Article(id=1209940007725428951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617984000000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-10, revisedDate=1624032000000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766401777440, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647705600000, pubDateStr=2022-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766401777440, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766401777440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766401777440, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209926723278336734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398610181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563016675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209940007993864409, articleId=1209940007725428951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Filled Epoxy Resin Composites with High Thermal Conductivity, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the thermal conductivity mechanism of filled epoxy resins was firstly introduced, and then the research status of the modified epoxy resins doped with different dimensional inorganic thermal conductive fillers was summarized mainly. On the basis of design idea for building the thermal conductive paths, the effect of different dimensions of filler size, distribution orientation, mixed filling, surface functionalization and other factors on improving the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin composites were described emphatically, and a comparative analysis was given. Finally, a brief outlook on the future development of the filled epoxy resin research field was put forward.

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本文从填充型环氧树脂的导热机理出发,主要综述了不同维度无机导热填料掺杂改性环氧树脂的研究现状。基于构筑导热通路的设计思想,重点阐述了不同维度的填料尺寸、分布取向、复合填充、表面功能化等因素对环氧树脂复合材料导热性能的改善效果,并进行了对比分析。最后对填充型环氧树脂研究领域未来的发展做了简要展望。

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迟庆国(1981-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。
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张天栋(1987-),男(汉族),黑龙江大庆人,副教授,博士,主要从事先进电工材料的研究。

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Small, 2015,11(46):6205-6213., articleTitle=Ice-templated assembly strategy to construct 3D boron nitride nanosheet networks in polymer composites for thermal conductivity improvement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1211015359591739475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, awardId=U20A20308, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(U20A20308), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1211015359646265428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, awardId=TD2019E002, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省自然科学基金团队项目(TD2019E002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1211015354441134090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211015354449522699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, companyId=1211015354441134090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211015354457911308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, companyId=1211015354441134090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1211015357867880509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Excellent properties and typical applications of epoxy resin materials, figureFileSmall=wiXUHVnE2fK7hC6wDXMcuQ==, figureFileBig=spvMFN3mLxzgEfJfC81y3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357926600766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=图1, caption=环氧树脂材料的优异性能及典型应用, figureFileSmall=wiXUHVnE2fK7hC6wDXMcuQ==, figureFileBig=spvMFN3mLxzgEfJfC81y3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358018875455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the improved thermal conductivity of filled thermally conductive polymer, figureFileSmall=kGCiOKOgkcaxSC7zWxRA6A==, figureFileBig=4EgD/hujHifoZEcPTY7hWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358094372928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=图2, caption=填充型导热聚合物的导热性能改性示意图, figureFileSmall=kGCiOKOgkcaxSC7zWxRA6A==, figureFileBig=4EgD/hujHifoZEcPTY7hWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358169870401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The effect of 0D 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figureFileSmall=T4cBkxAnOxJlkojsYz4Ebw==, figureFileBig=H2FlH5jdu9mX4EusEMnKJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358513803333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The effect of two-dimensional filler adjustment on the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin composites, figureFileSmall=kA5OEsPE0/5IyUvCyhKuTw==, figureFileBig=3knNODIKUmLgsPHYdNUihw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358580912198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=图5, caption=二维填料的调控对环氧树脂复合材料热导率的影响, figureFileSmall=kA5OEsPE0/5IyUvCyhKuTw==, figureFileBig=3knNODIKUmLgsPHYdNUihw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358664798279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Construction method of 3D thermal network in epoxy resin and improvement of thermal conductivity, figureFileSmall=U/5YpUQuZffYtReFu1VdeQ==, figureFileBig=n3uGlgXaeVD7y5nEc2zjTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358719324232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=图6, caption=环氧树脂中3D导热网络的构建方法与热导率的改善情况, figureFileSmall=U/5YpUQuZffYtReFu1VdeQ==, figureFileBig=n3uGlgXaeVD7y5nEc2zjTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015358799016009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Thermal conductivity of typical high thermal conductive fillers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型热导率/(W/(m·K))
银(Ag)450
铜(Cu)483
镍(Ni)237
氧化铝(Al2O3)30~42
氧化铍(BeO)240
氧化锌(ZnO)60
氧化镁(MgO)40
氮化硼(BN)250~400
氮化铝(AlN)150~220
氮化硅(Si3N4)180
碳化硅(SiC)80~120
碳纤维(CF)10~2 000
单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)3 180
多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)3 500
炭黑(CB)6~174
石墨烯(GR)4 840~5 300
), ArticleFig(id=1211015358870319178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型高导热填料的热导率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型热导率/(W/(m·K))
银(Ag)450
铜(Cu)483
镍(Ni)237
氧化铝(Al2O3)30~42
氧化铍(BeO)240
氧化锌(ZnO)60
氧化镁(MgO)40
氮化硼(BN)250~400
氮化铝(AlN)150~220
氮化硅(Si3N4)180
碳化硅(SiC)80~120
碳纤维(CF)10~2 000
单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)3 180
多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)3 500
炭黑(CB)6~174
石墨烯(GR)4 840~5 300
), ArticleFig(id=1211015358945816651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Thermal conductivity and electrical parameters of 0D fillers/EP composites, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料填料尺寸体积电阻率/(Ω·m)电气强度/(kV/mm)相对介电常数热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
Al2O3, 60%3 μm9.62×101346.677.50.955[1]
Al2O3, 75%45 μm、3 μm之比为3∶21.8[1]
Al2O3, 60%, KH560功能化3 μm4.81×10135571.25[1]
BNNP, 70%, KBM-403功能化2.85[8]
BNNP, 10%, 1-芘丁酸功能化25~85 nm4×10151.58[9]
Al2O3, 60%5 μm7.81×10120.98[11]
Al2O3, 60%0.19 μm1.1×10130.7[11]
Al2O3+AlN, 58.4%0.5 μm、10 μm之比为3∶73.402[13]
Al2O3+AlN, 58.4%10 μm、0.1 μm之比为7∶32.842[13]
BNNP, 5%, GPTMS功能化10.6 μm1.5[14]
BNNP,21%,KH-560功能化7 μm1.2[15]
BNNP, 21%, KH-560功能化70 nm0.75[15]
Al2O3+BN, 26.4%, HBP功能化30 nm40.550.808[16]
Al2O3, 5%3~5 μm660.22[17]
Al2O3, 20%, HBP功能化30 nm0.4[18]
Al2O3+Cu, 75%50 μm3.02[19]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359021314124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

零维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的热导率及电学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料填料尺寸体积电阻率/(Ω·m)电气强度/(kV/mm)相对介电常数热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
Al2O3, 60%3 μm9.62×101346.677.50.955[1]
Al2O3, 75%45 μm、3 μm之比为3∶21.8[1]
Al2O3, 60%, KH560功能化3 μm4.81×10135571.25[1]
BNNP, 70%, KBM-403功能化2.85[8]
BNNP, 10%, 1-芘丁酸功能化25~85 nm4×10151.58[9]
Al2O3, 60%5 μm7.81×10120.98[11]
Al2O3, 60%0.19 μm1.1×10130.7[11]
Al2O3+AlN, 58.4%0.5 μm、10 μm之比为3∶73.402[13]
Al2O3+AlN, 58.4%10 μm、0.1 μm之比为7∶32.842[13]
BNNP, 5%, GPTMS功能化10.6 μm1.5[14]
BNNP,21%,KH-560功能化7 μm1.2[15]
BNNP, 21%, KH-560功能化70 nm0.75[15]
Al2O3+BN, 26.4%, HBP功能化30 nm40.550.808[16]
Al2O3, 5%3~5 μm660.22[17]
Al2O3, 20%, HBP功能化30 nm0.4[18]
Al2O3+Cu, 75%50 μm3.02[19]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359109394509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Thermal conductivity and volume resistivity of 1D fillers/EP composites, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料填料尺寸体积电阻率/(Ω·m)热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
ZnO-MWCNT, 2%, 混酸处理长度5~10 μm,直径 60~100 nm0.636[21]
BTC-MWCNT, 5%长度 1~25 μm,直径 10~50 nm0.96[22]
MWCNTs, 磁场0.4 T, 1%长度30 μm,直径35 nm0.29[25]
SWNTs, 磁场, 0.3%0.36[26]
GNSs, 电场, 1.05%0.45[27]
MWCNTs+BN, 1%长度1~25 μm,直径10~50 nm1.913[28]
CNTs,1.5%1.237[29]
CF 7.5%+ SiO2 37.5%长度45 μm,直径7 μm1×1081.9[30]
APCF,7.0%长度200 μm,直径4~6 µm4×10152.49[9]
MPCF+BN,20%4.4[31]
CF,50%长度1 mm,直径10 μm3.54[32]
CF 27%+SiC 3%1.226[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359180697678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

一维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的热导率及体积电阻率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料填料尺寸体积电阻率/(Ω·m)热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
ZnO-MWCNT, 2%, 混酸处理长度5~10 μm,直径 60~100 nm0.636[21]
BTC-MWCNT, 5%长度 1~25 μm,直径 10~50 nm0.96[22]
MWCNTs, 磁场0.4 T, 1%长度30 μm,直径35 nm0.29[25]
SWNTs, 磁场, 0.3%0.36[26]
GNSs, 电场, 1.05%0.45[27]
MWCNTs+BN, 1%长度1~25 μm,直径10~50 nm1.913[28]
CNTs,1.5%1.237[29]
CF 7.5%+ SiO2 37.5%长度45 μm,直径7 μm1×1081.9[30]
APCF,7.0%长度200 μm,直径4~6 µm4×10152.49[9]
MPCF+BN,20%4.4[31]
CF,50%长度1 mm,直径10 μm3.54[32]
CF 27%+SiC 3%1.226[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359268778063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Thermal conductivity and electrical parameters of 2D fillers/EP composites, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料填料尺寸体积电阻率/(Ω·m)相对介电常数热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
BNNs,15%厚度10 nm, 长度100 nm1.0×10104.10.61[34]
BNNs,HBP功能化,27.5%3 μm0.329[36]
GA-II/graphene,2%厚度2 nm3.05×1051.8[43]

未加工GO,0.5%

TEPA-GO,0.5%

厚度1.5 nm

0.59

0.71

[44]
h-BN-PGMA,15%直径30 μm, 厚度200 nm5.171.198[45]
h-BN,APTES改性,30%3~5 μm2.71×10161.178[46]
BNNs,APTES改性,40%厚度2~3 nm5.86[47]
h-BN,44%直径10~30 μm9[38]
GNPs+Fe3O4,300 mT处理8 h,1%0.41[39]
2%GNPs+50%Al2O3纤维

直径1~20 µm

厚度5~15 nm

1×1081.62[48]
GNPs,10%1.15[42]

GNPs,2%

GNPs,2%

直径25 µm

直径5 µm

0.7

0.5

[49]

EG,3%

GNPs,3%

NG,3%

直径10 µm

直径10 µm

直径70 µm

1×107

2.85×107

2.5×107

10.2

0.90

0.46

0.31

[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359331692624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

二维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的热导率及电学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料填料尺寸体积电阻率/(Ω·m)相对介电常数热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
BNNs,15%厚度10 nm, 长度100 nm1.0×10104.10.61[34]
BNNs,HBP功能化,27.5%3 μm0.329[36]
GA-II/graphene,2%厚度2 nm3.05×1051.8[43]

未加工GO,0.5%

TEPA-GO,0.5%

厚度1.5 nm

0.59

0.71

[44]
h-BN-PGMA,15%直径30 μm, 厚度200 nm5.171.198[45]
h-BN,APTES改性,30%3~5 μm2.71×10161.178[46]
BNNs,APTES改性,40%厚度2~3 nm5.86[47]
h-BN,44%直径10~30 μm9[38]
GNPs+Fe3O4,300 mT处理8 h,1%0.41[39]
2%GNPs+50%Al2O3纤维

直径1~20 µm

厚度5~15 nm

1×1081.62[48]
GNPs,10%1.15[42]

GNPs,2%

GNPs,2%

直径25 µm

直径5 µm

0.7

0.5

[49]

EG,3%

GNPs,3%

NG,3%

直径10 µm

直径10 µm

直径70 µm

1×107

2.85×107

2.5×107

10.2

0.90

0.46

0.31

[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359394607185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Thermal conductivity and electrical parameters of 3D fillers/epoxy composites, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料3D结构制备方法体积电阻率/(Ω·m)相对介电常数热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
3D MF-BN,41%,热压比90%泡孔结构骨架+热压固化透平面: 3.88; 面内: 4.1[51]
3D BNMB,65.6%盐模板法3.92透平面: 5.08; 面内: 17.61[52]
3D BNNS,15%双向冻结技术构建珍珠层2.03×10106.07[53]
3D Cu-CFelt,29.34%三维骨架+电镀1.34×10-330.69[54]
3D BNNS气凝胶,9.6%冷冻干燥1×10133.13[60]
3D BNNS,16%组装四面体骨架结构透平面:1.15; 面内:11.05[61]
3D BN-rGO,13.16%混合rGO2.9×10105.05[62]
3D BN,24.4%泡沫模板化5.19[63]
3D 网状GFs,15%化学气相沉积法4.1[64]
3D GF泡沫,6.8%模板法8.04[65]
3D GNPs+rGO,0.2%化学氧化还原法4.6[66]
3D GF+CFs,20%共混2.21[67]
3D GMN折叠Ni网格+化学气相沉积8.64×10-41.15[68]
3D BNNSs+BNMSs,30%简单共混2×10126.01.148[69]
3D DF,1.2%真空浸渍法2.28[70]
3D BNNS冰模板法透平面2.80,面内2.40[71]
), ArticleFig(id=1211015359465910354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209940007725428951, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的热导率及电学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料3D结构制备方法体积电阻率/(Ω·m)相对介电常数热导率/(W/(m·K))参考文献
3D MF-BN,41%,热压比90%泡孔结构骨架+热压固化透平面: 3.88; 面内: 4.1[51]
3D BNMB,65.6%盐模板法3.92透平面: 5.08; 面内: 17.61[52]
3D BNNS,15%双向冻结技术构建珍珠层2.03×10106.07[53]
3D Cu-CFelt,29.34%三维骨架+电镀1.34×10-330.69[54]
3D BNNS气凝胶,9.6%冷冻干燥1×10133.13[60]
3D BNNS,16%组装四面体骨架结构透平面:1.15; 面内:11.05[61]
3D BN-rGO,13.16%混合rGO2.9×10105.05[62]
3D BN,24.4%泡沫模板化5.19[63]
3D 网状GFs,15%化学气相沉积法4.1[64]
3D GF泡沫,6.8%模板法8.04[65]
3D GNPs+rGO,0.2%化学氧化还原法4.6[66]
3D GF+CFs,20%共混2.21[67]
3D GMN折叠Ni网格+化学气相沉积8.64×10-41.15[68]
3D BNNSs+BNMSs,30%简单共混2×10126.01.148[69]
3D DF,1.2%真空浸渍法2.28[70]
3D BNNS冰模板法透平面2.80,面内2.40[71]
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填充型高导热环氧树脂复合材料的研究进展
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张天栋 , 石壮壮 , 吴加雪 , 张昌海 , 冯宇 , 迟庆国 , 李忠华 , 陈庆国
绝缘材料 | 综述 2022,55(3): 10-22
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(3): 10-22
填充型高导热环氧树脂复合材料的研究进展
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张天栋, 石壮壮, 吴加雪, 张昌海, 冯宇, 迟庆国, 李忠华, 陈庆国
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 张天栋(1987-),男(汉族),黑龙江大庆人,副教授,博士,主要从事先进电工材料的研究。

通讯作者:

迟庆国(1981-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。
Research Progress of Filled Epoxy Resin Composites with High Thermal Conductivity
Tiandong ZHANG, Zhuangzhuang SHI, Jiaxue WU, Changhai ZHANG, Yu FENG, Qingguo CHI, Zhonghua LI, Qingguo CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2022-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.002
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本文从填充型环氧树脂的导热机理出发,主要综述了不同维度无机导热填料掺杂改性环氧树脂的研究现状。基于构筑导热通路的设计思想,重点阐述了不同维度的填料尺寸、分布取向、复合填充、表面功能化等因素对环氧树脂复合材料导热性能的改善效果,并进行了对比分析。最后对填充型环氧树脂研究领域未来的发展做了简要展望。

环氧树脂  /  填料维度  /  导热网络  /  热导率

In this paper, the thermal conductivity mechanism of filled epoxy resins was firstly introduced, and then the research status of the modified epoxy resins doped with different dimensional inorganic thermal conductive fillers was summarized mainly. On the basis of design idea for building the thermal conductive paths, the effect of different dimensions of filler size, distribution orientation, mixed filling, surface functionalization and other factors on improving the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin composites were described emphatically, and a comparative analysis was given. Finally, a brief outlook on the future development of the filled epoxy resin research field was put forward.

epoxy resin  /  fillers dimension  /  heat conduction network  /  thermal conductivity
张天栋, 石壮壮, 吴加雪, 张昌海, 冯宇, 迟庆国, 李忠华, 陈庆国. 填充型高导热环氧树脂复合材料的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (3) : 10 -22 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.002
Tiandong ZHANG, Zhuangzhuang SHI, Jiaxue WU, Changhai ZHANG, Yu FENG, Qingguo CHI, Zhonghua LI, Qingguo CHEN. Research Progress of Filled Epoxy Resin Composites with High Thermal Conductivity[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (3) : 10 -22 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.002
随着电子器件不断向着轻薄化、集成化、高频化的方向发展,其在高频下工作时单位体积产生的热量会大幅增加,累积的热量会严重影响电子器件的运行可靠性,成为限制电子器件工作寿命的关键因素[1]。已有研究表明,工作温度每升高2℃,电子器件的运行可靠性会降低10%,变压器绕组温度每升高6℃,其老化速度加倍,预期寿命会缩减一半[2]。此外,三维芯片、发光二极管和智能电子产业的不断发展,对电子器件的散热能力提出了更高要求,开发高导热绝缘材料对改善电子器件与电力设备的热管理能力、提高其工作寿命以及运行可靠性具有重要意义[3]
环氧树脂(EP)因具有优异的电绝缘性能、良好的热稳定性、易于加工、成本低等优点而被广泛应用于电子封装、电子线路板、发光二极管、气体绝缘管道等领域。图1给出了环氧树脂材料的性能优势及典型应用。然而,纯环氧树脂的热导率仅为0.17~0.23 W/(m·K),如此低的热导率难以满足现阶段高集成度、高功率密度及高频电子器件的散热要求[4]。因此,在保持电绝缘性能的基础上提高环氧树脂材料的导热能力就显得尤为重要,开发兼具高导热性和优异电绝缘性的环氧树脂基复合绝缘材料已然成为当前绝缘材料领域的重要研究方向之一。
根据研究现状可知,当前主要采用两种方法来提高环氧树脂的导热性能:一是基于分子结构调控环氧树脂导热性能的本征改性研究,即对环氧树脂分子链结构进行一系列的调控,在环氧树脂基体内部形成规整有序的液晶结构来提高其结晶度或取向度,进而提高环氧树脂材料的热导率,该方法得到的高导热环氧树脂称为本征型导热环氧树脂[5]。二是基于无机高导热填料掺杂的环氧树脂导热性能改性研究,即通过在环氧树脂材料中添加一些高导热无机微米、纳米填料,如氧化铝(Al2O3)、氮化硼(BN)、碳纳米管(CNTs)等,结合制备工艺优化获得填充型导热环氧树脂[6]。两种方法各具特点,但相比之下后者制备工艺相对简单、成本较低、可控性强、导热效果提升显著,并且可根据工程应用的不同需求灵活调整填料的填充量,适合工业化的生产。因此,当前国内外学者在填充型环氧树脂的改性研究方面做了大量工作。本文从聚合物导热机理出发,围绕现阶段不同维度的无机导热填料对环氧树脂材料导热性能的改善情况进行综述。
包括环氧树脂在内的大多数聚合物材料热导率都很低,主要有以下3方面原因:①聚合物内部有部分甚至全部为非晶结构,对声子输运产生强烈散射,而且聚合物大多是热绝缘体,电子传热概率极低;②聚合物的分子量分布较宽且分子大小不一,导致结晶区的晶格结构不完整,影响聚合物内部热量的传导;③聚合物在制备和保存的过程中难免会引入外部杂质和内部缺陷,由这些因素导致的热散射、杂质散射和缺陷散射在聚合物中普遍存在。这些缺陷会造成声子的平均自由行程变短,进而导致热量不能完全扩散,降低聚合物的热导率。在聚合物中添加高导热无机填料,由于无机填料颗粒规整的晶格使其声子运动的自由行程变长,减小了声子的散射效应,在填料含量达到一定阈值时,能够使热量在无机填料之间高效传递,进而提高聚合物的导热性能[1,3-4]
导热通路模型在填充型导热聚合物材料导热性能的机理研究中被广泛采用。当填料的填充量较小时,填料在聚合物中孤立存在,导致填料之间间距较大且互相不接触,难以形成连续的导热通道。相当于填料粒子被聚合物包覆,而填料之间通过聚合物进行桥接,因此复合材料热导率的提升有限。当填料含量增大至阈值时,填料之间出现相互接触,相当于在聚合物基体中形成导热网络而提升热传递效率,此时聚合物基复合材料的热导率开始明显上升。但是当填充量继续增加时,导热网络体系会逐渐到达一个饱和状态,填料之间的相互堆积产生热阻,增加声子散射,复合材料热导率的提升又会变得缓慢。只有当填料的填充量达到某一临界值时,填料之间才会形成相对稳定的导热网络,聚合物材料会从热的绝缘体转变为热的良导体,这个转变过程称为“逾渗”。图2为填充型导热聚合物材料的导热性能改性示意图。
针对填充型导热环氧树脂的改性主要有以下几种途径:①采用直接共混等方法在环氧树脂基体中添加高导热无机填料,通过相应的工艺制备成高导热环氧树脂,进而提高环氧树脂材料的热导率;②制备环氧树脂/纳米无机填料复合材料,利用纳米材料独特的光、电、磁等特性来制备高导热环氧树脂,改善环氧树脂的物理性能、化学性能、生物性能,实现环氧树脂的高性能化;③采用化学途径,对导热填料进行表面功能化,改善有机/无机界面的相容性以及填料颗粒在环氧树脂基体中的分散性,进而提高环氧树脂材料的热导率;④利用电场、磁场等外力对环氧树脂基体中的各向异性填料进行定向,提高复合材料在某一方向上的热导率;⑤利用不同维度的导热填料,在复合材料内部构建二维或三维的填料空间结构,进而加强导热网络,制备多维度高导热环氧树脂复合材料。
填充型导热环氧树脂常用的填料按照几何维度大致可分为:①零维纳米填料,如氧化铝(Al2O3)、氮化硼纳米颗粒(BNNP)等;②一维填料,如碳纤维(CF)、碳纳米管(CNTs)等;③二维填料,如氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)、石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)、黏土等;④三维填料,如三维石墨烯、三维氮化硼等。环氧树脂体系常用高导热填料的热导率如表1所示。除此之外,利用不同维度填料之间的协同作用可以制备出性能优异的复合填料,从而有效提高复合材料的热导率。在填充的过程中,填料的填充量、表面形貌、粒径、表面处理、制备方法等因素对环氧树脂基复合材料的导热性能具有显著影响。
零维填料泛指在三维空间中任一维度均受到约束的颗粒、团簇等。研究发现,零维填料在均匀分散时对EP导热性能的改善十分有效,但由于零维纳米颗粒的比表面能较高且易团聚,常用共价键官能团对零维填料进行表面改性使其在聚合物基体中均匀分散。陈立亚等[7]研究了偶联剂A151和PMMA功能化Al2O3对EP导热性能的影响。结果表明,当含量相同时,热导率由高到低依次为A151-Al2O3/EP、PMMA-g-Al2O3/EP、Al2O3/EP。K KIM等[8]采用羟基化处理以及羟基化处理后再改性两种不同的表面处理方法制备了BN纳米粒子,并采用环氧润湿法制备了EP复合材料,研究了BN纳米粒子、羟基化BN和KBM-403改性BN(BN-OH-403)3种填料对EP热导率的改善情况,如图3(a)所示。结果表明,羟基化BN填充的复合材料热导率最高,相对于单纯以BNNP复合的EP热导率提高了1.44倍。然而,共价化的方法可能会引起填料颗粒的结构缺陷,进而损失复合材料的电绝缘性能或耐热性能,为此,HE Y M等[9]采用了非共价功能化的方法,以1-芘丁酸(PBA)分子对BNNP进行表面改性,再将PBA功能化的BNNP(f-BNNPs)与EP基体相结合得到f-BNNPs/EP复合材料。在填料质量分数为10%时,f-BNNPs/EP复合材料的热导率为1.58 W/(m·K),相对于纯EP和未经PBA处理过的BNNP制备的复合材料分别提高了7.3倍和1.5倍。该研究证实了非共价功能化策略在改善填充型高导热环氧树脂材料中的重要作用。
除了对零维填料进行表面处理之外,零维填料的粒径对复合材料导热性能也有影响。马振宁等[10]以BN纳米粒子为填料制备了BN/EP复合材料。测试得到填充质量分数为30%不同粒径(1、4、20 μm)BN的BN/EP在25℃时的热导率分别为0.328、0.523、0.920 W/(m·K),相比EP分别提高了0.64倍、1.62倍、3.60倍。W LEE等[11]采用不同粒径的微米、纳米Al2O3颗粒制备了m-Al2O3/EP和n-Al2O3/EP复合材料,如图3(b)所示。在填料质量分数为60%的情况下,m-Al2O3/EP的热导率达到0.98 W/(m·K),而n-Al2O3/EP的热导率仅为0.70 W/(m·K)。零维填料粒径对EP导热性能的影响机制主要是:①填料的粒径越小,其比表面积和表面能越大,表面能过大会使填料在基体中发生团聚现象,导致导热填料难以搭接成有效的导热网络;②粒径更小的填料在浇注和固化过程中,即使全程真空脱气,相比于大粒径填料还是会引入更多具有隔热作用的气隙和杂质,进而导致复合材料的热导率偏低。
填料复配是提升环氧树脂导热性能的另一种有效途径。将不同种类、大小、形状的零维填料进行复合填充,能够增加导热填料之间相互接触的概率,进而形成更多更复杂的导热通路。闫懂等[12]利用有限元法分析了Al2O3填充EP基体的热导率与其粒径之间的关系。结果表明,具有正态分布粒径组合的填料填充的EP复合材料热导率更大。这是因为小粒径填料可以进入大粒径填料的空隙之中,能够更有效地构建连续导热通路。S CHOI等[13]以Al2O3和AlN为填料,制备了A(10 μm AlN和0.5 μm Al2O3)、B(0.1 μm AlN和10 μm Al2O3)两种复合填充的环氧树脂复合材料,如图3(c)所示。测试结果显示,在填料总体积分数为58.4%、大小颗粒体积比为7∶3时,A、B两体系的热导率分别达到最大值3.402 W/(m·K)和2.842 W/(m·K),这一结果要远高于单掺杂填料时的热导率。说明填料复配为填料体系各组分间带来的协同作用有效提高了复合材料的导热性能,但填料体系各组分之间的最佳配比需要进行更多的尝试,混合后的导热机理也有待进一步的探索。综上所述,零维填料的表面功能化、粒径、复合填充等因素对复合材料的热导率均会产生影响。表2列出了零维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的绝缘性能及导热性能改善情况的相关研究成果。
一维填料泛指在三维空间中有两维受到约束的填料,例如纳米管、纳米线、纳米棒等。与零维填料相比,一维填料具有较大的长径比,且各向异性。碳纳米管(CNTs)作为一维纳米材料具有极大的长径比和比表面积,同时具有良好的力学性能和高热导率,是制备高导热复合材料的理想功能材料,近年来在热界面材料、导电胶等领域应用广泛。但CNTs极易团聚,与环氧树脂基体的界面结合程度不高、在基体中分散性差,所制备的CNTs/EP复合材料在热导率改善方面远未达到预期效果[20]。为了使CNTs与环氧基体具有更好的相容性,研究人员采用填料表面功能化的方法降低界面热阻和抑制声子散射,从而获得更高的热导率。祁蓉等[21]采用混酸(V(浓硫酸)∶V(浓硝酸)=3∶1)对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)进行羧基化处理,然后利用纳米ZnO与活性基团的共价连接制备了MWCNT/纳米ZnO,最后得到羧基化MWCNT/EP与MWCNT/纳米ZnO/EP复合材料。当填料质量分数为2%时,复合材料的热导率相对于EP分别提高了168%、177%。YANG S Y等[22]利用苯三甲酸(BTC)接枝改性MWCNTs形成刚性共价键,制备了BTC-MWCNTs/EP复合材料,如图4(a)所示,填料体积分数仅5%就可使复合材料的热导率提高684%。事实上,一维填料的表面处理一方面可以增强填料在基体中的分散性,增大一维填料相互搭接的概率,有助于形成导热网络;另一方面经表面处理后的一维填料与聚合物基体之间会形成较强的声子耦合,进而有效降低界面热阻,提高导热效率。
除了表面处理的因素外,在加工过程中巧妙运用特殊技术手段对一维填料进行定向处理,也可以使填料沿取向方向上实现高热导率。近年来,填充型导热聚合物各向异性高导热调控研究受到了广泛关注。目前诱导一维填料取向分布的手段主要有电场诱导[23]、磁场诱导[24]等。以磁场诱导为例,M ABDALLA等[25]采用机械剪切混合与外加磁场(9.4 T)固化的方法对固化过程中的MWCNTs/EP进行定向处理,复合材料的热导率表现出明显的各向异性,平行于纤维方向具有最高的热导率,相比于纯EP提高了71.4%。LIU M R等[26]在含表面活性剂的水溶液中成功地将Fe2O3纳米粒子附着在单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)上,在磁场作用下与EP基体相结合,制备出填料定向排列的SWNTs/EP复合材料,如图4(b)所示,在填料质量分数为0.3%时达到逾渗阈值,此时热导率为0.36 W/(m·K),较纯EP提高了111.8%。D A WALTERS等[27]将包含SWNT的悬浮液置于强磁场中,诱导导热填料沿磁场取向,有效提高了热导率。但同时发现即使在强磁场下对一维填料进行定向,复合材料内部的取向程度也有限,无法有效发挥填料本身的高热导率。基于此,目前国内对外场诱导填料定向排列的研究还比较少,但填料定向形成微观有序的结构对高导热、低填充型聚合物的研究仍具有重要意义。表3列出了环氧体系中一维填料表面处理与定向方法的相关研究成果。
二维填料泛指在三维空间中只有一维受到约束的填料,如超晶格、超薄膜、多层纳米膜结构等。相比于零维、一维填料而言,片状的二维填料更容易相互搭接,在较低填充量下就可在聚合物基体内部构建出完整连续的导热网络,进而有效提高聚合物的热导率。马万里等[34]采用行星共混法制备出微米BN/EP复合材料(EPM)和纳米BN/EP复合材料(EPN),结果表明,薄片状的纳米BNNS比球形的微米BN相互接触的概率更大,对EP导热性能的改善效果更好。当填充的BNNS质量分数为15%时,EPN的热导率达到0.61 W/(m·K),是纯EP热导率的3.2倍。基于二维填料的诸多优异性能,合理调控二维填料在EP基体的表面功能化、取向、尺寸等因素,设计出具有良好散热效率的复合材料研究越来越受到关注。
界面通常是决定聚合物基复合材料导热性能的关键因素。通过表面功能化的方法可以提高二维填料在EP基体中的分散性,改善与EP基体之间的界面结合效果,进而提升复合材料的导热性能。目前,有共价键和非共价键两种表面功能化的方法,前者利用共价键将改性剂接枝到填料表面,后者利用填料与改性剂之间的氢键、静电引力等相互作用来提高填料与基体的相容性。研究表明BNNS表面有氨基和羟基,可用共价键功能化进行表面处理[35]。YU J H等[36]分别利用十八烷基胺(ODA)和超支化芳香聚酰胺(HBP)对BNNS进行共价和非共价的功能化,制备了BN/EP、BN-ODA/EP、BN-HBP/EP三种复合材料,复合材料的微观结构与导热性能如图5(a)所示。结果表明,HBP功能化的BN与EP基体发生化学反应,形成较强的界面结合力,使BNNS在EP基体中的分散效果最好,热导率相对于未处理过的BN/EP提升了27.5%。非共价处理的BN-ODA与EP基体之间发生了分子链缠结,也使得填料在基体中的分散和导热性能适度改善。在给定温度(100℃)下,复合材料的热导率从小到大依次为BN/EP、BN-ODA/EP、BN-HBP/EP。这说明二维填料的表面功能化特别是共价键功能化对基体与填料之间的界面相互作用有很好的改善效果,有助于进一步提升复合材料的导热性能。
与一维填料类似,二维填料也具有高度的取向性,沿取向方向的热导率远大于垂直方向的热导率[37]。目前已有多种方法使六方氮化硼(h-BN)、石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)等二维填料在聚合物基体中取向。YU C P等[38]采用真空过滤和切片的方法制备了具有垂直取向和密集填充特性的h-BN/EP复合材料,如图5(b)所示。在填料体积分数为44%时,复合材料沿取向方向的热导率达到9 W/(m·K)。YAN H Y等[39]在300 mT弱磁场下向EP基体中加入GNPs-Fe3O4混合填料并固化8 h,所得GNPs-Fe3O4/EP复合材料在平行和垂直磁场方向均具有高热导率,较随机分散的GNPs/EP复合材料提高了139%和41%。除此之外,剪切应力[40]、电场诱导[27,41]等方法也常用于制备具有定向排列填料的聚合物基复合材料。
二维填料的尺寸、形状、表面平整度也是影响复合材料热导率的主要因素。不同状态的二维填料在聚合物基体中的界面结合与声子散射情况不同,会导致复合材料在宏观上具有不同的热导率。CHU K等[42]对GNPs的研究表明,在EP基体负载量相同的情况下,填料表面平整度较高的GNPs/EP (f-GNP/EP)复合材料热导率均高于表面粗糙的GNPs/EP(w-GNP/EP)复合材料,如图5(c)所示。这说明二维填料的表面平整度对填料的比表面积、与聚合物基体之间的界面结合作用以及声子散射情况都有一定程度的影响。表面平整度更高的GNPs有着更高的本征热导率,在EP基体中分散得更好,对EP热导率的改善情况更出色。进一步的研究表明,在平整度指数η较小的情况下,GNPs的厚度、尺寸以及表面处理等因素对复合材料导热性能的影响较小,在η较大的情况下这些因素才会对复合体系的导热性能产生比较明显的影响。这说明对于二维填料来说,平整度指数对复合材料热导率的影响程度要高于尺寸、形状等因素带来的影响。因此,在利用二维填料在聚合物基体内部构建导热网络时要格外注意二维填料平整度对热导率的影响。
综上所述,二维填料的表面功能化、定向处理、尺寸以及表面形貌等因素对环氧树脂复合材料的热导率均有影响。表4列出了相关文献报道的二维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的热导率及电学参数。
利用填料在环氧树脂基体内部构建三维导热网络,能够有效解决简单共混带来的导热填料随机分布、导热通路构建不完全、复合材料导热效果达不到预期等问题[37]。导热填料形成的连续三维(3D)网络,能够为声子的传输提供高速的通道,减小声子散射进而提高复合材料的传热效率。三维填料的制备方法、加工参数、混合填料等因素对最终复合材料的热导率都会产生影响。环氧树脂基体内三维导热网络的形成,最常用的方法是预先将颗粒状或片状填料组装成3D网络结构,再将聚合物填充到三维填料骨架中,使填料的3D网络结构嵌入到聚合物基体中,从而保持填料网络的整体结构。
闫蓉等[51]利用聚氨酯泡沫(PF)和纳米三聚氰胺泡沫(MF)两种3D支架结构,结合2D片状无机氮化硼填料(BNNS),采用先浸渍后热压的方法制备出3D-BNNS/EP复合材料。在填料体积分数为45%,热压固化压缩比为90%时,平行于复合材料表面方向的热导率达到4.1 W/(m·K),垂直于表面方向的热导率达到3.88 W/(m·K)。XIAO C等[52]采用盐模板法制备出氮化硼空心微球(BNMB),如图6(a)所示,以EP基体渗透并进一步压缩制备出BNMB/EP复合材料,在填料体积分数为65.6%时,复合材料面内、面外热导率分别达到16.71 W/(m·K)和5.08 W/(m·K)。这是由于压力的作用使更多的树脂基体渗透到微球缝隙中,高密度的3D导热网络有利于声子导热。除此之外,填料之间的界面接触得到改善,界面热阻随之降低。HAN J K等[53]采用独特的双向冻结技术在EP基体中构建珍珠层模拟3D导热网络,如图6(b)所示,实现了填料在EP基体中低负载、高导热(15% BNNS负载下热导率达到6.07 W/(m·K))的目的,这项研究为高导热复合材料在电子封装领域的应用提供了新的思路。XU F等[54]以碳毡(CFelt)为3D骨架,在CFelt表面镀Cu构建3D Cu膜(Cu-Felt)作为连续导热网络,并将EP浸渍其中制备出高导热环氧复合材料,如图6(c)所示,在填充体积分数为30%时,环氧基体中3D互联的Cu网络实现了30.69 W/(m·K)的高热导率,约为EP(0.22 W/(m·K))的140倍,是CFelt/EP(0.28 W/(m·K))的110倍。该研究为制备具有大规模生产和实际应用潜力的高性能导热环氧复合材料提供了一条新的、简单的途径。
除此之外,采用CVD原位生长[55]、石墨烯焊接碳纳米管[56]、混合抽滤制备“豌豆荚”结构[57]等方法,也能够实现聚合物基体内3D导热网络的构建。同时,一些研究人员另辟蹊径,预先制备多孔聚合物基体,再向空洞内注入导热填料,同样在聚合物基体内构筑了3D导热网络,使复合材料在保留聚合物基体本身优势的同时获得了良好的导热性能[58-59]
综上所述,在环氧基体内部形成3D网状的散热结构相比于简单的填料共混有着巨大的优势。一方面,3D导热网络中填料之间互相搭接,极大地抑制了填料与填料之间的界面热阻;另一方面,填料和环氧基体之间的双连续结构极大地降低了复合材料的逾渗阈值,使复合材料兼具低填充和高导热的特点,同时也很好地保留了环氧树脂基体优异的电绝缘性能和机械加工性,在电子封装及热管理等领域展现出较大的应用前景。表5列出了相关文献报道的三维填料/环氧树脂复合材料的热导率及电学参数。
本文综述了不同维度导热填料对环氧基体导热性能的改善情况以及影响因素的研究现状。首先,对于零维填料颗粒来说,填料的表面功能化加强了填料与环氧树脂基体之间的分散性以及界面结合作用,改善了导热性能;调控零维填料粒径、填料复配填充对复合材料的导热性能都有改善作用。对于一维填料,表面功能化和定向处理等加工因素都会对复合材料的导热性能有所影响。二维填料与一维填料相类似,同样具有高度取向性和各向异性特点。一维或二维填料的取向分布处理、填料尺寸、表面平整度等因素都直接影响着环氧树脂复合材料的热导率。相比其他维度的导热填料,三维填料或者是在环氧树脂基体内合成的三维骨架结构能够为声子传输提供高速通道,极大地改善热量的传输效率,在热导率提升上显示出巨大优势。三维填料的制备方法、加工参数等都会对环氧树脂复合材料的热导率产生影响。不同维度填料相比之下,构筑三维导热网络能够使环氧树脂的热导率得到更大幅度的提高,在较低填充量下实现高导热。但是从工程应用的角度来说,目前环氧树脂基体中三维导热网络所采用的制备工艺(如冰模板法、自组装法、凝胶注模法等)相对复杂,难以实现大规模的生产,在工业化的进程中还存在很多问题和挑战。另外,在提升环氧树脂导热性能的同时,更应关注无机填料掺杂对复合材料绝缘性的影响规律研究,开发兼具高导热与高绝缘的填充型环氧树脂。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U20A20308)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金团队项目(TD2019E002)
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2022年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.002
  • 接收时间:2021-04-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-10
  • 修回日期:2021-06-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U20A20308)
黑龙江省自然科学基金团队项目(TD2019E002)
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    哈尔滨理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

迟庆国(1981-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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