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Article(id=1209927348909109386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1599235200000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-05, revisedDate=1612281600000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398759343, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1650384000000, pubDateStr=2022-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398759343, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398759343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398759343, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927347319468160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398758964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563041616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927349177544853, articleId=1209927348909109386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on Flowing Development Characteristics of TiO2 Nano-modified Vegetable Insulating Oil, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vegetable insulating oil has a higher ignition point and better environmental protection, but its breakdown voltage is lower than mineral insulating oil. Using nanoparticles to modify vegetable insulating oil can improve the breakdown voltage of vegetable insulating oil. In this study, the lightning impulse breakdown voltage test was conducted on vegetable insulating oil modified by different volume fractions of nano-TiO2, at the same time, pictures of the production, development, and termination of the streamer during the breakdown process were taken. The streamer development morphology of the original vegetable oil and the nano-modified vegetable insulating oil were observed, and the effect law of TiO2 nanoparticles on the lightning impulse breakdown voltage of vegetable insulating oil and the development process of streamers was analyzed. The results show that adding TiO2 nanoparticles can improve the positive polarity lightning impulse performance of vegetable insulating oil, and the development speed of streamer is relatively slow, while the development speed of streamer is faster under negative polarity lightning impulse voltage.

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植物绝缘油的燃点较高，且环保性较好，但击穿电压相对矿物绝缘油较小。使用纳米粒子对植物绝缘油进行改性，能够提升植物绝缘油的击穿电压。本研究通过对不同体积分数的TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油进行雷电冲击击穿电压测试，同时对击穿过程中流注的产生、发展、结束过程进行拍摄，观察原油与纳米改性植物绝缘油的流注发展形貌，分析TiO2纳米粒子对植物绝缘油雷电冲击击穿电压及流注发展过程的影响规律。结果表明：添加TiO2纳米能够提升植物绝缘油的正极性雷电冲击性能，且流注的发展速度相对较缓，但在负极性雷电冲击电压下的流注发展速度较快。

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周年荣（1974-），男（汉族），江苏泰州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压绝缘、智能安全预警、智能电网技术等的研究。

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周年荣（1974-），男（汉族），江苏泰州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压绝缘、智能安全预警、智能电网技术等的研究。

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周年荣（1974-），男（汉族），江苏泰州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压绝缘、智能安全预警、智能电网技术等的研究。

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TiO2体积分数/%击穿电压/kV标准差/kV
073.93.65
0.02576.53.32
0.05083.35.29
0.07587.45.66
0.10087.83.99
0.12588.16.35
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TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿电压

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0.02576.53.32
0.05083.35.29
0.07587.45.66
0.10087.83.99
0.12588.16.35
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TiO2体积分数/%击穿电压/kV标准差/kV
075.43.92
0.02574.75.14
0.05073.94.93
0.07572.55.35
0.10069.46.05
0.12565.25.23
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TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的流注发展特性研究
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周年荣 1 , 何潇 1 , 郭新良 1 , 何运华 1 , 张林山 1 , 谭向宇 1 , 方正云 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(4): 71-76
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(4): 71-76
TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的流注发展特性研究
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周年荣1, 何潇1, 郭新良1, 何运华1, 张林山1, 谭向宇1, 方正云2
作者信息
  • 1云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
  • 2云南电网有限责任公司,云南 昆明 650011

    • 周年荣（1974-），男（汉族），江苏泰州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压绝缘、智能安全预警、智能电网技术等的研究。

Study on Flowing Development Characteristics of TiO2 Nano-modified Vegetable Insulating Oil
Nianrong ZHOU1, Xiao HE1, Xinliang GUO1, Yunhua HE1, Linshan ZHANG1, Xiangyu TAN1, Zhengyun FANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
  • 2Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650011, China
出版时间: 2022-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.010
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摘要
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植物绝缘油的燃点较高，且环保性较好，但击穿电压相对矿物绝缘油较小。使用纳米粒子对植物绝缘油进行改性，能够提升植物绝缘油的击穿电压。本研究通过对不同体积分数的TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油进行雷电冲击击穿电压测试，同时对击穿过程中流注的产生、发展、结束过程进行拍摄，观察原油与纳米改性植物绝缘油的流注发展形貌，分析TiO2纳米粒子对植物绝缘油雷电冲击击穿电压及流注发展过程的影响规律。结果表明：添加TiO2纳米能够提升植物绝缘油的正极性雷电冲击性能，且流注的发展速度相对较缓，但在负极性雷电冲击电压下的流注发展速度较快。

植物绝缘油  /  纳米改性  /  二氧化钛  /  击穿电压

Vegetable insulating oil has a higher ignition point and better environmental protection, but its breakdown voltage is lower than mineral insulating oil. Using nanoparticles to modify vegetable insulating oil can improve the breakdown voltage of vegetable insulating oil. In this study, the lightning impulse breakdown voltage test was conducted on vegetable insulating oil modified by different volume fractions of nano-TiO2, at the same time, pictures of the production, development, and termination of the streamer during the breakdown process were taken. The streamer development morphology of the original vegetable oil and the nano-modified vegetable insulating oil were observed, and the effect law of TiO2 nanoparticles on the lightning impulse breakdown voltage of vegetable insulating oil and the development process of streamers was analyzed. The results show that adding TiO2 nanoparticles can improve the positive polarity lightning impulse performance of vegetable insulating oil, and the development speed of streamer is relatively slow, while the development speed of streamer is faster under negative polarity lightning impulse voltage.

vegetable insulating oil  /  nano modification  /  titanium dioxide  /  breakdown voltage
周年荣, 何潇, 郭新良, 何运华, 张林山, 谭向宇, 方正云. TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的流注发展特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (4) : 71 -76 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.010
Nianrong ZHOU, Xiao HE, Xinliang GUO, Yunhua HE, Linshan ZHANG, Xiangyu TAN, Zhengyun FANG. Study on Flowing Development Characteristics of TiO2 Nano-modified Vegetable Insulating Oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (4) : 71 -76 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.010
正文
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0 引言
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绝缘油是一种重要的绝缘介质，在电气设备中运用广泛，例如最常见的断路器、变压器、套管等。植物绝缘油有着高燃点、可降解、油纸绝缘组合好等特点，是矿物绝缘油的理想替代品[1-3]。植物绝缘油的研究早在50年前就开始了，当时国外的研究主要是对植物绝缘油的制取方法、理化性能、电气性能等多个方面进行了系统的研究[4]。植物绝缘油不仅拥有较好的绝缘性能，而且生产成本相对较低，但是植物绝缘油的理化性能仍有不足。随着纳米科技的不断发展，研究人员发现向传统矿物绝缘油中添加纳米粒子可形成稳定的溶胶体系，不仅可提高绝缘油的电气强度，而且还可以改善绝缘油的散热能力[5-8]。
邹平[9]研制了Fe3O4纳米改性植物绝缘油，使用宽频介电谱测试仪对改性植物绝缘油进行测试后发现，当测试频率大于1 Hz时，Fe3O4纳米粒子改性植物绝缘油的介质损耗因数与空白油样差异很小，而体积电阻率较空白油样略大。司马文霞等[10]对Al2O3纳米改性矿物绝缘油的雷电冲击特性进行了研究，发现改性矿物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿电压相比纯油有所提升，而负极性雷电冲击电压相比纯油有所下降。LÜ Y Z等[11-13]研究了TiO2和Fe3O4纳米改性矿物绝缘油的正极性流注发展特性，绘制了90 kV电压下普通矿物绝缘油和纳米改性矿物绝缘油正极性雷电预击穿图像，发现两种矿物绝缘油的雷电预击穿图像有所不同，普通矿物绝缘油在预击穿一开始阶段出现树枝形状，随着树枝越来越多呈灌木状，而纳米改性矿物绝缘油出现的灌木树枝会出现较长的向周围发散的分支。
本文搭建观测纳米改性绝缘油击穿过程的光学平台，研究TiO2纳米粒子对植物绝缘油流注发展特性的影响，并观测TiO2纳米改性绝缘油在正-负极性雷电冲击下的流注起始与传播特征，通过分析TiO2纳米粒子对绝缘油空间电场的影响，揭示TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油中流注形态发展的规律。
1 试验
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1.1 雷电冲击放电平台
雷电冲击放电平台如图1所示。放电平台由冲击电压测试系统（阻容分压器、示波器、电脑系统）和试验油箱（环氧绝缘筒）组成。冲击电压测试系统由两部分组成：一是冲击电压发生器，二是测量与控制部分，可以在不同场强、不同间隙距离下进行放电试验。冲击电压发生器有六级，额定输出电压等级为900 kV，总能量为33.75 kJ，可通过改变波头、波尾电阻使其产生1.2（±30%）/50（±20%）µs的标准雷电波，阻容分压器能够使冲击电压线性衰减上千倍以便测量，然后使其到达发生器工频机的信息采集系统，从而记录下电压和电流的波形。
电极使用针板电极，为保证试验放电的稳定性，钨针曲率半径为（50±5）µm，板电极直径为20 cm，材料为紫铜，模拟变压器内部的极不均匀电场。
1.2 雷电冲击光路平台
在绝缘油被击穿的瞬间，放电通道会出现强光，与预击穿状态下相比，流注发展时间短且光线弱。另外，改性绝缘油有吸光性，并且光子在油杯内会出现折反射，进一步使光强削弱。因此放电过程采用高速阴影成像法进行间接记录，该光路平台包括阴影成像系统和高速触发系统。
（1）阴影成像系统
在均匀介质中，折射率是个常数，因此光在均匀介质中会沿直线进行传播，但当介质不均匀或发生放电现象时，光在介质中的传播则不会再沿直线传播，而是出现偏折。基于上述原理，流注阴影成像光路由光源、准直透镜、会聚透镜、高速CMOS相机镜头及相机底片等设备构成，如图2所示。在还没进行雷电冲击放电试验时，绝缘油可看作处于一个相对静止状态，此时，光会通过透镜及试验油箱的石英玻璃窗在高速CMOS相机镜头中呈现亮圆形。在施加雷电冲击电压时，高压电极受到雷电冲击波形的作用，此时的绝缘油承受着来自高压电极的电场力和热量，使得之前处于相对静止状态的绝缘油出现低密度区，导致其介质分布不再均匀，进而在放电通道外形成一个折射区，导致光在透过绝缘油时发生偏折，使得在对焦参考面处形成类似M的亮圆形阴影流注图，阴影流注图经过透镜进入高速CMOS镜头及底片，从而被记录下来。
（2）高速触发系统
高速触发系统对采用同步触发实现流注放电瞬间产生信号的接收和成像记录。使用带力科WaveRunner610zi示波器采集电信号，采用高速CMOS相机拍摄。对于同步触发，由分压器输出端获得本系统的原始触发信号，并通过同步起始信号触发高速CMOS相机，原始输入信号与CMOS间的时间小于标准雷电波波头时间，因此这种同步触发满足高速CMOS相机的试验目标及使用性能。该型号高速相机受限于实时内存技术，当拍摄速度越快时，相机拍摄输出的像素越低且拍摄范围越小。因此，考虑到试验过程中针板油隙的距离范围，试验过程中选择每秒5～10万帧的拍摄速度进行流注放电图像的拍摄，每张图像的曝光时间为10 µs，并选择中央触发的工作模式。
1.3 试验方法
本研究使用国家电网重庆市电力公司电力科学研究院的冲击电压测试平台对纳米TiO2体积分数分别为0.025%、0.050%、0.075%、0.100%、0.125%的TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油及空白对照组（FR3植物绝缘油）共6个样品进行正、负极性的雷电冲击击穿测试，使用标准雷电波形（1.2/50 μs）作为冲击电压波形，正极性针-板电极间隙为25 mm，负极性针-板电极间隙为15 mm，具体试验步骤如下：
（1）使用待测样品润洗试验油杯，润洗时需使润洗液浸润电极。取下厚度规，然后拧松针电极的固定螺丝，使电极间间隙归零，再重新固定。使用厚度规将电极间距离设定为25 mm，将待测样品倒入润洗过的油杯中，将油杯重新组装好。
（2）将待测样品静置5 min后，将冲击电压发生器的接地棒取下，打开冲击电压测试平台电源。设定冲击击穿电压，调整好球隙距离，然后开始充电。
（3）达到预定电压后，启动点火装置，使球隙放电，产生冲击电压对样品产生一次冲击。冲击电压发生器分闸后读取示波器显示的雷电波形。若波形显示样品未击穿，则继续升高充电电压，直至示波器波形显示样品被击穿，记录击穿电压和击穿时间。
（4）测得5个击穿电压后，更换电极极性，并按照步骤（1）的方法将电极间距调为15 mm；再测得5个击穿电压后，更换电极极性，将电极间隙重新调为25 mm。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 冲击击穿电压
表1、表2分别为TiO2纳米改性植物油的正极性、负极性雷电击穿电压。
由表1可知，FR3油原油本身便具有较好的雷电冲击能力，其正极性雷电击穿电压平均值能达到70 kV以上。而经TiO2纳米改性的油样雷电击穿电压都比原油高，说明TiO2纳米粒子的添加能够提高植物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿性能。但是，由表2发现，TiO2纳米粒子的添加导致绝缘油的负极性雷电击穿电压较原油下降。将表1及表2数据绘制成折线图如图3所示。
由图3可知，TiO2纳米粒子能够提升植物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿性能，当TiO2体积分数为0.125%时，植物绝缘油的雷电击穿电压提升了19.2%，且在一定体积分数范围（0.025%～0.075%）内，TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的雷电击穿电压随体积分数的增加提升较为明显。当TiO2纳米体积分数超过0.075%时，正极性雷电击穿电压的提升趋于稳定。由此可推测，若TiO2纳米体积分数继续增加，可能对于植物绝缘油正极性雷电击穿性能的提升效果开始减小。然而TiO2纳米粒子的添加导致负极性雷电击穿电压下降，并且随着纳米体积分数的增加而下降得更多。这是因为植物绝缘油在针尖附近会被电离，从而产生电子崩，纳米粒子在电场作用下形成电荷势阱后，会捕获电子，在负极附近产生速度较慢的带负电荷的纳米粒子，使其与负极之间的电场变弱，与板极之间的电场变强。与纯油中的极性效应相比，板极附近的电场会更大，导致击穿电压减小。
2.2 流注发展形貌分析
选用TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油和FR3原油进行正-负极性流注发展形貌的观察和分析。由于TiO2纳米粒子会提升植物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿电压和降低负极性雷电击穿电压，观察流注发展时添加纳米粒子油样的正极性雷电冲击电压相较原油稍高，而负极性雷电冲击电压相较原油稍低。使用高速CMOS相机对流注的形貌进行拍摄，得到正极性雷电冲击下的流注发展形貌特征如图4～5所示。
由图4～5可知，原油的流注仅在针极附近出现较长分支，而通过TiO2纳米改性的植物绝缘油在流注发展过程中会出现较长的向周围发散的分支，导致流注发展通道比较大，这也是TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的雷电击穿性能得到提升的原因。分析认为改性植物绝缘油中的TiO2纳米颗粒会吸附周围电子，导致电子较容易向四周迁移，进而使得流注会形成较长的分支。图6、图7分别为原油和TiO2纳米改性绝缘油在负极性雷电冲击电压下的流注发展形貌。由图6～7可知，在负极性雷电冲击电压下，原油中的流注发展速度比改性植物绝缘油中的慢，而原油中的发展长度要比改性植物绝缘油中的长。这是因为改性植物绝缘油中的TiO2纳米粒子会吸附电子，导致流注会往四周发展，因此发展长度较短。同时改性植物绝缘油还会在负极附近产生大量迁移速度缓慢的带负电荷的纳米粒子，加强板电极与负极性纳米粒子区域的电场，导致流注发展较迅速。
2.3 流注击穿形貌及其消散过程分析
在正极性雷电冲击电压下，原油和纳米TiO2改性植物绝缘油在雷电冲击下的流注发展及消散过程分别如图8、图9所示。
由图8～9流注发展击穿过程可知，纳米改性植物绝缘油中的流注通道要比原油中的大，并且在400 μs时，纳米改性植物绝缘油中的流注通道比纯油中黯淡，说明TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的流注消散速度比纯油中的快。这是因为TiO2纳米粒子会捕获带电微粒，导致电荷较容易向四周进行迁移，使得击穿通道较大。
原油和TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油在负极性雷电冲击击穿电压下雷电冲击的流注发展及消散过程分别如图10、图11所示。
由图10～11可以发现，在负极性雷电击穿电压下，TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的的流注发展通道相比原油更大，流注持续时间更长。这是由于TiO2纳米粒子会捕获带电微粒，导致电荷较容易向四周进行迁移，使得击穿通道较大。
2.4 流注击穿电压与击穿时间
表3、表4分别为正、负极性雷电击穿电压及击穿时间。
由表3可知，在正极性雷电冲击电压下，TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压要比原油的大，并且击穿时间也比原油的击穿时间长，说明在正极性雷电冲击电压下，TiO2纳米粒子不但能提升植物绝缘油的击穿电压，还能阻碍流注在绝缘油中的发展，延长击穿时间。
由表4可知，在负极性雷电冲击电压下，TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压要比原油的小，并且击穿时间也比原油的短，说明在负极性雷电冲击电压下，TiO2纳米粒子不能提升植物绝缘油的雷电击穿电压。其原因是TiO2纳米粒子在负极附近会形成迁移速度缓慢的带负电荷纳米粒子，使板电极与带负电荷纳米粒子区域间的电场得到加强，导致击穿电压不增反减。
3 结论
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（1）TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿电压相比原油得到提升，最高可提升19.2%，说明向植物绝缘油中添加TiO2纳米能够提升绝缘油的正极性雷电冲击性能。
（2）从所拍摄到的流注发展过程发现，在正极性雷电冲击电压作用下，TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油流注的发展速度相对来说比较缓慢，且流注通道比较大，这是因为TiO2纳米粒子会捕获电子，导致流注会往四周进行发展，因此发展速度较慢且短。
（3）在负极性雷电冲击电压下，TiO2纳米改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压及时间相比原油反而有所下降，这是由于TiO2纳米粒子在负极性雷电冲击下吸附电子后会加强板电极与负极性纳米粒子之间的电场，因此相比原油流注发展速度更快。
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2022年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.010
  • 接收时间：2020-09-05
  • 首发时间：2025-12-22
  • 出版时间：2022-04-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-09-05
  • 修回日期：2021-02-03
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    1云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
    2云南电网有限责任公司,云南 昆明 650011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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