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In this paper, a series of preparation and modification researches of polyphenylene oxide resin in the field of super high-frequency and low dielectric were reviewed, including the preparation of low molecular weight polyphenylene oxide, chemical structure modification, composite with other resins, organic/inorganic hybrid. Then the existing problems of low dielectric polyphenylene oxide resin were summarized, and its future development trend was prospected.

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本文综述了聚苯醚树脂在超高频低介电领域进行的一系列制备与改性研究工作,包括低分子量聚苯醚的制备、化学结构改性、与其他树脂复合、无机/有机杂化等,然后对低介电聚苯醚树脂目前存在的问题进行总结,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。

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卢翔(1997-),男(汉族),河南信阳人,硕士生,研究方向为面向超高频通信应用的低介电高分子树脂;

曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,研究方向为面向超高频通信应用的低介电高分子树脂。

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卢翔(1997-),男(汉族),河南信阳人,硕士生,研究方向为面向超高频通信应用的低介电高分子树脂;

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样品催化剂TAIC质量分数/%Allyl-DOPO质量分数/%Tg/℃k(1GHz)f(1GHz)阻燃等级
AT-T1TPP1.001622.370.004 2UL94 V-1
AT-T21.501652.560.004 1UL94 V-1
AT-T32.001672.570.004 3UL94 V-1
AT-P1PO1.001782.360.004 0UL94 V-1
AT-P21.501842.430.003 9UL94 V-1
AT-P32.001982.550.004 0UL94 V-1
AT-P-T1TPP1.012.51343.230.055 4UL94 V-0
AT-P-T21.512.51453.420.057 2UL94 V-0
AT-P-T32.012.51483.610.058 4UL94 V-0
AT-P-P1PO1.012.51492.820.052 8UL94 V-0
AT-P-P21.512.51553.120.054 2UL94 V-0
AT-P-P32.012.51583.340.055 9UL94 V-0
), ArticleFig(id=1210884593788522702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927479251301303, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AL-PPO固化树脂的介电、热和阻燃性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品催化剂TAIC质量分数/%Allyl-DOPO质量分数/%Tg/℃k(1GHz)f(1GHz)阻燃等级
AT-T1TPP1.001622.370.004 2UL94 V-1
AT-T21.501652.560.004 1UL94 V-1
AT-T32.001672.570.004 3UL94 V-1
AT-P1PO1.001782.360.004 0UL94 V-1
AT-P21.501842.430.003 9UL94 V-1
AT-P32.001982.550.004 0UL94 V-1
AT-P-T1TPP1.012.51343.230.055 4UL94 V-0
AT-P-T21.512.51453.420.057 2UL94 V-0
AT-P-T32.012.51483.610.058 4UL94 V-0
AT-P-P1PO1.012.51492.820.052 8UL94 V-0
AT-P-P21.512.51553.120.054 2UL94 V-0
AT-P-P32.012.51583.340.055 9UL94 V-0
), ArticleFig(id=1210884593880797394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927479251301303, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Comparison of modification methods of PPO for super high-frequency communication applications, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方法设计理念优点缺点
无机/有机杂化复合树脂引入POSS、纳米SiO2、微米SiO2、微米Al2O3、陶瓷粒子工艺简单、有效改善力学性能综合性能不理想
低分子量PPO制备单体共聚法聚苯醚单体与官能团化的聚苯醚单体进行共聚,再通过链增长形成聚合物工艺简单产物纯度不高
再分配法PPO与具有一个或多个活性官能团的酚类进行再分配反应,既制备低分子量的PPO,同时又在主链上引入活性官能团产物纯度高工艺繁琐、产率不高
分子设计端羟基改性乙烯基化、烯丙基化、羧基化、氨基化等分子设计灵活、工艺简单、产率较高PPO分子量较大导致反应不充分
侧甲基改性氟化、溴化、磷化、乙烯基化、烯丙基化等定向改善特种性能反应难度大,反应条件苛刻
苯环改性溴化、磷化等定向改善特种性能反应条件苛刻,产率不高
多元复合树脂与其他综合性能良好的高分子树脂进行共聚、共混工艺简单、部分性能改善效果明显综合性能不理想
), ArticleFig(id=1210884593998237909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927479251301303, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

面向超高频通信应用的聚苯醚改性研究方法的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方法设计理念优点缺点
无机/有机杂化复合树脂引入POSS、纳米SiO2、微米SiO2、微米Al2O3、陶瓷粒子工艺简单、有效改善力学性能综合性能不理想
低分子量PPO制备单体共聚法聚苯醚单体与官能团化的聚苯醚单体进行共聚,再通过链增长形成聚合物工艺简单产物纯度不高
再分配法PPO与具有一个或多个活性官能团的酚类进行再分配反应,既制备低分子量的PPO,同时又在主链上引入活性官能团产物纯度高工艺繁琐、产率不高
分子设计端羟基改性乙烯基化、烯丙基化、羧基化、氨基化等分子设计灵活、工艺简单、产率较高PPO分子量较大导致反应不充分
侧甲基改性氟化、溴化、磷化、乙烯基化、烯丙基化等定向改善特种性能反应难度大,反应条件苛刻
苯环改性溴化、磷化等定向改善特种性能反应条件苛刻,产率不高
多元复合树脂与其他综合性能良好的高分子树脂进行共聚、共混工艺简单、部分性能改善效果明显综合性能不理想
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面向超高频通信应用的低介电聚苯醚树脂的研究进展
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卢翔 1, 2 , 曾鸣 1, 2 , 谭登襦 2 , 曾丹黎 2 , 罗皓宇 2 , 沈玉芳 3 , 徐庆玉 3
绝缘材料 | 综述 2022,55(5): 10-18
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(5): 10-18
面向超高频通信应用的低介电聚苯醚树脂的研究进展
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卢翔1, 2, 曾鸣1, 2, 谭登襦2, 曾丹黎2, 罗皓宇2, 沈玉芳3, 徐庆玉3
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(武汉),纳米矿物材料及应用教育部工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2中国地质大学(武汉),材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 3淮北市绿洲新材料有限责任公司,安徽 淮北 235100
  • 卢翔(1997-),男(汉族),河南信阳人,硕士生,研究方向为面向超高频通信应用的低介电高分子树脂;

    曾鸣(1971-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,副教授,研究方向为面向超高频通信应用的低介电高分子树脂。

Research Progress in Low Dielectric Polyphenylene Oxide for Super High-frequency Communication Applications
Xiang LU1, 2, Ming ZENG1, 2, Dengru TAN2, Danli ZENG2, Haoyu LUO2, Yufang SHEN3, Qingyu XU3
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3Huaibei Oasis New Materials Co., Ltd., Huaibei 235100, China
出版时间: 2022-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.002
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本文综述了聚苯醚树脂在超高频低介电领域进行的一系列制备与改性研究工作,包括低分子量聚苯醚的制备、化学结构改性、与其他树脂复合、无机/有机杂化等,然后对低介电聚苯醚树脂目前存在的问题进行总结,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。

聚苯醚  /  超高频通信  /  介电性能  /  分子设计  /  共聚

In this paper, a series of preparation and modification researches of polyphenylene oxide resin in the field of super high-frequency and low dielectric were reviewed, including the preparation of low molecular weight polyphenylene oxide, chemical structure modification, composite with other resins, organic/inorganic hybrid. Then the existing problems of low dielectric polyphenylene oxide resin were summarized, and its future development trend was prospected.

polyphenylene oxide  /  super high-frequency communication  /  dielectric properties  /  molecular design  /  copolymerization
卢翔, 曾鸣, 谭登襦, 曾丹黎, 罗皓宇, 沈玉芳, 徐庆玉. 面向超高频通信应用的低介电聚苯醚树脂的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (5) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.002
Xiang LU, Ming ZENG, Dengru TAN, Danli ZENG, Haoyu LUO, Yufang SHEN, Qingyu XU. Research Progress in Low Dielectric Polyphenylene Oxide for Super High-frequency Communication Applications[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (5) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.002
随着世界新一轮科技革命和产业变革的深入推进,超高频(3~30 GHz)移动通信已成为数字经济战略实施的先导领域。我国将5G超高频通信技术视为国家重大战略需求、振兴实体经济的新机遇、建设网络强国的新引擎。印制电路板是搭载电子元器件及实现电信号传输的重要载体,其基材覆铜板(CCL)是以高分子树脂涂布(或浸渍)玻璃纤维布再与铜箔热压而成。随着5G超高频通信时代的到来,对作为信息传递载体的CCL及其基体树脂提出了更高的要求。由于频率越高,传输损耗越大,而且信号传输损耗与材料介电常数(k)的平方根及介质损耗因数(f)成正比,CCL基体树脂必须具有优异的介电性能,即低k和低f。尽管目前学术界和工业界尚没有统一的标准,但一般都要求CCL基体树脂的介电性能达到低损耗级别以上水平(k<3,f≤0.008)[1]。此外,作为CCL基体树脂还需满足高耐热性(Tg>250℃)、低吸湿性、高粘结性和易于加工等要求。常见的CCL基体树脂包括环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂、苯并噁嗪树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚四氟乙烯、双马来酰亚胺树脂以及聚苯醚树脂等,但它们都很难同时满足上述超高频性能要求。当前,已工业化应用的超高频CCL基体树脂绝大部分为国外公司生产,这已成为制约我国5G超高频通信发展的“卡脖子”关键问题。因此,研制具有低介电性、高耐热性、低吸湿性、高粘结性和易于加工等综合性能优异的超高频CCL树脂具有重要的应用价值。
聚苯醚,即聚2,6-二甲基-1,4-苯醚(其结构式如图1所示),简称PPO(polyphenylene oxide)或PPE(polyphenylene ether),本文统一简称为PPO。其结构单元具有低极性、高刚性(并且具有一定的韧性)的特点,使PPO不仅具有较高的Tg(210℃)、较低的k值(2.45,1 MHz)和f值(0.000 7,1 MHz)以及较高的拉伸强度及弯曲强度,而且还具有热膨胀系数(CTE)低、吸水率低、尺寸稳定性好等优点,是具有超高频应用潜力的CCL基体树脂[2-6]。但PPO应用在低介电领域也存在一些不足:①商品化的PPO数均分子量较高(Mn=4 000~9 100 g/mol)、熔体黏度较高、溶解性不好、加工性能不佳;②耐溶剂性能差,尤其不耐卤代烃和芳香烃,影响其加工及应用;③熔点和Tg接近,耐高温性能差。
自20世纪60年代以来,关于PPO的研究已取得丰硕成果。关于PPO在低介电领域的理论和应用研究,重点是尽可能保持并进一步提高PPO的低k和低f特性,同时改善其加工性、耐溶剂性和耐热性。主要改性方法如图2所示,具体包括:①通过单体共聚和再分配法制备低分子量的PPO(Mn<4 000 g/mol),提高其溶解性,改善加工性;②通过分子设计,在PPO的端羟基、侧甲基及主链上引入活性基团以制备自身可热固化的PPO,或基于结构设计制备超支化的PPO,从而提高其耐溶剂性和耐热性;③与环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂、双马来酰亚胺树脂、聚烯烃等形成二元、三元复合PPO树脂体系,以提高其热稳定性和耐溶剂性;④引入无机微、纳米粒子如低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)、纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)等进行无机/有机复合,因无机组分产生的多孔性,可充分利用空气的低介电特性,进一步提高PPO的低介电性能。
制备低分子量PPO主要有单体共聚和再分配两种方法。低分子量PPO能够克服PPO树脂由于分子量较高产生的高熔融温度和高熔融黏度等缺点,不仅保留了PPO优异的介电性能、力学性能以及较高的Tg,还具有低黏度、高流动性以及与其他树脂相容性好等优点。
单体共聚法是由聚苯醚单体与官能团化的聚苯醚单体进行共聚,并通过链增长形成聚合物[7-9]。WANG H等[8]采用单体共聚的方法,以2,6-二甲基苯酚和2-烯丙基-6-甲基苯酚为原料,在氧气气氛下用铜(II)/乙二胺四乙酸络合物进行催化共聚,通过在水溶液中的氧化偶联共聚反应合成了一系列含烯丙基的PPO。通过核磁氢谱表征,表明此共聚物成功合成,如图3所示。结果表明,其分子量低(Mn=2 400~3 400 g/mol),且分子量分布窄,具有良好的加工性。尤其是采用紫外光引发烯丙基双键聚合后,改性PPO的Tg最高可达182℃,具有较好的热稳定性,同时具有优异的介电性能,10 GHz时k为2.296,f为0.001 6,相比高分子量的PPO,改性PPO的综合性能有很大改进。
YANG M C等[9]通过2,6-二甲基苯酚与2,6-二苯基苯酚的氧化偶联共聚,制备出一系列低分子量PPO,其分子量可根据两种原料的共聚比例调节。该系列的PPO都具有良好的热稳定性,Tg最高达到250℃。还具有优异的介电性能,最佳kf值分别为2.6和0.004(10 GHz),这主要源于共聚物高度对称的分子结构和低极性。
再分配方法是通过PPO与具有一个或多个活性官能团的酚类进行反应,既解聚PPO以得到低分子量PPO,同时又在主链上引入活性官能团,提高PPO的反应活性[10-13]。特别是采用再分配方法制备的两端具有羟基的低分子量PPO,其化学性质活泼的羟基可进一步进行化学改性。H J HWANG等[14]用双酚A再分配PPO得到低分子量PPO(BPA-PPO),再用N,N-二烯丙基-2-氯乙酰胺对BPA-PPO端羟基进行醚化反应,制得可固化的低分子量AL-PPO,Mn为3 050 g/mol,如图4所示。文中将以三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(TAIC)为AL-PPO的固化剂,催化剂为三苯基膦(TPP)和过氧化异丙苯(PO)的固化树脂样品分别标记为AT-T和AT-P。将TAIC与烯丙基-DOPO(Allyl-DOPO)共同为AL-PPO的固化剂,催化剂为TPP和PO的固化树脂样品分别标记为AT-P-T和AT-P-P。所得AL-PPO固化树脂的介电、热和阻燃性能如表1所示。
表1可知,TAIC固化的AL-PPO树脂在 1 GHz时都具有低k(2.36~2.57)和低f(0.003 9~0.004 3),并且表现出较高的Tg(162~198℃)。烯丙基-DOPO和TAIC共同固化的AL-PPO树脂阻燃等级则都能够达到UL94 V-0。
H J HWANG等[15]还以过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂,采用双环戊二烯(DCPD)对PPO进行再分配,得到Mn为3 686 g/mol的低分子量DCPD-PPO,在二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)存在下与DCPD-环氧树脂进行固化反应(反应式如图5(a)所示),固化前后复合树脂体系的红外光谱如图5(b)所示。从图5(b)可以看出,在917 cm-1处的环氧基团吸收峰固化后完全消失,并且在3 600 cm-1附近-OH的特征谱带在固化后显著增强,表明PPO与环氧树脂之间发生了共聚反应。通过一系列表征,基于低分子量DCPD-PPO的热固性复合树脂具有较高的Tg(170~178℃),较好的耐热性(热分解5%温度(Td5)为429~437℃)、低k值(2.63~2.99,1 GHz),低CTE值(最低为48.95×10-6-1)以及低吸湿率等优点。这是由于复合树脂的主链具有低极性的特点,可有效降低水分敏感性,使得基于低分子量DCPD-PPO的热固性树脂具有低k值和低吸湿性。
以上两种制备方法各有优缺点,单体直接共聚法工艺简单,但2,6-二甲基苯酚会均聚形成单官能度的PPO,导致产物纯度不高。而通过再分配方法制得的产物纯度高,但需要采用沉淀的方法过滤掉高分子量部分,才能得到分子量低且分布较窄的PPO,工艺繁琐,产率不高。
PPO的基本结构单元含有芳香环、两个侧甲基和一个末端羟基基团。研究者们通过分子设计对PPO的端羟基、侧甲基及苯环进行改性,引入各种活性基团,增加交联位点,得到自身可热固化的PPO[16-18]。还基于化学结构设计,制备超支化的PPO。通过这些化学改性方法力图使PPO的耐溶剂性、耐热性等综合性能得到一定程度的提升。
WANG Y等[19]首先制备侧甲基部分溴化的PPO共聚物,甲基溴化PPO所占摩尔比x分别为0.20、0.35、0.50。再通过生物基茴香醚(Anethole)的羟基衍生物对溴化PPO共聚物进行取代反应,引入的双键在过氧化二异丙苯存在下进行热聚合(如图6所示)。制备的一系列改性PPO表现出低k(<2.74,30 MHz)和高Tg(>220℃)。值得注意的是,当取代茴香醚的摩尔比为0.5时,改性PPO CTE(23.4×10-6-1)与铜箔CTE(18×10-6-1)相当,Tg为271℃,且30 MHz下k值和f值分别为2.71和0.005。原因在于生物基茴香醚具有低极性,而且含有双键,通过热聚合增大了交联度,从而使茴香醚改性PPO既保持了PPO的低介电特性,又提高了热性能。
PPO的端羟基易于发生酯化或醚化反应,是适宜改性的官能团[20-23]。CHEN C H等[22]对商业化的羟基封端的低分子量聚苯醚(SA90)进行端羟基改性,得到4种具有良好韧性的改性PPO膜,改性SA90的化学结构以及固化膜如图7所示。其中,3,5-双(乙烯基苄基醚)苯甲酸酯封端的PPO显示出优于其他改性PPO的性能,其Tg为258℃,CTE为60×10-6-1,1 GHz下具有低k(2.52)和低f(0.007)。这是由于引入了可交联的碳碳双键,在保持优异的低介电性能的同时能够提高其热性能。而且,将3,5-双(乙烯基苄基醚)苯甲酸酯封端的PPO与环氧树脂共聚后,可进一步提高PPO树脂的韧性,并且对其介电性能没有明显的负面影响。
CHEN C H等[23]又对SA90进行改性,在其主链两端接上氨基官能团并作为胺源,与苯酚、2-羟基苯甲醛及双酚A、多聚甲醛分别反应制备了遥爪型和主链型苯并噁嗪官能化PPO(如图8所示),再分别采用自固化和环氧树脂固化方法制备出苯并噁嗪官能化PPO热固性树脂。结果表明,固化树脂都具有较高的热性能,Tg为218~225℃,而且介电性能优异,1 GHz条件下k值为2.9左右,f值低至0.004 0~0.004 3。原因在于苯并噁嗪树脂是一种高性能树脂,在开环聚合中无小分子放出,提高了PPO的加工性,而且噁嗪环的聚合交联反应提高了PPO的交联度和Tg。同时,苯并噁嗪树脂也是一种低介电树脂,与PPO的结合能够保持两者优异的介电性能。
超支化PPO由于独特的支化分子结构,分子链段之间无缠结,结晶性较低,从而具有较低的溶液黏度和熔融黏度、较好的溶解性以及大量端基带来的易于化学改性等优点[24-27]。LUO L等[26]以4,4′-二氟二苯甲醇为原料,通过苯酚的傅克烷基化反应,成功合成一种新的AB2单体,即4-羟基-4′,4′′-二氟三苯基甲烷,然后以AB2单体为基础,通过自缩合一步法合成氟封端超支化PPO(FHPPO),如图9(a)所示。当FHPPO的Mn超过6 800 g/mol时,表现出良好的热性能,Tg为164℃,Td5为559℃。由于低极性的氟元素和PPO主链,以及超支化结构中固有的自由体积或分子尺度的空穴,使得环氧固化FHPPO复合树脂在1 MHz时具有相对较低的k值(2.77)和f值(0.014 2)以及低吸湿率。尤其当FHPPO质量分数为20%时,复合树脂的吸湿率低至0.4%(如图9(b)所示),证明FHPPO的确能够有效降低复合树脂的吸湿率。
构筑二元、三元复合树脂体系是PPO改性研究的重要方法。通过PPO与环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂、双马来酰亚胺树脂、聚烯烃等形成共聚物或互穿网络(IPN)结构复合树脂,可有效提高PPO的耐溶剂性和耐热性。
环氧树脂是最常见的CCL基体树脂,其分子结构中含有两个或两个以上环氧基团,环氧环在固化剂作用下发生交联反应从而形成三维网状结构的高聚物[28-30]。CHEN C H等[31]以商业化的甲基丙烯酸苯酯封端的遥爪型低分子量PPO(SA9000)与环氧树脂(DGEBA和HP7200)进行共聚,在4-二甲氨基吡啶和过氧化叔丁基异丙苯的存在下,制得的两种热固性共聚树脂韧性显著提高,并表现出较高的热性能,SA9000/DGEBA和SA9000/HP7200的Tg值分别为220℃和218℃,CTE值分别为67×10-6-1和66×10-6-1。而SA90/DGEBA和SA90/HP7200的Tg值分别为210℃和207℃,CTE值分别为81×10-6-1和77×10-6-1。说明SA9000和环氧树脂的共聚树脂具有更高的Tg、更低的CTE,原因在于甲基丙烯酸酯的双键能够通过自由基反应聚合,可有效提高树脂的交联密度。并且, 1 GHz时SA9000/HP7200共聚树脂显示出较好的介电性能(k=2.81,f=0.003 1),优于同等条件下SA90/HP7200共聚树脂的介电性能(k=3.13,f=0.007 9),其原因在于SA90/环氧树脂中存在极性较高的仲醇键。
CHEN W等[32]将TAIC作为PPO与环氧树脂之间的增容剂,因为TAIC既可以与环氧树脂混溶,又可以作为PPO的交联剂。结果表明,环氧树脂/PPO/TAIC(质量比为80∶20∶10)复合树脂在1 MHz下的介电性能较好(k=2.72,f=0.006),优于相应的环氧树脂/PPO(质量比为80∶20)复合树脂在1 MHz下的介电性能(k=2.82,f=0.007 8),而且冲击强度、耐溶剂性以及加工成膜性都有所提高。
氰酸酯树脂是一种高性能的低介电CCL基体树脂,在固化剂作用下,其活性的氰基官能团 (-OCN)发生固化反应会生成高度对称且空间位阻大的三嗪环网络结构[33-36]。GAO R等[37]等制备了一系列基于PPO和2,2′-双(4-氰基苯基)异亚丙烷(BADCy)的高性能共聚树脂(PPO-n/BADCy)。结果表明,PPO催化了BADCy的固化反应,PPO/BADCy共聚树脂的冲击强度大幅提高,吸湿率降低。此外,共聚树脂的Tg为254~283℃,Td5为382~396℃,在1 MHz时,k为3.25~3.40,f为0.004 0~0.005 5。
双马来酰亚胺树脂具有优异的热性能,是非常重要的CCL树脂。刘应玖等[38]以4,4′-N,N′-二苯甲烷双柠康酰亚胺(BCI)与PPO形成IPN结构,所得的复合树脂具有良好的耐溶剂性和热稳定性,而且BCI还提高了PPO的熔融流动性。高瑞[39]用双马来酰亚胺-三嗪(BT)树脂对PPO进行改性,BT树脂是由双马来酰亚胺树脂和氰酸酯树脂通过化学共聚或物理共混得到的改性聚合物。结果表明,共聚树脂的力学性能和耐湿性能得到提升,而且保持低k和低f。在频率为100 Hz~1 MHz范围内,PPO质量分数为50%的共聚树脂具有最低的k值(2.98),f值低于0.008,同时还具有较好的热性能,Tg达到252℃。
杨宋等[40]以双酚A型氰酸酯树脂、环氧树脂与PPO为原料制备三元复合树脂体系。当共聚质量比为1∶1∶1时,在1 GHz下,三元共聚树脂的k为3.51,f为0.005。相比氰酸酯树脂与PPO,三元共聚树脂的f值有所降低,主要原因是氰酸酯树脂在加热条件下倾向于分子间发生反应生成三嗪环网络结构,这种结构对称程度高,而且在外电场作用下,对极化松驰不敏感,因此具有较低的f值。此外,PPO分子结构中无强极性基团,也在一定程度上使三元共聚树脂具有较低的f值。但需要注意的是,三元共聚树脂的k值有所增大。
PPO的无机填料改性主要用于改善PPO的力学性能,对其起到增塑和增韧的作用。近几年的研究发现,PPO与POSS、纳米SiO2等形成的无机/有机杂化复合材料,能够使PPO的介电性能得到进一步的提高,引起了学术界和工业界的广泛关注[41-44]
POSS具有特殊的笼状结构和良好的耐热性,与其他有机或基体材料复合能够制备出性能远优于单一有机高聚物或无机材料的POSS/高分子杂化复合材料[41]。特别是,其大体积的笼状结构能大幅增大复合材料的自由体积,从而降低k值。任强等[42]采用环氧官能团化POSS对低分子量的PPO和环氧树脂的共混物进行改性得到纳米复合材料。在1 MHz下,POSS纳米复合树脂的k值低至3.45,f值低至0.009 8,尽管存在极性环氧基团,但POSS的加入降低了PPO/环氧树脂复合树脂的k值,还提高了复合树脂的热稳定性和Tg,这是因为POSS与树脂产生了化学键合作用使交联密度增大,而且POSS结构中大量的-Si-O-Si-键和-Si-O-C-键在高温下能够形成致密的SiO2保护层,使复合树脂的耐热性得到提高。
纳米SiO2具有粒径小、比表面积大、表面介孔结构多、化学纯度高、分散性能好等优点,在无机/有机杂化复合材料领域得到了广泛应用。王倩倩等[43]以PPO改性双酚A型氰酸酯(BCE)作为基体树脂,再与硅烷偶联剂处理过的纳米SiO2进行复合,制备出纳米SiO2/PPO/BCE无机/有机杂化复合树脂。结果表明,纳米SiO2既提高了PPO/BCE复合树脂的韧性和强度,又使复合树脂的f值由0.008下降到0.003(50 MHz),这是由于纳米SiO2具有非常低的f值(0.002~0.002 5)。
高觉渊[44]将薄壁微米级SiO2空心球与PPO熔融共混制得微米SiO2/PPO复合杂化材料。结果表明,在10 MHz时,复合杂化材料的k值降低至2.59,f值降低至0.003,这是因为SiO2空心球密度低、孔隙率高,能够在复合杂化材料中引入较大体积分数的空气,从而有效降低k值与f值。但由于SiO2空心球的引入破坏了PPO的晶态结构,使复合树脂的热性能有所降低。
ZHANG W等[45]为了克服无机填料与有机基体间界面结合较弱,且存在不连续热传导现象的问题,以硅烷偶联剂(KH-560)改性微米Al2O3作为PPO的填充剂,并以改性Al2O3/PPO无机/有机杂化复合树脂为基体树脂制备出CCL。当改性微米Al2O3的体积分数为50%时,CCL的综合性能非常优异,弯曲强度(306 MPa)和剥离强度(0.903 N/mm)均保持较高水平,吸水率低至0.364%,测试频率为 5 GHz时的f值低至0.004 67,而k值有所提高,提高到3.85。尤其是CCL的热导率(0.291 9 W/(m·K))显著提高,几乎是纯PPO基体CCL的两倍。
DING S等[46]采用注射成型法制备了一种新型硅酸镁-钛酸镁(MSMT)陶瓷/PPO复合材料。结果发现,随着MSMT陶瓷体积分数从0增加到50%,复合材料的f值从0.004 1显著降低到0.002 0(10 GHz),原因在于MSMT的f值为0.000 1,远低于PPO。但值得注意的是,由于MSMT的k值为10.50,使得复合树脂的k值不可避免地有所提高。
PPO树脂在超高频低介电领域进行的改性研究,主要目的是改善其加工性能、力学性能、热性能以及介电性能,对上述4种改性方法的设计理念和优缺点等进行综合对比,如表2所示。由表2可知,通过物理和化学改性均可使PPO树脂的部分性能得到提升。但研究中也存在一些问题,主要表现在改性工艺不成熟,而且尚不能在保证热性能(Tg>240℃)和介电性能(k<3,f≤0.008)的同时满足超高频通信技术对基体树脂其他物理性能的要求。目前,设计与制备低介电性(兼具低k和低f)、高耐热性、耐溶剂性和易于加工等综合性能优异的超高频PPO树脂仍然面临很大的挑战。此外,研究中还存在的问题包括:①随着5G通信逐步实现在超高频率下运行,未来还将延展到极高频率(30~300 GHz),而当前绝大部分研究集中在相对较低的频率(1 MHz~1 GHz),滞后于高频通信的理论和应用研究的需要,亟需对超高频(≥3 GHz)条件下PPO及其改性树脂的化学结构与介电性能之间的构性关系形成规律性认识;②超高频低介电PPO树脂的工程应用研究迫切需要开展。
2021年初,《石油和化学工业“十四五”发展指南》将印制电路板配套电子化学品列为发展的重点之一,国产率力争达到75%,因此研制具有自主知识产权且综合性能优异的超高频树脂已经迫在眉睫。PPO树脂作为世界第五大工程塑料,已广泛应用于热塑性工程塑料合金领域。相对而言,PPO树脂的超高频低介电性能的理论和应用研究比较有限,除了上述迫切需要解决的问题之外,未来还可以开展的研究工作包括:①在不降低PPO综合性能的基础上,开发出廉价且易于制备的低分子量的PPO合成单体,降低生产成本;②通过分子结构设计与化学改性的方法,进一步制备出具有阻燃性能的高性能PPO树脂;③探索高性能PPO在光通信领域的应用。综上,研制综合性能优异的超高频低介电PPO树脂是亟需开展的研究工作,这能够为我国超高频通信技术提供核心关键基础材料的保障,也对提升我国在5G超高频通信领域的国际竞争力具有重要意义。
  • 安徽省“555”创新团队项目(2019年第八批)
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2022年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.002
  • 接收时间:2021-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-05
  • 修回日期:2021-08-12
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安徽省“555”创新团队项目(2019年第八批)
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    1中国地质大学(武汉),纳米矿物材料及应用教育部工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430074
    2中国地质大学(武汉),材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    3淮北市绿洲新材料有限责任公司,安徽 淮北 235100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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