Article(id=1209926728294724443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1620835200000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-13, revisedDate=1626451200000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398611376, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647705600000, pubDateStr=2022-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398611376, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398611376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398611376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209926723278336734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398610181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563016675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209926728588325740, articleId=1209926728294724443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Temperature on Viscosity Properties of LDPE Insulating Materials for High-voltage Cable, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The extrusion process of high-voltage cable insulating material is very important to the quality of high-voltage cable. The viscosity properties and temperature stability of cable insulation low density polyethylene (LDPE) base material determine the extrusion processing characteristics of cable insulating material. In this paper, three kinds of LDPE base material were extracted from three different brands of cable insulating materials. The molecular chain structure of LDPE base material was tested by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the rheological properties of LDPE base material were obtained by rotational rheometer at different temperatures (120-150℃). The results show that the shear thinning behavior of LDPE base material with different molecular chain structures is more obvious with the increase of temperature. The complex viscosity and zero-shear viscosity are affected by the weight-average molecular weight and its distribution. The viscous flow activation energy decreases with the increase of shear rate, which is about 20-30 kJ/mol in low frequency region and 9-16 kJ/mol in the high frequency region, it is closely related to the synergistic effect of branching degree, weight-average molecular weight and its distribution.

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高压电缆绝缘料挤出加工过程对高压电缆质量至关重要,电缆绝缘低密度聚乙烯基料的黏度特性及其温度稳定性决定了电缆绝缘料的挤出加工特性。本文选取了3种不同牌号的电缆绝缘料,进行醇洗得到低密度聚乙烯基料,采用凝胶渗透色谱仪测试低密度聚乙烯基料的分子链结构,使用旋转流变仪测试不同温度下(120~150℃)低密度聚乙烯基料的黏度特性。结果表明:随着温度的升高,低密度聚乙烯基料的剪切变稀行为愈发明显,复数黏度及零剪切黏度受重均分子量及其分布的影响;粘流活化能随剪切速率的增大而减小,在剪切速率为0.01~100 rad/s内,其值在低频区为20~30 kJ/mol,在高频区为9~16 kJ/mol,与支化度、重均分子量及其分布的协同作用密切相关。

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李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。
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刘红剑(1997-),女(汉族),河南鹤壁人,博士生,研究方向为高压电缆绝缘料结构与加工性能。

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刘红剑(1997-),女(汉族),河南鹤壁人,博士生,研究方向为高压电缆绝缘料结构与加工性能。

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刘红剑(1997-),女(汉族),河南鹤壁人,博士生,研究方向为高压电缆绝缘料结构与加工性能。

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试样重均分子量/(g/mol)分子量分布支化度
1#1.2×1056.14.4
2#1.1×1055.34.6
3#1.3×1055.23.8
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分子链结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样重均分子量/(g/mol)分子量分布支化度
1#1.2×1056.14.4
2#1.1×1055.34.6
3#1.3×1055.23.8
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剪切速率/(rad/s)1#2#3#
0.14724.931.432.5
0.46420.026.027.0
3.16013.719.320.1
14.709.815.016.1
21.508.914.215.2
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粘流活化能

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剪切速率/(rad/s)1#2#3#
0.14724.931.432.5
0.46420.026.027.0
3.16013.719.320.1
14.709.815.016.1
21.508.914.215.2
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温度对高压电缆绝缘低密度聚乙烯基料黏度特性的影响
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刘红剑 1 , 李加才 1 , 刘浩 1 , 王诗航 1 , 李盛涛 1 , 汪胜和 2 , 潘东 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(3): 45-50
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(3): 45-50
温度对高压电缆绝缘低密度聚乙烯基料黏度特性的影响
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刘红剑1, 李加才1, 刘浩1, 王诗航1, 李盛涛1, 汪胜和2, 潘东2
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2国网安徽省电力有限公司,安徽 合肥 230061
  • 刘红剑(1997-),女(汉族),河南鹤壁人,博士生,研究方向为高压电缆绝缘料结构与加工性能。

通讯作者:

李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity Properties of LDPE Insulating Materials for High-voltage Cable
Hongjian LIU1, Jiacai LI1, Hao LIU1, Shihang WANG1, Shengtao LI1, Shenghe WANG2, Dong PAN2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
  • 2State Grid Anhui Electric Power Company, Hefei 230061, China
出版时间: 2022-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.006
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高压电缆绝缘料挤出加工过程对高压电缆质量至关重要,电缆绝缘低密度聚乙烯基料的黏度特性及其温度稳定性决定了电缆绝缘料的挤出加工特性。本文选取了3种不同牌号的电缆绝缘料,进行醇洗得到低密度聚乙烯基料,采用凝胶渗透色谱仪测试低密度聚乙烯基料的分子链结构,使用旋转流变仪测试不同温度下(120~150℃)低密度聚乙烯基料的黏度特性。结果表明:随着温度的升高,低密度聚乙烯基料的剪切变稀行为愈发明显,复数黏度及零剪切黏度受重均分子量及其分布的影响;粘流活化能随剪切速率的增大而减小,在剪切速率为0.01~100 rad/s内,其值在低频区为20~30 kJ/mol,在高频区为9~16 kJ/mol,与支化度、重均分子量及其分布的协同作用密切相关。

高压电缆  /  绝缘材料  /  低密度聚乙烯  /  温度  /  黏度特性

The extrusion process of high-voltage cable insulating material is very important to the quality of high-voltage cable. The viscosity properties and temperature stability of cable insulation low density polyethylene (LDPE) base material determine the extrusion processing characteristics of cable insulating material. In this paper, three kinds of LDPE base material were extracted from three different brands of cable insulating materials. The molecular chain structure of LDPE base material was tested by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the rheological properties of LDPE base material were obtained by rotational rheometer at different temperatures (120-150℃). The results show that the shear thinning behavior of LDPE base material with different molecular chain structures is more obvious with the increase of temperature. The complex viscosity and zero-shear viscosity are affected by the weight-average molecular weight and its distribution. The viscous flow activation energy decreases with the increase of shear rate, which is about 20-30 kJ/mol in low frequency region and 9-16 kJ/mol in the high frequency region, it is closely related to the synergistic effect of branching degree, weight-average molecular weight and its distribution.

high-voltage cable  /  insulating materials  /  low density polyethylene (LDPE)  /  temperature  /  viscosity properties
刘红剑, 李加才, 刘浩, 王诗航, 李盛涛, 汪胜和, 潘东. 温度对高压电缆绝缘低密度聚乙烯基料黏度特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (3) : 45 -50 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.006
Hongjian LIU, Jiacai LI, Hao LIU, Shihang WANG, Shengtao LI, Shenghe WANG, Dong PAN. Effect of Temperature on Viscosity Properties of LDPE Insulating Materials for High-voltage Cable[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (3) : 45 -50 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.006
随着电力工业的快速发展,挤出型交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆在高压输电中的应用越来越受到重视,而电缆的挤出成型加工过程影响着挤出后产品的质量。在电缆的挤出加工过程中,温度过高,交联剂会提前分解发生过早交联或焦烧;温度过低,会导致黏度过大而影响生产效率。为了提高电缆绝缘料挤出加工过程的稳定性,使得挤出的电缆更好地成型以及尺寸更精确等,研究温度对高压电缆绝缘低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)基料黏度特性的影响具有重要意义[1-3]
目前已有大量学者研究了分子链结构和性能的关系。张清怡[4]研究发现,薄膜吹塑工艺使用的茂金属线性低密度聚乙烯(mLLDPE)与传统线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)相比,含有更长的支链并均匀分布,当温度升高时,两者的拉伸强度都下降,在不同温度时,支链较长的mLLDPE膜泡更稳定,但其加工速度要比LLDPE慢。罗军等[5]研究了不同等级的超高压交联聚乙烯的长支链对流变性能的影响,发现长支链含量随着电缆料耐压等级的升高而增大。高凌雁等[6]将结合分子链结构与动态流变性能参数相结合,发现较宽的相对分子质量分布使得树脂的剪切变稀行为更加明显,并采用损耗因子随角速率的变化关系等方法,排除了长支链对剪切变稀行为的影响。S G HATZIKIRIAKOS[7]对比分析线性和支化聚乙烯的流变行为,发现长支链的存在与粘流活化能有关。任冬雪等[8]通过研究LDPE的分子链结构与电气性能的关系发现,LDPE的电气性能与长支链的含量及结晶性能密切相关,相对分子质量、结晶度和熔融温度较高的LDPE具有较高的体积电阻率与直流电气强度。孙华平等[9]研究了温度对纤维级高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)流变性能的影响,发现随着温度的升高,表观黏度对剪切速率的敏感性降低,因此可通过提高温度来改善纤维成形的稳定性。此外,相对分子量分布较宽的HDPE对剪切速率的变化比较敏感,因此,也可采用相对分子量分布较窄的物料来提高加工稳定性。P M WOOD-ADAMS等[10-11]研究了重均分子量和链支化对聚乙烯线性黏弹行为的影响,发现与相同分子量的线性聚乙烯相比,长链支化(LCB)增加了零剪切黏度与松弛时间。J LOHSED等[12]为了进一步明确支化度对流变性能的影响,通过实验准确合成并控制聚乙烯的分子支化度,发现相比于线性链,具有LCB效应的聚合物显示出更明显的剪切变稀行为,表明聚烯烃的不同分子结构会对流变性能产生一定的影响。目前针对通用型低密度聚乙烯分子链结构对黏度特性的影响研究较多,但对高压电缆绝缘LDPE基料黏度特性尤其是温敏性的研究不足。
本文主要分析温度对不同链结构LDPE基料黏度特性的影响,通过醇洗实验,获得3种电缆绝缘料的LDPE基料。采用凝胶渗透色谱仪和旋转流变仪测量LDPE基料的结构参数和不同温度下的复数黏度,探讨温度对具有不同链结构的LDPE基料黏度特性的影响规律。
实验选用了3种牌号的电缆绝缘料(标记为1#、2#和3#)。由于电缆绝缘料中含有大量的交联剂、抗氧化剂等添加剂,需要进行醇洗实验得到LDPE基料。具体工艺如下:首先将3种电缆绝缘料颗粒用平板硫化机在120℃下模压成厚度为0.1 mm的薄片,放入盛有无水乙醇的烧杯中,在油浴中加热,放在温度为70℃的恒温磁力搅拌器中搅拌约5 h,萃取完成后,样品用无水乙醇洗涤3~5次,最后放入真空干燥箱中,在70℃下干燥约10 h。
利用岛津IR Prestige 21型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对添加剂的官能团特征峰进行分析,检验通过醇洗得到的LDPE基料是否含有其他交联剂残余。光谱范围为1 600~600 cm-1,分辨率为4.0 cm-1,样品厚度为1 mm,扫描次数为32次。
将PL-GPC220型凝胶渗透色谱仪与示差折光仪、双角度激光光散射仪和黏度检测器连用进行测试,实验选取一组窄分布的聚苯乙烯作为标准样,得到校准曲线,测试温度为160℃,进样体积为200 μL,流速为1.00 mL/min,溶剂由三氯苯(TCB)和质量分数0.025%的2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基-苯酚(BHT)混合得到,BHT为抗氧剂,防止测试过程中LDPE基料发生降解,溶剂需过滤后使用。样品在160℃下溶解4 h,过滤后用于测试,即得到3种LDPE基料的分子量及其分布。
动态流变性能采用奥地利安东帕MCR302型旋转流变仪进行测试。样品厚度为1 mm,直径为25 mm,应变设定为1%,频率扫描范围为0.01~100 rad/s,测试温度分别为120、135、150℃。
为检验醇洗后的试样是否含有残余的交联剂、抗氧剂等添加剂,利用红外光谱仪,通过红外光照射到醇洗后的LDPE基料特定的官能团或者化学键上,被其选择性的吸收出现在红外光谱的不同位置,进而分析醇洗后的试样是否为LDPE基料,结果如图1所示。
对比图1中3种电缆绝缘料与LDPE基料的红外光谱图可知,电缆绝缘料红外光谱在波数1 600~600 cm-1有多个添加剂官能团的特征峰。其中,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)属于单取代苯化合物,696.5 cm-1与761.1 cm-1处为DCP的两个特征峰,800~1 300 cm-1的特征峰多数为DCP与抗氧剂的特征峰。表明醇洗之后绝缘料添加剂的特征峰均已消失,说明醇洗实验可以从电缆绝缘料中提取LDPE基料。
3种LDPE基料的分子链结构参数如表1所示,可以看出3#的重均分子量最大,1#的分子量分布最宽,2#的支化度最高。重均分子量较大或支化度较高的聚合物由于包含较多的链段,分子链间可能因为相互纠缠或者范德华力形成更多的物理缠结,分子间的相互作用增大,增加了链段间的摩擦力,抑制了相对滑动,从而增大了聚合物熔体的复数黏度[16-17];此外,分子量分布较宽的聚合物因包含较多的高相对分子量部分,使得复数黏度较大。
不同温度下LDPE基料的复数黏度(η*)随剪切速率(ω)的变化关系如图2所示。由图2可知,不同温度下LDPE基料的复数黏度均随着剪切速率的增加而降低,呈现假塑性流体行为。高聚物的黏性流动主要依靠分子链段的协同位移,取决于链段跃迁的能力以及链段周围是否存在可以将其接纳的空位,因此,分子链在流动过程中,其构象会发生变化。在低频区,物理缠结点基本不会受到破坏,即复数黏度保持不变,剪切速率增大时,高聚物熔体的松弛时间较流动时间长,以至于分子链来不及完全松弛收缩或已发生流动取向的分子链部分收缩,从而使得松弛收缩产生的阻力减小,故复数黏度随剪切速率的增加而下降[18]。此外,在相同剪切速率下,随着温度的升高,高聚物的剪切变稀行为更加明显,主要由于高温下不同样品的熔体自由体积增大,链段的活性能力增强,提高了大分子间的解缠结能力,从而使得链缠结浓度降低,分子之间的相互作用减弱,降低了摩擦产生的流动阻力。
相同温度下LDPE基料的剪切变稀行为如图3所示。从图3可以看出,3个试样在同一温度下具有不同的剪切变稀趋势,其中1#的复数黏度对频率的依赖性比2#更大。结合分子链结构分析,1#的分子量分布较宽。而剪切变稀行为与分子量分布宽窄密切相关,分子量分布越宽,其包含更多的低相对分子质量与高相对分子质量部分,与具有相同分子量的窄分布相比,在低剪切速率下,高相对分子质量部分可以增强聚合物的缠结,使其零切黏度增大;在高剪切频率下,低相对分子量起到一定的润滑作用,因此在高剪切速率下黏度变小,即1#的剪切变稀行为较明显。
零剪切黏度(η0)与温度、重均分子量及分子量分布等密切相关。LDPE基料的零剪切黏度是通过Cross模型的参数拟合[19-20],求出曲线在剪切速率为0 rad/s时的黏度,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,3种具有不同链结构的LDPE基料的零剪切黏度均随着温度的升高呈下降趋势。主要原因是随着温度的升高,分子的不规则运动和分子之间的距离增加,使得链段有更多的空间运动。在相同温度下,3#的零剪切黏度最大,1#的零切黏度次之,2#的零切黏度最小,零剪切黏度主要受高聚物的相对分子质量大小的影响[20],3#的重均分子量较高,因此其零剪切黏度更大。
粘流活化能是分子链段流动时所需的最少能量,主要反映熔体黏度对温度的敏感性,也表明聚合物熔体流动的难易程度,它与相对分子质量及其分布、支化度密切相关,这是由于聚合物的流动本质是链段的蠕动。当聚合物熔体的温度高于黏性流动温度时,聚合物流体的黏度随温度的变化可根据阿伦尼乌斯公式计算,如式(1)所示。
η=Aexp (ΔEη/RT)
式(1)中:η是表观剪切黏度,Pa⋅s;A是指前因子;ΔΕη为粘流活化能,kJ/mol;T为热力学温度,K;R为摩尔气体常量,其值为8.314 J/(mol⋅K)。首先对方程两边取对数,做出lnη*~1/T的曲线图,得到不同剪切速率下的曲线斜率,最后用式(1)计算样品的粘流活化能[22-23],结果如图5表2所示。从图5可以看出,每条曲线的斜率不同,反映了不同链结构的LDPE基料的温度敏感性不同。斜率越大,温敏性越高。在不同剪切速率下,粘流活化能随着剪切速率的增大而减小,表明熔体黏度随剪切速率的增大而对温度的敏感性有所降低。这主要是由于当剪切速率增大时,聚合物分子链段的解缠结能力增强,此时高聚物的柔顺性增大,分子链越柔顺,所受的流动阻力越小,从而粘流活化能越小。
表2可见,3#的粘流活化能最大,1#的粘流活化能最小。结合表1中的分子链结构参数可知,2#的重均分子量和分子量分布均小于1#,但2#的支化度比1#的高0.2,说明在一定重均分子量和分子量分布差异内,支化度的差异对粘流活化能的影响起主导作用。这是由于分子链支化度的增加,分子间越容易缠结,链段弛豫时间变长,导致其弛豫过程对温度的敏感性增大,即支化度越高,粘流活化能越大[24-25]。对比2#和3#的分子链结构可知,2#与3#的分子量分布大小基本相同,2#的重均分子量比3#的小2×104 g/mol,但2#的支化度比3#的高0.8,说明当重均分子量差异高于一定值时,支化度对粘流活化能的影响便不起主导作用,此时重均分子量对粘流活化能的影响更大。综上可见,不同的分子链结构对粘流活化能的影响程度不同。因此。对于聚合物支化度与重均分子量及其分子量分布对粘流活化能的协同作用有待进一步分析。
在电缆绝缘料的挤出加工过程中,温度对LDPE基料的流变性能具有重要影响。在不同的加工温度下,LDPE基料在低剪切速率时温敏性较高,随着剪切速率的增加,复数黏度受温度的影响较小,因此,在实际加工过程中,可以在低频区通过调控温度降低表观黏度;此外,LDPE基料的分子量分布过窄,剪切变稀行为不明显,导致电缆在挤出过程中,由于熔体黏度过高,易造成熔体破裂而降低挤出效率;当重均分子量或支化度过高时,粘流活化能也就愈大,对温度的敏感性较强,在加工过程中,复数黏度波动范围较大,不利于电缆的挤出加工成型。
(1)分子量分布越宽,低密度聚乙烯基料的剪切变稀行为越明显,复数黏度随剪切速率的增加而下降越快。
(2)低密度聚乙烯基料的零切黏度随温度的升高而降低,在相同温度下,重均分子量越大,零切黏度越大。
(3)低密度聚乙烯基料的粘流活化能随剪切速率的增大而减小,其值在低频区为20~30 kJ/mol,在高频区为9~16 kJ/mol,受分子链支化度、重均分子量及分子量分布协同作用的影响。重均分子量越大,分子量分布越宽或支化度越高,粘流活化能也就越大,反映了具有不同链结构的低密度聚乙烯基料温敏性不同。
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2022年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.006
  • 接收时间:2021-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-13
  • 修回日期:2021-07-17
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国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(SGAH0000KJJS1900436)
智能电网联合基金重点支持项目(U2066204)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2国网安徽省电力有限公司,安徽 合肥 230061

通讯作者:

李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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