达到闪络电压,在某次加压后一瞬间绝缘子发出响声,工频高压试验控制台自动分闸并发出警报声,此时记下电压值为闪络电压。
对每组绝缘子样品重复闪络试验5次,同时记录下每一次的闪络电压值见表810。每组样品的5次闪络试验结束后,采用他们的平均值作为该浓度样品试片的闪络电压。将3次重复试验的平均值作为该浓度下的最终闪络电压值。
每组试验中不同浓度下对应试品的闪络电压值为5次闪络得到的平均值,试验重复3次,对各次试验的不同浓度下得到的平均值再取3次重复试验的平均值,即为该浓度下最终的闪络电压值。硅橡胶绝缘子样品的闪络电压平均值如表11所示。
表11可以看出,由于第1组接种的真菌浓度较小,沿面闪络电压下降幅度相对较小。但即使浓度进一步增大,硅橡胶绝缘子的沿面闪络电压下降也不明显。总体来看,污闪电压稍有下降,但数值变化不大。这可能是因为该试验中的样品盐密较低(最高盐密约为0.04 mg/cm2)、灰密也较低(最高灰密约为0.1 mg/cm2),导致真菌的污秽溶解作用有限。在这种较为清洁的环境中,真菌单独作用于硅橡胶表面,对硅橡胶的闪络电压影响不大。
(1)真菌污染会使硅橡胶绝缘子表面的憎水性下降。随着样品表面接种的真菌浓度增大,硅橡胶绝缘子表面逐渐失去憎水性。
(2)随着真菌悬浮液浓度的增大,硅橡胶绝缘子样品表面的盐密和灰密有所提高。灰密对硅橡胶绝缘子样品的影响更大。
(3)在较为清洁的环境中,真菌单独作用于硅橡胶表面,对其闪络电压影响不大。
  • 中央高校基金面上项目(2021MS067)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.005
  • 接收时间:2021-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-10
  • 修回日期:2021-11-12
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中央高校基金面上项目(2021MS067)
作者信息
    1国网青海省电力公司经济技术研究院,青海 西宁 810000
    2华北电力大学 河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071000

通讯作者:

杨世芳(1994-),女(汉族),河北保定人,讲师,博士,研究方向为高电压外绝缘。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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