Article(id=1209927483747602544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1622649600000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-03, revisedDate=1628179200000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398791490, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1652976000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398791490, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398791490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398791490, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927476046860302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398789655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563075277, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616539955466501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616539959660806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927484074758270, articleId=1209927483747602544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Progress on Energy Storage Characteristics of Nanocomposite Dielectrics with Core-shell Structure, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of power capacitors towards lightweight and miniaturization, dielectric materials with high energy storage density have broad application prospects in the field of capacitors, among them, nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent energy storage properties. In this paper, the latest progress of nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure were introduced, the preparation methods of nanofillers with core-shell structure were introduced, including organic surface modification and inorganic shell covering. Then the effect mechanism of nanofillers with core-shell structure on the electric strength, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of nanocomposite dielectrics were discussed, and the construction strategies of nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure were provided. At last, the existing problems in the design of high energy storage density nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure were summarized, and their future development direction was prospected.

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随着电力电容器向着轻量化、小型化的方向发展,高储能密度电介质材料在电容器领域具有广阔的应用前景,其中核-壳结构纳米复合电介质因其优异的储能特性而受到广泛关注。本文综述了核-壳结构纳米复合电介质的最新研究进展,介绍了核-壳结构纳米填料的制备方法,包括有机表面改性和无机壳层包覆,探讨了核-壳结构纳米填料对复合电介质电气强度、介电常数以及介质损耗的作用机理,提供了核-壳结构纳米复合电介质的构建策略,对使用核-壳结构设计高储能密度纳米复合电介质的现存问题进行总结,并展望了其未来的发展方向。

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刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事无铅压电陶瓷、特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。
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张子琦(1996-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事电容器用纳米复合储能材料的研究。

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张子琦(1996-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事电容器用纳米复合储能材料的研究。

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张子琦(1996-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事电容器用纳米复合储能材料的研究。

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Interface-modulated nanocomposites based on polypropylene for high-temperature energy storage[J]. 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制备方法核心材料壳层材料
高温氧化法AlAl2O3
溶胶-凝胶法AgTiO2
化学沉淀法BaTiO3MgO
水热法CCTOFe3O4
化学气相沉积法BaTiO3C
静电纺丝法

BaTiO3

BaTiO3

Al2O3(嵌入式)

Al2O3(同轴)

原子层沉积法TiO2HfO2
种子生长法BaTiO3Ag
茂金属聚合法BaTiO3Al2O3
), ArticleFig(id=1210935090440434472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927483747602544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

无机壳层包覆的常见方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法核心材料壳层材料
高温氧化法AlAl2O3
溶胶-凝胶法AgTiO2
化学沉淀法BaTiO3MgO
水热法CCTOFe3O4
化学气相沉积法BaTiO3C
静电纺丝法

BaTiO3

BaTiO3

Al2O3(嵌入式)

Al2O3(同轴)

原子层沉积法TiO2HfO2
种子生长法BaTiO3Ag
茂金属聚合法BaTiO3Al2O3
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核-壳结构纳米复合电介质储能特性研究进展
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张子琦 , 程璐 , 刘文凤
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(5): 1-9
核-壳结构纳米复合电介质储能特性研究进展
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张子琦, 程璐, 刘文凤
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 张子琦(1996-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事电容器用纳米复合储能材料的研究。

通讯作者:

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事无铅压电陶瓷、特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。
Progress on Energy Storage Characteristics of Nanocomposite Dielectrics with Core-shell Structure
Ziqi ZHANG, Lu CHENG, Wenfeng LIU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2022-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.001
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随着电力电容器向着轻量化、小型化的方向发展,高储能密度电介质材料在电容器领域具有广阔的应用前景,其中核-壳结构纳米复合电介质因其优异的储能特性而受到广泛关注。本文综述了核-壳结构纳米复合电介质的最新研究进展,介绍了核-壳结构纳米填料的制备方法,包括有机表面改性和无机壳层包覆,探讨了核-壳结构纳米填料对复合电介质电气强度、介电常数以及介质损耗的作用机理,提供了核-壳结构纳米复合电介质的构建策略,对使用核-壳结构设计高储能密度纳米复合电介质的现存问题进行总结,并展望了其未来的发展方向。

电力电容器  /  纳米复合电介质  /  储能密度  /  核-壳结构

With the development of power capacitors towards lightweight and miniaturization, dielectric materials with high energy storage density have broad application prospects in the field of capacitors, among them, nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent energy storage properties. In this paper, the latest progress of nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure were introduced, the preparation methods of nanofillers with core-shell structure were introduced, including organic surface modification and inorganic shell covering. Then the effect mechanism of nanofillers with core-shell structure on the electric strength, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of nanocomposite dielectrics were discussed, and the construction strategies of nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure were provided. At last, the existing problems in the design of high energy storage density nanocomposite dielectrics with core-shell structure were summarized, and their future development direction was prospected.

power capacitor  /  nanocomposite dielectrics  /  energy storage density  /  core-shell structure
张子琦, 程璐, 刘文凤. 核-壳结构纳米复合电介质储能特性研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.001
Ziqi ZHANG, Lu CHENG, Wenfeng LIU. Progress on Energy Storage Characteristics of Nanocomposite Dielectrics with Core-shell Structure[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.001
作为核心储能器件之一的电力电容器因功率密度大、耐受电压高等优异特性被广泛应用于脉冲功率系统、新能源发电、高压直流输电系统及电动汽车等领域[1-4]。但是相比于电池及超级电容器等储能元件,电力电容器较低的储能密度致使其体积过于庞大。例如,在柔性直流输电系统中,干式电容器体积占换流阀总体积的80%;在电动汽车中,直流电容器体积占功率变频器总体积的35%,占总质量的23%[5-6]。因此,研发具有高储能密度的电介质材料成为发展下一代小型化、大容量电力电容器的迫切需求。
电介质材料的最大储能密度Umax由外施电场E和最大电位移强度Dmax所决定,积分计算公式如式(1)所示。
Umax=0DmaxEdx
对于双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜(BOPP)等线性电介质,其最大储能密度Umax可直观表示为式(2)
Umax=1/2ε0εrEb2
式(2)中:ε0为真空介电常数;εr为相对介电常数;Eb为电气强度。
式(2)表明,提高电介质材料的相对介电常数和电气强度是提升其储能密度的关键。同时从电容器工作稳定性的角度考虑,电容器的充放电效率η应保持较高的水平,即可释放能量应在储存能量中占有较高比例,如式(3)所示。
η=UemaxUmax
式(3)中,Uemax为最大可释放能量密度。而高充放电效率意味着电介质材料的介质损耗因数tanδ应尽可能小,以满足电容器长时间运行、发热少、运行温度低的要求。因此,高储能密度电介质材料应同时具备高介电常数、高电气强度和低介质损耗的特点。
聚丙烯是目前应用最为广泛的电力电容器用电介质材料,具有低损耗、耐受电压高,易于双向拉伸可大规模制备成膜等优点。虽然BOPP的电气强度高达700 MV/m,但是其过低的介电常数(约为2.2)导致其储能密度仅为1~2 J/cm3[7]。除了通过分子结构设计来提高聚合物本征的介电常数外,研究发现[8-10],向聚合物中添加陶瓷或者导电纳米填料制成纳米复合电介质,也可以大幅提高介电常数,获得高储能密度复合材料。
但是在纳米复合材料的研发过程中存在许多亟待解决的问题。例如,纳米填料团聚现象严重、电气强度下降、泄漏电流增大、介质损耗上升、柔性变差、不易于加工成膜、无法实现储能特性的协同提升等。然而大量研究表明,通过在纳米填料表面包覆壳层材料,制备具有核-壳结构的纳米填料可有效应对纳米复合电介质中的上述问题[11-13]。①通过包覆低表面能的有机材料对纳米填料进行表面改性,可以增强其与聚合物基体间的相互作用力,使纳米填料能够实现均匀分散;②采用中等介电常数的壳层材料形成逐级下降的介电梯度,可有效缓解局部电场畸变程度,提高电气强度;③通过增强界面极化,在电场作用下产生的高极化强度可显著提高介电常数;④使用高绝缘、宽带隙的材料作为壳层可有效抑制载流子在纳米填料间的移动,减小泄漏电流,从而抑制介质损耗。
本文综述国内外核-壳结构纳米复合电介质的研究进展,首先介绍核-壳结构纳米填料的制备方法,包括有机表面改性和无机壳层包覆。然后进一步从电气强度、介电常数、介质损耗3个方面论述核-壳结构纳米填料调控纳米复合电介质储能特性的作用机理,并介绍核-壳结构在提升纳米复合电介质储能特性方面取得的突出成果。最后对核-壳结构纳米复合电介质在储能应用中所面临的问题进行总结,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。
按照壳层材料的种类划分,核-壳结构纳米填料的制备方法可分为有机表面改性和无机壳层包覆。
针对无机纳米填料在聚合物基体中出现的团聚现象,可以通过有机表面改性处理来降低纳米填料的表面能,使其获得良好的分散性。如图1所示,有机表面改性的常见方法可分为“使用小分子改性剂”、“Grafting-From”和“Grafting-To”。
小分子改性剂已经被广泛应用于纳米填料表面处理,常见的有羧酸[14]、硅烷偶联剂[15]、钛酸酯偶联剂[16]、膦酸[17]、多巴胺[18]等。通过表面改性剂与聚合物基体间的静电相互作用、氢键或偶极耦合等相互作用力,可以在一定程度上提高填料与基体之间的相容性。虽然低分子量表面改性剂可以明显改善纳米填料的分散性,但在高电场作用下,其电离产生的游离基团可能会导致较大的泄漏电流,增加介质损耗[19]
为避免小分子改性剂的不合理使用对复合电介质储能特性造成的不利影响,有研究者提出利用共价键在经引发剂官能化的无机纳米填料表面进行有机单体的聚合反应,通过“生长”聚合物分子链形成聚合物壳,称为“Grafting-From”。XIE L Y等[20]采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),制备了钛酸钡(BaTiO3,BT)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)纳米复合材料;YANG K等[21]通过可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT),成功在BT表面接枝聚苯乙烯(PS)形成有机壳。上述两种纳米复合材料中纳米填料均显示出良好的分散性。
与“Grafting-From”不同,“Grafting-To”则是将特定基团引入聚合物分子链实现功能化,然后聚合物分子链直接与纳米填料表面引入或自带的官能团进行反应,直接接枝在纳米填料表面形成聚合物壳。XIE L Y等[22]将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(glycidyl methacrylate, GMA)引入聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)(P(VDF-HFP))中,形成PVDF-HFP-GMA聚合物分子链,通过GMA中环氧基团与BT-KH550的氨基发生共价键合,成功将PVDF-HFP-GMA聚合物分子链接枝在BT纳米颗粒表面。此外,YANG K等[23]研究发现,“Grafting-To”方法中所使用的聚合物分子链在分子量上的不同,会造成复合材料在介电性能上的显著差异。
以上所述实例在完成核-壳纳米填料制备后,直接以同种聚合物作为基体制备填料分散性良好的高致密度纳米复合电介质。值得注意的是,使用“Grafting-From”或“Grafting-To”方法包覆有机壳所采用的聚合物种类与作为基体的聚合物种类不一定相同,研究者可以通过聚合物壳层实现纳米填料的功能化,并填充在特定聚合物基体中,可以极大地拓展通过有机表面改性制备核-壳纳米填料的应用范围。
无机壳层包覆的常见方法有高温氧化法、溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)、化学沉淀法(chemical precipitation)、水热法(hydrothermal)、化学气相沉积法(chemical vapor deposition, CVD)、静电纺丝法(electrospinning)等,如表1所示。需要注意的是,即使同种壳层材料也可能对应多种制备方法,丰富了制备核-壳结构纳米填料的技术路线。
高温氧化法:将Al[24-25]、Zn[26]、Ni[27]及Si[28]等在空气气氛下进行高温煅烧,在表面生成致密的氧化层,进行“钝化”。通过控制煅烧温度与时间,可以调整钝化层厚度与氧化物晶型。例如,ZHOU Y C等[24]将Al颗粒在120℃条件下加热24 h,获得了厚度为12 nm的Al2O3壳层,成功制备出Al@Al2O3纳米颗粒。
溶胶-凝胶法:将金属醇盐或者酯类化合物分散在有机溶剂中形成前驱体溶液,再将纳米填料均匀分散并加入配置好的前驱体溶液中,然后经水解反应和缩聚反应,在纳米填料表面生成无机氧化物壳层[29]。例如,WANG G Y等[30]通过调节钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)的用量,分别制备了厚度为50 nm和130 nm包覆在BaTiO3纳米纤维表面的无定形TiO2壳层。
化学沉淀法:金属阳离子在碱性环境下生成氢氧化物并附着在纳米填料表面,再通过高温煅烧形成相应的氧化物壳层。例如,WANG P J等[31]将质量分数为6%的醋酸镁加入到BT纳米颗粒分散液中,并使用氨水将分散液的pH值调至9以上,随后将经清洗干燥处理收集的纳米颗粒在700℃下煅烧2 h,制备了壳层厚度为8 nm的BT@MgO纳米颗粒。
水热法:在特制的密闭反应容器(高压釜)中,设置高温高压条件,在纳米填料表面通过重结晶实现无机壳层包覆[32]。例如,CHI Q G等[33]将七水合硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)和六水三氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O)的水溶液置于140℃的高压反应釜中反应 4 h,成功地在钛酸铜钙(CCTO)纳米颗粒表面生成四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)微晶。
化学气相沉积法:通过高温加热,将挥发性物质通过热分解、化学合成等反应沉积在纳米填料表面,通过控制沉积时间实现壳层厚度的调控。例如,FENG Y等[34]使用甲烷为碳源,在800℃下,实现将厚度为5~15 nm的碳壳覆盖在BT纳米颗粒表面。
静电纺丝法:作为一种制备纳米纤维的有效手段,改进的静电纺丝法可以用于制备具有核-壳结构的纳米纤维。PAN Z B等[35]将直径为50 nm的BT纳米颗粒分散到含有异丙醇铝的前驱体溶液中,利用改进的静电纺丝技术制备了直径为150~300 nm的“嵌入式”BaTiO3@Al2O3纳米纤维,如图2所示。另外,他们还使用同轴静电纺丝技术(coaxial electrospinning)制备了外壳厚度为50 nm的BaTiO3@Al2O3纳米纤维[36]
无机壳层包覆的其他方法还包括原子层沉积(atomic layer deposition, ALD)法[37]、种子生长(seed-mediated growing)法[38]、茂金属聚合(metallocene polymerization)法[39]等。值得注意的是,越来越多的研究者将有机表面改性与无机壳层包覆两种手段结合起来,利用有机-无机协同作用来改善储能特性,被认为是通过构建核-壳结构获得高储能密度纳米复合材料最有效的方法之一。
由上文提到的储能密度计算公式(2)可知,理想的高储能密度电介质的制备策略是在获得高介电常数的同时,提高或者尽可能保持高电气强度,并且出于实际应用的角度考虑,介质损耗不宜过高。下面将从通过缓解局部电场畸变程度来提高电气强度、通过增强界面极化来提高有效介电常数、通过减小泄漏电流来抑制介质损耗3个方面探讨核-壳结构纳米填料对复合电介质储能特性的调控作用。
由电磁场理论可知,基于两种不同介质在界面处电位移矢量的连续性,可以得到介电常数与电场强度的关系如式(4)~(6)所示[40-41]
D=εr,FEF=εr,PEP
EF=E0fPεr,Fεr,P-1+1-1
EP=E0fP1-εr,Pεr,F+εr,Pεr,F-1
式(4)~(6)中:E0表示外施电场;EP表示聚合物基体中的电场;EF表示无机填料中的电场;fP表示聚合物基体的体积分数;εr,P表示聚合物基体的相对介电常数;εr,F表示无机填料的相对介电常数。
由式(4)~(6)可知,在外施电场作用下,无机填料中的实际电场会低于外施电场,聚合物基体中的实际电场会高于外施电场,即EP>E0>EF(如图3所示),会发生局部电场强度的畸变,并且无机填料与聚合物基体的介电常数相差越大,无机填料占比越大,局部电场畸变越严重,纳米复合电介质电气强度的下降幅度越大。
于是,LI Z等[42]提出采用介电常数介于核心纳米填料与聚合物基体之间的壳层材料作为缓冲壳层,形成“纳米颗粒-壳层-聚合物”介电常数由内向外依次降低的介电梯度(如图4所示),可以最大程度减小核心颗粒与聚合物基质介电常数的差异,缓解局部电场畸变程度,从而维持甚至提高纳米复合电介质的电气强度。进一步,WANG Y U等[43]利用基于有限元仿真建立的相场模型进行分析,结果发现壳层材料的厚度、介电常数和核-壳颗粒的形状、取向、掺杂含量及分散性等都会影响实际局部电场的畸变程度,进而对纳米复合电介质的电气强度产生影响。
PAN Z B等[44]使用同轴静电纺丝技术合成了具有“核-多壳”结构的BT@TiO2@Al2O3纳米纤维,在BT纳米纤维表面引入TiO2作为内层,Al2O3作为外层,其中,TiO2的介电常数适中(约为100),Al2O3的介电常数(约为10)与所使用的基体聚(偏氟乙烯)(PVDF)的介电常数相近,形成了由内向外逐级递减的介电梯度,最大程度地减少局部电场畸变。结果表明,无机填料体积分数为3.6%的BT@TiO2@Al2O3 NFs/PVDF具有450 MV/m的电气强度,远高于相同条件下的BT NFs/PVDF(约为340 MV/m),获得了14.84 J/cm3的最大放电能量密度并保持了64.5%的充放电效率。WANG G Y等[30]研究了TiO2壳层厚度对复合电介质电气强度的影响。与纯BT纳米线相比,在BT表面包覆TiO2可以使复合电介质的电气强度显著提高。但是在相同掺杂量下,当TiO2壳层厚度为50 nm时,复合电介质的电气强度高于壳层厚度为110 nm的复合电介质。而FENG Y等[45]研究发现,表面包覆厚度为21 nm SiO2的BT@T-SiO2 NFs比壳层厚度为15 nm的BT@SiO2对复合电介质电气强度的提高效果更显著。当BT@T-SiO2体积分数为1%时,PEI/BT@T-SiO2的放电能量密度达到了11.3 J/cm3,同时兼具90%的高充放电效率。以上研究结果表明,对于不同形状的核心填料,需要认真考虑壳层材料的种类、厚度等参数,才能保证形成合适的介电梯度,有利于复合电介质维持较高的电气强度。
在聚合物壳层方面,LIU B等[46]使用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法,在BT纳米颗粒表面包覆一层PMMA有机壳,制备出BT@PMMA核-壳纳米颗粒并掺杂到PP中,制备了BT@PMMA/PP纳米复合电介质。结果表明,与纯BT/PP相比,包覆PMMA聚合物壳层后BT纳米颗粒在PP中的分散性显著提高。并且PMMA的介电常数介于PP与BT之间,通过调控PMMA的壳层厚度,可以达到缓解局部电场畸变的目的,掺杂质量分数为10%的壳层厚度为8 nm的BT@PMMA纳米填料的复合电介质具有较高的电气强度,为448 MV/m,最大放电能量密度高达3.86 J/cm3,相比于纯PP薄膜提高了约1.76倍,同时保持了94.1%的充放电效率。
由电介质的极化理论可得到式(7)
D=ε0E+P=ε0(1+χe)E=ε0εrE
式(7)中:D为电位移矢量;P为极化强度;χe为极化率。
式(7)可以看出,增强纳米复合电介质的极化强度是提高其有效介电常数的关键。对于掺杂核-壳纳米填料的复合电介质来说,利用Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars(MWS)界面极化所形成的无数“微型电容器”[47],可以通过纳米颗粒产生的超高界面比例和增强的极化强度极大地提高介质材料的电容值,从而显著提高复合电介质的有效介电常数。但是需要注意的是,过高的界面极化会诱导出现大量的空间电荷,所产生的感应电场会进一步影响局部电场的畸变程度,使电气强度下降,同时会引入大量松弛损耗,降低充放电效率[37]。因此,利用核-壳纳米填料提高介电常数的策略应通过合理的界面设计,使增强极化强度的积极作用最大化,同时保证材料的耐压性能稳定,抑制介质损耗,使负面影响最小化[48]
YANG M H等[49]制备了TiO2@C纳米线并掺杂到PVDF中,形成了大量C-PVDF-C“微型电容器”。平行板电容器的电容值和相对介电常数计算公式如式(8)、(9)所示。
C=ε0εeffAd
εr=CC0
式(8)~(9)中:εeff为极板间介质的介电常数;A为平行板电极的有效面积;C为电介质电容器的电容;d为极板间距;ε为电介质电容器的相对介电常数;C0为真空电容器的电容。
根据公式(8)~(9)可知,当碳壳层厚度为4~40 nm时,在TiO2体积分数相同的情况下,碳壳越厚,极板间距越短,“微型电容器”电容值越大。TiO2@CNWs/PVDF复合电介质的最大介电常数高达2171,比TiO2/PVDF高80倍,比纯PVDF高241倍。但是介质损耗的同步上升限制了该复合电介质实际应用的可能性。于是,他们又进一步在TiO2@C外包覆高绝缘的SiO2壳层,制备了TiO2@C@SiO2“核-双壳”纳米线,TiO2/C和C/SiO2之间的界面极化效应使复合电介质的介电常数达到了41,高绝缘的SiO2壳层使介质损耗维持在0.05的低水平(103 Hz),相比于TiO2/PVDF,在介电常数获得提高的同时,实现了介质损耗的抑制[50]
为最大程度地避免MWS极化所带来的松弛损耗,并增强极化强度,ZHANG X等[51-52]使用改进的静电纺丝技术,将BT纳米颗粒(BTO_nps)嵌入TiO2纳米纤维(TO_nfs)中得到BTO@TO_nfs,通过引入大量内部界面,在不提高纳米填料掺杂浓度的情况下,显著提高了复合电介质的整体介电常数。在填料体积分数为7%时,纳米复合材料的介电常数最高可达到35,明显高于基体聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)(P(VDF-HFP))的介电常数,同时介质损耗并未提高。如图5(a)所示,在任意相同掺杂比例下,复合电介质中BTO@TO_nfs引起的电位移均高于BTO_nfs和TO_nfs。图5(b)表明,在填料体积分数为3%时,BTO@TO_nfs的界面密度(约为3.4 m2/cm3) 明显小于BTO_nps(约为6.0 m2/cm3),但是BTO@TO_nfs/P(VDF-HFP)却表现出最高为8.2 μC/cm2的极化强度,同时电气强度达到了600 MV/m。环形明场(angular bright-field,ABF)成像结果与密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)计算数据表明,BT2+与Ti4+之间通过位置互换引起的内部界面极化明显强于填料/聚合物界面处的界面极化,使得复合电介质的极化响应显著增强,且由于界面极化产生在BTO@TO_nfs内部,介质损耗未出现明显增加,最终含有3% BTO@TO_nfs的复合电介质达到31.2 J/cm3的优异储能密度和78%的高充放电效率。
此外,利用有机表面改性同样可以达到以增强界面极化提高复合电介质介电常数的目的。XIE L Y等[53]使用超支化芳族聚酰胺(HBP)作为内层,PMMA作为外层合成了BT@HBP@PMMA“核-双壳”纳米颗粒,并以PMMA作为基体制备了纳米复合材料。纳米颗粒良好的分散性提供了大量界面区域,在BT与HBP的界面处产生的MWS界面极化使复合电介质的介电常数提高;同时由于HBP与PMMA之间存在共价键,可通过束缚载流子迁移和偶极子转向抑制介质损耗。结果表明,在1 kHz下,BT@HBP@PMMA核-壳结构纳米复合材料的介电常数高达39.3,而介质损耗仅为0.027 6,实现了高介电常数和低介质损耗的平衡调控。
根据渗流理论(percolation theory)[54],电子隧穿效应会使纳米复合电介质在渗流阈值处发生由绝缘体向导体的巨大转变,从而获得极高的介电常数。但是纳米填料间形成的导电通路会在介电常数陡增的同时引起电导率的急剧上升。材料介质损耗的表达式如式(10)、(11)所示。
tanδ=γ+gωε0εr
Pπεrε0E2ftan δ
式(10)~(11)中:γ为介质电导率;g为松弛极化等效电导率;P为功率损耗;E为施加电场;ω为角频率;f为电场频率,ω=2πf
由式(10)~(11)可知,作为介质损耗的重要组成部分,过高的电导损耗会产生巨大的能量耗散。而高绝缘、宽带隙的壳层材料可以降低导电纳米填料与聚合物基体间界面处的空间电荷浓度并提高纳米填料表面的结构均匀性,减少缺陷,从而有效限制载流子在导电颗粒间的移动,降低泄漏电流。因此使用高绝缘的壳层材料进行包覆被认为是一种抑制电导损耗极具前途的方法[55]
YANG K等[56]在使用聚多巴胺(PDA)对BT纳米颗粒进行有机表面改性的基础上,将纳米银颗粒嵌入聚多巴胺有机壳层,形成类似“草莓”的BT-PDA-Ag核-壳纳米颗粒,如图6所示。聚多巴胺壳层可以显著增强BT纳米颗粒与P(VDF-HFP)基体之间的相容性,同时尺寸为3~5 nm的银颗粒具有“库伦阻塞”效应,阻塞了电子的自由移动,形成的PDA-Ag壳层具有良好的绝缘性,泄漏电流密度从10-6 A/m2降低到了10-8 A/m2,频率为0.1 Hz时,tanδ由0.382降至0.143。虽然在140 MV/m的电场强度下,BT-PDA-Ag/P(VDF-HFP)复合电介质的极化强度低于BT-PDA/P(VDF-HFP)和BT/P(VDF-HFP)复合电介质,但是由于介质损耗的降低使其充放电效率显著提高,BT-PDA-Ag/P(VDF-HFP)复合电介质的放电能量密度达到3.21 J/cm3,高于相同电场强度下BT-PDA/P(VDF-HFP)的2.72 J/cm3和BT/P(VDF- HFP) 的2.45 J/cm3
石墨烯纳米片由于具有超高的电导率和比表面积,有望在极低的掺杂浓度下实现介电常数的显著提高。HAN K等[57]在还原氧化石墨烯表面包覆SiO2壳层,选择聚(偏氟乙烯-氯三氟乙烯)(P(VDF-CTFE))作为基体制备了r-GO@SiO2/P(VDF-CTFE)复合材料,发现复合电介质的渗流阈值由填充 r-GO/P(VDF-CTFE)复合电介质的0.51%提升至1.49%,电导率由10-6 S/cm下降到了10-8 S/cm。当频率为1 kHz时,渗流阈值处的介质损耗下降一个数量级。特别是,当频率为1 MHz时,即使填料含量超过渗流阈值,3.19% r-GO@SiO2/P(VDF-CTFE)复合材料的介质损耗因数(0.35)仍与纯P(VDF-CTFE)(0.23)相当。
通过填料与基体种类的简单变换,往往只能提升复合电介质的单一电学性能,难以实现储能特性的协同提升。而构建核-壳结构纳米复合电介质,通过对纳米颗粒与聚合物基体间的界面进行合理设计,可在提高复合电介质介电常数的同时,保证其拥有较高的耐压水平,并抑制介质损耗,是实现储能特性协同提升的有效手段。尽管掺杂具有核-壳结构纳米填料的复合材料已经在提升储能特性方面取得可喜的研究成果,与目前商用的聚合物薄膜相比,储能密度获得大幅提升,但是在理论研究及实际应用方面仍然存在一些问题,未来亟需在以下4个方面开展研究:
(1)采用无机-有机多壳结构实现储能密度的最大化。在无机壳层均化电场、抑制泄漏电流、增强极化响应的基础上,通过有机表面改性实现良好分散,被预测是更为有效的调控手段。其关键在于探究核-壳结构的作用机理,充分发挥无机-有机的协同作用。
(2)通过先进实验手段获取参数,基于“材料基因组”高效设计高储能密度电介质材料。为避免大量的实验过程,建议通过静电力显微镜(EFM)、开尔文探针力显微镜(KPFM)等高分辨率电子显微镜技术获得核-壳纳米颗粒界面处的电信号实验数据,结合有限元分析、相场模型、密度泛函理论等高通量计算手段,在“材料基因组”的启发下,使用机器学习优化寻找最优解的过程,建立数据驱动高储能密度电介质的研发流程。
(3)尽快实现核-壳结构纳米复合材料从实验室到工业级大规模生产。核-壳结构设计属于纳米级调控手段,如何实现成本可控的规模化生产,同时考虑复合薄膜电介质的可加工性能,针对制备工艺的改进是实现研究成果转化的关键,并且需要考虑器件化设计的可能性,才能取得高储能密度电介质到高容量电力电容器的实质性进展。
(4)基于核-壳结构的耐高温储能电介质研发。目前的商用BOPP薄膜可承受工作温度低,高温条件下储能密度急剧下降,因此高温纳米复合电介质领域具有广阔的发展空间[58],已经有学者尝试使用核-壳结构提高复合电介质的热稳定性[59],但是对于克服高温高电场作用下产生的巨大电导损耗,常温条件下的核-壳结构设计思路无法满足实际需求。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077163)
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2022年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.001
  • 接收时间:2021-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-03
  • 修回日期:2021-08-06
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077163)
作者信息
    西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事无铅压电陶瓷、特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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