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In the extrusion process of XLPE cable materials, when the local extrusion temperature is higher than the decomposition temperature of crosslinking agent, the crosslinking agent will be thermally decomposed in advance, resulting in a low degree of pre-crosslinking in materials. To study the effect of pre-crosslinking on the space charge characteristics of XLPE DC cable materials, the low-degree pre-crosslinking treatment at different temperatures (140℃, 150℃, and 160℃) was carried out before high-temperature crosslinking of XLPE DC cable materials. The aggregated structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and crosslinking test, and the space charge characteristics at different temperatures were studied. The results show that pre-crosslinking will hinder the normal crosslinking process of XLPE at high temperature, which leads to the decrease of crosslinking degree and crystallinity. Incomplete crosslinking structure makes the pre-crosslinked XLPE samples accumulate a lot of the same polarity of charges injected by electrodes. At the same time, more impurity molecules remaining in the sample will dissociate with the increase of temperature to produce large number of the different polarity of charges, which leads to serious electric field distortion. The decrease of crystallinity also leads to the increase of trap density and depth at the interface between the crystal region and the amorphous region, which limits the charge migration and detrapping process.

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在交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆料的挤出过程中,当局部挤出温度高于交联剂的分解温度时,交联剂会提前热分解,从而导致材料发生低程度的预交联。为研究预交联对XLPE直流电缆料空间电荷特性的影响,本文在对XLPE直流电缆料进行高温交联前,先在不同温度(140、150、160℃)下进行低程度的预交联处理。通过X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析和交联度测试等手段表征聚集态结构,并开展不同温度下的空间电荷特性研究。结果表明:预交联会阻碍XLPE高温交联过程的正常进行,导致其交联度与结晶度均有不同程度的下降。不完善的交联结构使得预交联XLPE试样内积累了大量由电极注入的同极性电荷,同时试样内残留的较多杂质分子还会随着温度的升高解离产生大量异极性电荷,导致电场畸变严重。结晶度的下降同时还造成试样内部晶区与无定形区界面处陷阱密度和深度的增加,限制了电荷的迁移和脱陷过程。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压技术与绝缘材料的研究;

吴优(1995-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,硕士生,主要从事聚乙烯空间电荷特性的研究。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压技术与绝缘材料的研究;

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压技术与绝缘材料的研究;

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吴优(1995-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,硕士生,主要从事聚乙烯空间电荷特性的研究。

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figureFileSmall=A7HA7nM/Nn+ZgtL2Wx0c0g==, figureFileBig=R7xn7T/J45z6HrG5Pr3vpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210892081178997501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=CN, label=图9, caption=50℃时去极化过程XLPE试样内部载流子迁移率随时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=A7HA7nM/Nn+ZgtL2Wx0c0g==, figureFileBig=R7xn7T/J45z6HrG5Pr3vpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210892081309020931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Crosslinking degree of XLPE samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项 目140℃预交联150℃预交联160℃预交联正常交联
低程度预交联交联度/%12.3131.3537.76
高温交联交联度/%60.866.268.777.8
), ArticleFig(id=1210892081443238666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

XLPE试样的交联度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项 目140℃预交联150℃预交联160℃预交联正常交联
低程度预交联交联度/%12.3131.3537.76
高温交联交联度/%60.866.268.777.8
), ArticleFig(id=1210892081564873487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Melting temperature and crystallinity of XLPE samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
XLPE试样熔融温度Tm/℃结晶度χc/%
140℃预交联107.630.7
150℃预交联108.626.8
160℃预交联109.326.7
正常交联109.234.3
), ArticleFig(id=1210892081665536787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

XLPE试样的熔融温度和结晶度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
XLPE试样熔融温度Tm/℃结晶度χc/%
140℃预交联107.630.7
150℃预交联108.626.8
160℃预交联109.326.7
正常交联109.234.3
), ArticleFig(id=1210892081757811480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Diffraction angle, half-width, and grain size of crystal diffraction peaks for XLPE samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

XLPE

试样

Peak 2Peak 3
2θ/(°)β/(°)D/nm2θ/(°)β/(°)D/nm
140℃预交联21.540.5115.5723.860.948.56
150℃预交联21.450.4218.7823.740.7011.46
160℃预交联21.480.4318.5223.800.7311.03
正常交联21.570.4816.6423.890.7910.17
), ArticleFig(id=1210892081883640606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725711033086, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

XLPE试样结晶衍射峰衍射角、半峰宽和晶粒尺寸

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XLPE

试样

Peak 2Peak 3
2θ/(°)β/(°)D/nm2θ/(°)β/(°)D/nm
140℃预交联21.540.5115.5723.860.948.56
150℃预交联21.450.4218.7823.740.7011.46
160℃预交联21.480.4318.5223.800.7311.03
正常交联21.570.4816.6423.890.7910.17
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预交联对XLPE直流电缆料空间电荷特性的影响
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周远翔 1, 2 , 吴优 1 , 张灵 2 , 张云霄 2 , 黄欣 2 , 滕陈源 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(3): 23-31
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(3): 23-31
预交联对XLPE直流电缆料空间电荷特性的影响
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周远翔1, 2, 吴优1, 张灵2, 张云霄2, 黄欣2, 滕陈源2
作者信息
  • 1新疆大学 电气工程学院 电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室风光储分室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 2清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 电力系统及发电设备控制和 仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压技术与绝缘材料的研究;

    吴优(1995-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,硕士生,主要从事聚乙烯空间电荷特性的研究。

Effect of Pre-crosslinking on Space Charge Characteristics of XLPE DC Cable Materials
Yuanxiang ZHOU1, 2, You WU1, Ling ZHANG2, Yunxiao ZHANG2, Xin HUANG2, Chenyuan TENG2
Affiliations
  • 1The Wind Solar Storage Division of State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2022-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.003
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在交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆料的挤出过程中,当局部挤出温度高于交联剂的分解温度时,交联剂会提前热分解,从而导致材料发生低程度的预交联。为研究预交联对XLPE直流电缆料空间电荷特性的影响,本文在对XLPE直流电缆料进行高温交联前,先在不同温度(140、150、160℃)下进行低程度的预交联处理。通过X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析和交联度测试等手段表征聚集态结构,并开展不同温度下的空间电荷特性研究。结果表明:预交联会阻碍XLPE高温交联过程的正常进行,导致其交联度与结晶度均有不同程度的下降。不完善的交联结构使得预交联XLPE试样内积累了大量由电极注入的同极性电荷,同时试样内残留的较多杂质分子还会随着温度的升高解离产生大量异极性电荷,导致电场畸变严重。结晶度的下降同时还造成试样内部晶区与无定形区界面处陷阱密度和深度的增加,限制了电荷的迁移和脱陷过程。

交联聚乙烯电缆  /  预交联  /  聚集态结构  /  空间电荷  /  电场畸变

In the extrusion process of XLPE cable materials, when the local extrusion temperature is higher than the decomposition temperature of crosslinking agent, the crosslinking agent will be thermally decomposed in advance, resulting in a low degree of pre-crosslinking in materials. To study the effect of pre-crosslinking on the space charge characteristics of XLPE DC cable materials, the low-degree pre-crosslinking treatment at different temperatures (140℃, 150℃, and 160℃) was carried out before high-temperature crosslinking of XLPE DC cable materials. The aggregated structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and crosslinking test, and the space charge characteristics at different temperatures were studied. The results show that pre-crosslinking will hinder the normal crosslinking process of XLPE at high temperature, which leads to the decrease of crosslinking degree and crystallinity. Incomplete crosslinking structure makes the pre-crosslinked XLPE samples accumulate a lot of the same polarity of charges injected by electrodes. At the same time, more impurity molecules remaining in the sample will dissociate with the increase of temperature to produce large number of the different polarity of charges, which leads to serious electric field distortion. The decrease of crystallinity also leads to the increase of trap density and depth at the interface between the crystal region and the amorphous region, which limits the charge migration and detrapping process.

XLPE cable  /  pre-crosslinking  /  aggregation structure  /  space charge  /  electric field distortion
周远翔, 吴优, 张灵, 张云霄, 黄欣, 滕陈源. 预交联对XLPE直流电缆料空间电荷特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (3) : 23 -31 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.003
Yuanxiang ZHOU, You WU, Ling ZHANG, Yunxiao ZHANG, Xin HUANG, Chenyuan TENG. Effect of Pre-crosslinking on Space Charge Characteristics of XLPE DC Cable Materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (3) : 23 -31 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.003
随着柔性直流输电技术的迅速发展,近年来挤出型交联聚乙烯(crosslinked polyethylene,XLPE)高压直流电缆凭借其优异的耐电强度和绝缘稳定性以及在安装与运维过程中的便捷性,成为直流电网输电系统的关键装备[1-3]
在交联聚乙烯电缆的生产过程中,先后经过挤出成型、高温交联、冷却脱气等生产步骤[4]。由于交联剂的熔融温度过低,为避免材料在挤出过程中发生预交联而造成焦烧的问题,挤出温度通常保持在120℃左右进行。然而在实际情况中,当局部的挤出温度高于交联剂的分解温度(一般为132℃)时,会造成交联剂提前热分解,导致材料发生低程度的预交联[5-6]。预交联会使材料的加工性变差,阻碍其后续高温交联过程的正常进行[7]。同时,预交联部分将作为绝缘缺陷存在于电缆绝缘内部,还会引发局部的空间电荷积聚,从而导致电缆绝缘电场畸变、局部放电以及加速老化,甚至提前击穿,给高压直流电缆的稳定运行留下隐患[8-9]
XLPE作为一种半结晶结构的聚合物,其宏观绝缘性能与微观聚集态结构存在密切关联[10],尤其是XLPE在直流电场下的空间电荷特性,其载流子迁移率和陷阱深度很大程度上受到交联结构和结晶形态的影响[11]。近年来相关领域的学者针对XLPE聚集态结构和空间电荷特性开展了包括不同冷却速率、纳米复合、交联程度、交联工艺以及脱气处理等在内的大量试验研究,结果发现:缓慢冷却能更好地完善聚乙烯的结晶结构,降低空间电荷包的注入和迁移速率[12-13];纳米复合电介质的界面效应增加了聚乙烯内部的陷阱深度,能有效抑制空间电荷的注入和迁移[14-15];提高交联程度能增强聚乙烯的电荷注入阈值电场,空间电荷更不易注入[16];适宜的交联温度和交联时间可以减小交联聚乙烯中的陷阱密度,抑制空间电荷的积聚[17];脱气处理能有效减少交联聚乙烯内的交联副产物,减少聚合物在极化过程中离子电荷的解离[18-19]
然而,目前在针对XLPE材料交联过程的相关研究中,包括从流变动力学角度来表征交联过程中聚合物分子结构的变化[20]、交联温度和时间对XLPE结晶形态的影响[21]、交联过程中交联度与结晶度间相互作用与平衡的关系[22]等在内,其试验过程采用的交联方式多为一步交联。而针对实际情况中材料会先后经历低程度预交联和高温交联两步交联的过程,尤其是预交联过程的存在对XLPE绝缘性能的影响缺乏足够的试验探索,作用机制尚不明确。同时,预交联这一热历史的存在,又会在一定程度上改变XLPE的聚集态结构,进而对其空间电荷特性造成影响。因此,本文分别研究不同预交联温度对XLPE交联结构、结晶形态的影响,并在此基础上开展不同温度下的空间电荷特性研究。
试验原料选取商用±500 kV XLPE直流电缆料。为制备得到预交联程度较低的试样,选用140、150、160℃作为试样的预交联温度,180℃为高温交联的温度。
预交联XLPE试样的制备先后经过低程度预交联和高温交联,具体步骤如下:①低程度预交联:将XLPE粒料置于平板硫化机中,在120℃下不加压预热10 min,在其充分熔融后,将温度分别升高至140、150、160℃,加压15 MPa,预交联15 min。预交联结束后,在室温条件下冷却结晶。②高温交联:将上述操作得到的试样置于平板硫化机中,在180℃下加压15 MPa,交联15 min。交联结束后,在室温条件下冷却结晶,制得厚度为200 μm的XLPE薄片试样。③脱气:将XLPE薄片试样置于真空干燥箱中,在80℃下真空干燥24 h,以尽量消除试样在制备过程中产生的交联副产物和水分。
同时,将正常交联的XLPE试样作为相关性能测试的对照组,其交联过程为一步高温交联,具体步骤如下:①高温交联:将XLPE粒料置于平板硫化机中,在120℃下不加压预热10 min,在其充分熔融后,将温度升高至180℃,加压15 MPa,交联15 min。交联结束后,在室温条件下冷却结晶,制得厚度为200 μm的XLPE薄片试样。②脱气:将XLPE薄片试样置于真空干燥箱中,在80℃下真空干燥24 h,以尽量消除试样在制备过程中产生的交联副产物和水分。
采用美国TA公司的DSC-Q250型差示扫描量热仪对XLPE试样的结晶度和熔融温度进行表征,氮气气氛,温度范围为30~140℃,升温速率和降温速率均为20℃/min。每个试样进行两次升降温循环测试,以消除试样的热历史和残余应力对DSC测试结果的影响。为确保试验的可重复性和数据的有效性,试验过程中每组试样均测试两次。
采用日本SHIMADZU公司的XRD-6000型X射线衍射仪对XLPE试样进行扫描测试,管电压设定为40 kV,采用CuKa辐射,射线波长λ为0.154 18 nm,扫描范围为12°~30°,扫描速率为4°/min。为确保试验的可重复性和数据的有效性,试验过程中每组试样均测试两次。
称取一定量的XLPE试样,剪成长条状,用铜网包裹,置于以二甲苯为萃取剂的索氏抽提器中,在130℃下回流抽提24 h,回流完毕取出铜网,剩余试样在60℃真空条件下干燥并称重。交联度η的计算公式为式(1)
η=m1m2×100%
式(1)中:m1为充分抽提并干燥后试样的质量,g;m2为抽提前试样的质量,g。
为确保试验的可重复性和数据的有效性,试验过程中每组试样均测试3次,结果取平均值。
采用温控PEA法空间电荷测量系统进行空间电荷测试,系统依据IEC/TS 62758-2012进行校准。直流高压上电极采用铝电极,表面包裹有半导电层,下电极为地电极。高压脉冲幅值为400 V,脉冲宽度为5 ns,脉冲频率为1 000 Hz。
分别选择30、50、70℃为试验温度(其中70℃为目前高压直流电缆实际运行温度),极化电场强度统一为50 kV/mm(电缆正常运行时绝缘层承受的电场为20 kV/mm左右,而短时过电压造成绝缘层承受的电场最高为正常运行时的2~4倍[23]),极化时间为60 min,去极化时间为10 min,测量间隔为3 s。本文中所提及的阳极为地电极,阴极为半导电极。
为确保试验的可重复性和数据的有效性,试验过程中每组试样均测试3次。
通过测试XLPE试样的交联度,整理得到表1相关数据。从表1可以看出,在经过140、150、160℃的预交联过程后,XLPE确实发生了低程度的预交联现象,证明了试验设计的有效性。同时可以看出,低程度预交联过程会阻碍XLPE高温交联过程的正常进行,造成XLPE试样的交联度发生不同程度的下降。其中,140℃的预交联温度对XLPE试样的交联程度影响最大,与正常交联XLPE试样相比,其交联度降低了17%。随着预交联温度的升高,试样的交联度有一定幅度的上升,但还是明显低于正常交联试样的交联度。
图1为不同XLPE试样在二次升温时的熔融曲线。基于图1,可以利用式(2)计算试样的结晶度(χc),整理得到表2相关数据。
χc =ΔHΔH100×100%
式(2)中:ΔH为XLPE试样的熔融热焓,通过计算熔融峰覆盖面积得到;ΔH100为XLPE材料完全结晶时的熔融热焓,ΔH100=287.3 J/g。
图1中的升温曲线可以看出,不同组别的XLPE试样均只有一个高温熔融峰,对应着试样中晶体的熔融过程。从表2中的数据可以看出,与正常交联XLPE试样相比,预交联试样的熔融温度和结晶度有不同程度的下降。其中,140℃预交联XLPE的熔融温度最低,当预交联温度升高至150℃、160℃时,其熔融温度向高温方向移动,但结晶度却大幅下降。160℃预交联的XLPE结晶度最低,只有26.7%,低于正常交联试样的结晶度34.3%。
图2为不同XLPE试样的XRD谱图。已知XLPE试样在衍射角(2θ)为20.5°附近的弥散峰Peak 1为非结晶衍射峰,对应试样内无定形区的衍射峰;衍射角为21.5°及23.8°附近两个较尖锐的衍射峰Peak 2和Peak 3为结晶衍射峰,分别对应XLPE中正交晶型(110)晶面和(200)晶面的衍射峰。
利用相关软件对数据进行分析处理,得到晶体的相关参数如表3所示,表3中XLPE试样的晶粒尺寸(D)通过Scherrer公式计算得到,如式(3)所示。
D=kλβcosθ
式(3)中:D为晶粒尺寸,nm;k为Scherrer常数,k=0.89;λ为入射X射线波长,λ=0.154 18 nm;θ为入射角,°;β为半峰宽,rad。
表3可以看出,正常交联XLPE试样晶粒尺寸较为均匀,相比之下,140℃预交联试样的晶粒尺寸最小,两个晶面对应的平均晶粒尺寸分别为15.57 nm和8.56 nm。随着预交联温度的升高,试样内晶粒尺寸有小幅的增大。
结合表2中的数据可以发现,150℃与160℃预交联试样的结晶度更低,晶区面积占比更小。说明球晶虽然晶粒尺寸较大,但数量较少,彼此之间排列较为松散,晶区结构不够完整,因而其结晶度有一定程度的下降。
对XLPE试样施加-50 kV/mm的直流电场,分别在30、50、70℃测试其空间电荷特性。图3为XLPE试样在30℃时的空间电荷和电场分布图。从图3(a)(d)可以看出,30℃时,与正常交联XLPE试样相比,预交联XLPE试样在极化的过程中,阳极附近有明显的正极性空间电荷注入,且随着极化时间的延长,大量的正电荷在阳极附近积聚,并逐步向试样内部迁移。其中,140℃预交联XLPE的电荷注入现象最为明显,其试样内注入的正极性电荷沿着外电场的方向从阳极向阴极移动,直至迁移到阴极附近并从阴极抽出。
图3(e)(g)可以看出,预交联XLPE试样的阳极附近由于同极性电荷的注入,电场强度被削弱,而随着注入的正极性电荷迁移至阴极并被吸收,阴极附近电荷密度开始上升,电场强度也随之增大,导致试样在靠近电极的两侧发生明显的电场畸变。
图4为XLPE试样在50℃时的空间电荷和电场分布图。由图4(a)(c)可以看出,不同于30℃时,预交联XLPE试样在50℃下试样内部有大量的负极性空间电荷产生,随后负极性电荷在外电场的作用下由阴极方向逐渐向阳极方向迁移并积聚到阳极附近。而正常交联XLPE则只在极化开始时有少量负极性电荷产生,且随着极化时间的延长,负电荷逐渐减少,阳极附近电荷密度幅值也随之下降,如图4(d)所示。
图4(e)(g)可以看出,大量负极性电荷在试样内部的积聚导致了严重的电场畸变现象。其中140℃预交联XLPE试样内部电场畸变最为严重,畸变率达到47.6%,150℃和160℃预交联试样的电场畸变率分别为27.1%和15.2%。
图5为XLPE试样在70℃时的空间电荷和电场分布图。从图5(a)(c)可以看出,在极化开始时,预交联XLPE试样内部有少量的负极性空间电荷产生,但随着极化时间的延长,阳极附近正极性空间电荷的注入量逐渐大于负极性电荷的产生量,对外显示出试样内部负极性空间电荷逐渐减少,正极性电荷逐渐增多。同极性空间电荷的注入导致试样阳极附近的电场强度被不同程度的削弱,如图5(e)(g)所示。与30℃和50℃不同的是,70℃下预交联XLPE试样内部相继有正、负两种极性相异的电荷注入、积聚和迁移。同时,随着试验温度的升高,试样内电荷积聚量更少,电场畸变程度也更低。
XLPE的制备需要经历升温交联和冷却结晶两个过程,其交联结构和结晶形态与其绝缘性能有密切的关联[12]。预交联这段热历史的存在,使得XLPE聚集态结构发生了一定程度的变化。
表1可以看出,经过预交联的XLPE试样交联度明显低于正常交联XLPE试样。这是因为预交联过程导致试样发生了过早交联,使其分子链本该具有的线型结构遭到破坏,形成的交联键会降低聚乙烯中大分子链的活动能力,阻碍试样在高温交联过程中交联网络的完善[5],从而造成XLPE试样的交联度下降,如图6所示。
其中140℃预交联XLPE试样由于预交联温度过低,预交联过程并没有使其充分交联,构建起的网状结构不够完善。同时,在正常交联的过程中由于分子的活动能力下降,交联结构的完善又会受到一定程度的抑制,导致其交联度最低。而150℃、160℃的预交联温度使试样在高温交联过程前已经具有相对完整的交联结构,因此交联度较140℃预交联试样有所提升,但其交联结构的完善同样会在高温交联过程受到抑制,且抑制效果更强,交联度的提升比例更低,故其交联度仍然低于正常交联的试样。
表3可以看出,与正常交联XLPE试样相比,140℃预交联试样的晶粒尺寸较小,这是由于试样的晶核易在较低温度下生成[15],较低的预交联温度使XLPE在结晶初期形成较多的晶核,同时较低的结晶温度和较短的结晶时间导致其晶体结构相对不够完善,结晶度相应有所降低。
相比之下,150℃、160℃预交联XLPE试样则是由于预交联构建起的较为完整的交联网络体系降低了分子结构的对称性,影响了其在结晶时的成核过程,体系内某些区域缺乏足够的晶核[24],导致交联后的试样虽然平均晶粒尺寸有所增大,但球晶数量较少,彼此之间排列较为松散,晶区结构不够完整,因而其结晶度有一定程度的下降,见表2
而正常交联的XLPE试样,交联过程中较高的交联温度使试样内苯乙酮的含量增加,促进了成核过程,使区域内晶核分布更加均匀[25]。因此试样内部形成的晶核数量适中,且晶粒尺寸较为均匀,球晶排列相对规则,晶体结构完善,结晶度较高。
XLPE试样中空间电荷的来源一般有两种:①电极与试样界面处的注入电荷;②试样内部杂质分子解离产生的解离电荷。其中,注入电荷一般是由电极注入到试样内部的电子或者空穴,为同极性电荷;解离电荷则是试样内的杂质分子发生热解离产生的离子,为异极性电荷[5],如图7所示。
图3可以看出,30℃时在外加电场的作用下,由于预交联导致XLPE试样交联度发生不同程度的下降,稀疏的三维网状分子结构使其电荷注入的阈值电场强度降低,更易发生电荷的注入[16]。因此预交联XLPE试样内部均出现了较为明显的正极性电荷的注入、迁移和积聚,其中140℃预交联试样的交联结构最不完善,其电荷注入现象最明显,电场畸变程度最严重。
XLPE试样内部的杂质分子需要具备一定的热振动能量才能克服解离势垒解离成离子。假设分子热振动符合玻尔兹曼分布,则单位时间内引起杂质分子解离的有效热振动频率v[11]可以由式(4)计算。
v=v0e-ΔUdis/kT
式(4)中:v0为原子团之间的相对热振动频率;∆Udis为分子由稳定状态到发生解离时需要克服的势垒;k为玻尔兹曼常数;T为温度。单位时间内单位体积中分子的解离速率N可以由式(5)计算。
N=N0v0e-ΔUdis/kT
式(5)中:N0为杂质分子的浓度。可以看出,温度越高,杂质分子的热振动越剧烈,解离速率越大。
通过对比图3图4可知,当试验温度为30℃时,杂质分子的热振动频率和解离速率较低,解离产生的异极性电荷量较少。当温度升高至50℃,杂质分子热振动频率增大,解离速率也随之升高,在外电场的作用下解离产生大量离子,以异极性电荷的形式出现在XLPE试样内部。
由于预交联阻碍了XLPE的正常交联过程,交联剂没有得到充分的分解,残留的部分交联剂作为杂质分子在外加电场和温度场的作用下解离产生大量异极性电荷[19]。与正常交联XLPE相比,预交联试样内包括部分残留交联剂在内的杂质分子浓度更高,在极化过程中产生的异极性电荷更多。
对于电极与XLPE在界面处同极性电荷的注入现象,本文用肖特基注入来解释。注入电流可以用肖特基公式[26]描述,如式(6)~(7)所示。
jn(0,t)=AT2exp(-ewiekT)exp(ekTeE(0,t)4πε)
jp(d,t)=AT2exp(-ewihkT)exp(ekTeE(d,t)4πε)
式(6)~(7)中:jn(0, t)和jp(d, t)分别为阳极(x=0)处和阴极(x=d)处注入的空穴和电子的电流密度,A/m2A为理查德常数,A/(K2·m2);k为玻尔兹曼常数;T为温度,K;E为电场强度,V/m;e为元电荷量,C;wiewih分别是阴极和阳极处的注入势垒,eV;ε为材料的介电常数,F/m。
当温度升高至70℃时,由肖特基效应可知,外加电场使得界面处的注入势垒降低[23]。而载流子在高温下获得更高的动能得以跨越势垒,从电极注入到预交联XLPE试样内部。
极化开始时,试样内杂质分子解离速率较快,因此表现为试样内积累了异极性电荷。随着极化时间的延长,同极性电荷的注入量逐渐超过异极性电荷的产生量,因此对外表现为负极性空间电荷含量逐渐减少,正极性电荷含量逐渐增多。且随着温度的升高,载流子的迁移速率增大,电荷脱陷更容易,因此XLPE试样内电荷积聚量更少,电场畸变程度也更低。
为研究预交联对XLPE空间电荷消散特性的影响,本研究选用50℃时XLPE试样在去极化过程中的单位厚度空间电荷积聚量和载流子迁移率两组特征参量进行分析讨论。
图8为50℃时XLPE试样在去极化过程中单位厚度空间电荷积聚量绝对值随时间变化的曲线,其计算公式为式(8)[15]
Q(t) =1d0dρ(x,t)Sdx
式(8)中:Q(t)为t时刻试样内单位厚度空间电荷积聚量绝对值,C;d为试样厚度,m;ρ(x, t)为t时刻位于x处的空间电荷密度,C/m3S为上电极表面积,m2
图8可以看出,当去极化刚开始时,XLPE试样内单位厚度空间电荷积聚量绝对值呈指数下降,而当去极化时间大于100 s后,其下降速度减慢,逐渐趋于平缓。两段曲线分别对应去极化过程中自由电荷的快速衰减、浅陷阱中受陷电荷的脱陷过程以及难以脱陷的深陷阱中受陷电荷的脱陷过程[23]。当试样内电荷量不再随时间变化发生明显波动时,预交联XLPE试样单位厚度空间电荷的残余量均明显高于正常交联的试样。而在预交联XLPE试样中,140℃预交联试样的电荷残余量最多,而150℃、160℃预交联试样的电荷残余量依次减少。
XLPE介质内部由晶区和无定形区共同组成,而陷阱主要存在于两者的边界处。预交联试样结晶度的降低会导致介质内部的界面处产生大量的深陷阱,限制了电荷的脱陷过程,从而使试样内部积累了较多的残余电荷[27]
通过公式(9)[28-29]可计算得到50℃时XLPE试样在去极化过程中试样内载流子视在迁移率随时间变化的曲线,如图9所示。
μ(t)=2εq'(t)q(t)dq(t)dt
式(9)中:ε为试样的介电常数,F/m;q(t)为t时刻净空间电荷绝对值的平均密度;q′(t)为t时刻净空间电荷平均密度,q′(t)=q+(t)-q(t),q+(t)和q(t)分别是正、负极性电荷的平均密度,C/m3
图9可以看出,正常交联XLPE试样内载流子迁移率最大,且明显高于预交联试样。从之前的分析可知,预交联造成试样的结晶度下降,松散的结晶结构使得XLPE介质内部晶区与无定形区界面处的陷阱密度和深度增加。当撤去电场时,被深陷阱捕获的电荷难以脱陷,导致试样内载流子迁移率降低,单位厚度的空间电荷积聚量增加[30]
而正常交联的XLPE试样,由于其结晶度较高,且晶粒尺寸较为均匀,晶体结构完善,可有效避免由大球晶排渣效应引起的陷阱数量增多、深度增大的问题[27]。其介质内部的陷阱密度与深度相对较低,从而提升了电荷在试样内部的迁移率,减少了空间电荷的局部积聚。
(1)预交联过程会破坏聚乙烯分子链原有的线型结构,形成的交联键会降低分子链的活动能力,阻碍高温交联过程中网状结构的完善,造成试样的交联度下降。
(2)随着预交联温度的升高,试样的晶粒尺寸有所增大,但球晶数量减少,彼此之间排列较为松散,导致晶区结构不完整,试样的结晶度下降。
(3)在极化过程中,不完善的交联结构使预交联XLPE试样更容易发生同极性电荷的注入。
(4)随着温度的升高,试样内的杂质分子解离速率增大,在外电场作用下解离产生大量的异极性电荷,导致试样内部发生了严重的电场畸变,50℃时,-50 kV/mm直流电场下的最大畸变率达47.6%。
(5)结晶度的下降导致XLPE介质内部晶区与无定形区界面处陷阱密度和深度增加,限制了电荷的迁移和脱陷过程,造成试样内载流子整体迁移率降低,空间电荷积聚量增加。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52037009)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(2018QNRC001)
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(SGZJZS00HYJS2000834)
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2022年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.003
  • 接收时间:2021-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-15
  • 修回日期:2021-04-10
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52037009)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(2018QNRC001)
国家电网有限公司科技项目(SGZJZS00HYJS2000834)
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    1新疆大学 电气工程学院 电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室风光储分室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
    2清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 电力系统及发电设备控制和 仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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