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Article(id=1210227962503361265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210227961236681448, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614355200000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-27, revisedDate=1637164800000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766470431208, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1642608000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766470431208, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766470431208, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766470431208, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210227961236681448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766470430907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766562962621, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616067429364090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210227961236681448, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616067429364091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210227961236681448, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210227962784379635, articleId=1210227962503361265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Creeping Discharge Characteristics of Three-element Mixed Insulating Oil-paper Composite System Under Needle-plate Electrode Structure, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On the basis of a new type of three-element mixed insulating oil with excellent physichemical and electrical properties, and taking the mineral insulating oil-paper composite system as a reference, the creeping discharge characteristics of the three-element mixed insulating oil-paper composite system were analyzed under needle-plate electrode structure. The electric field distribution of two insulating oil-paper composite systems were simulated under needle-plate electrode structure. On the basis of density functional theory, the energy band structures of natural ester molecule and mineral oil molecule were studied comparatively. The results show that compared with the mineral insulating oil-paper composite system, the three-element mixed insulating oil-paper composite system has smaller partial discharge inception voltage, flashover voltage and larger maximum discharge magnitude, discharge pulse number under creeping discharge fault. There is small difference on electric field distribution between two insulating oil-paper composite systems under needle-plate electrode structure. The energy gap of palm oil molecule and soybean oil molecule in mixed oil are smaller than that of the mineral oil molecule, therefore, the mixed oil molecule is more likely to ionize under strong electric field.

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基于一种具有优良理化、电气性能的新型三元混合绝缘油，以矿物绝缘油纸复合体系为参比，在针-板电极结构下分析了三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面放电特性，并对两种绝缘油纸复合体系在针-板电极结构下的电场分布进行仿真；基于密度泛函理论，对天然酯分子和矿物绝缘油分子能带结构开展对比研究。结果表明：与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，在沿面放电故障下，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系具有更小的局部放电起始电压、闪络电压以及更大的最大放电量、放电脉冲数。两种绝缘油纸复合体系在针-板电极下的电场分布差异较小。三元混合绝缘油中棕榈油分子和大豆油分子的能隙均小于矿物油分子，因此在强电场作用下混合油分子更容易发生电离。

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陈鑫（1994-），男（汉族），陕西咸阳人，硕士生，研究方向为新型绝缘材料；

郝建（1984-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，研究方向为输变电设备运行状态监测及故障诊断、新型绝缘材料的研发及其性能表征。

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2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室，重庆 400044, bio={"content":"

陈鑫（1994-），男（汉族），陕西咸阳人，硕士生，研究方向为新型绝缘材料；

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陈鑫（1994-），男（汉族），陕西咸阳人，硕士生，研究方向为新型绝缘材料；

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郝建（1984-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，研究方向为输变电设备运行状态监测及故障诊断、新型绝缘材料的研发及其性能表征。

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郝建（1984-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，研究方向为输变电设备运行状态监测及故障诊断、新型绝缘材料的研发及其性能表征。

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tableContent=
项目NP180-1型大豆油DL-7型棕榈油
生产厂家

河南恩湃电力

有限公司

上海樱花化研化工科技有限公司
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)30.250 05.060
介质损耗因数(90℃)/%0.508 51.230
酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.012 450.011
), ArticleFig(id=1211015251764580606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种基础植物绝缘油的型号及性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目NP180-1型大豆油DL-7型棕榈油
生产厂家

河南恩湃电力

有限公司

上海樱花化研化工科技有限公司
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)30.250 05.060
介质损耗因数(90℃)/%0.508 51.230
酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.012 450.011
), ArticleFig(id=1211015251844272383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Performance parameters of the three-element mixed insulating oil and mineral insulating oil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数三元混合绝缘油25#矿物绝缘油GB 2536—2011指标
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)11.659.2≤12
击穿电压(2.5 mm)/kV78.672≥70
密度(20℃)/(g/cm3)0.8870.890≤0.895
介质损耗因数(90℃)/%0.4700.100≤0.500
酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.0070.004≤0.010
闪点/℃147135≥135
相对介电常数(90℃)2.322.13—
体积电阻率(90℃)/(×1010Ω·m)2.2≥6—
), ArticleFig(id=1211015251923964160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三元混合绝缘油和矿物绝缘油的性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数三元混合绝缘油25#矿物绝缘油GB 2536—2011指标
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)11.659.2≤12
击穿电压(2.5 mm)/kV78.672≥70
密度(20℃)/(g/cm3)0.8870.890≤0.895
介质损耗因数(90℃)/%0.4700.100≤0.500
酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.0070.004≤0.010
闪点/℃147135≥135
相对介电常数(90℃)2.322.13—
体积电阻率(90℃)/(×1010Ω·m)2.2≥6—
), ArticleFig(id=1211015251986878721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Stepped voltage of creeping discharge test under various electrode distance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
针-板电极距离/mm步进电压ΔU/kV
101
151
202
253
), ArticleFig(id=1211015252045598978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各电极距离下沿面放电实验的步进电压ΔU

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
针-板电极距离/mm步进电压ΔU/kV
101
151
202
253
), ArticleFig(id=1211015252116902147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Magnitude of electric field intensity E and its horizontal component Ex for insulation oil-paper composite system at the needle tip, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
针-板电极距离/mm三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系矿物绝缘油纸复合体系
Ex/(V/m)E/(V/m)Ex/(V/m)E/(V/m)
104.104×1067.150 9×1074.528 5×1067.824 1×107
206.834×1061.190 2×1087.593 3×1061.310 5×108
), ArticleFig(id=1211015252175622404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227962503361265, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

绝缘油纸复合体系在针尖处的电场强度E和水平分量Ex

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
针-板电极距离/mm三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系矿物绝缘油纸复合体系
Ex/(V/m)E/(V/m)Ex/(V/m)E/(V/m)
104.104×1067.150 9×1074.528 5×1067.824 1×107
206.834×1061.190 2×1087.593 3×1061.310 5×108
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针-板电极结构下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电特性研究
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陈鑫 1, 2 , 郝建 2 , 高晨煜 2 , 冯大伟 2 , 廖瑞金 2 , 叶文郁 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(1): 52-61
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(1): 52-61
针-板电极结构下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电特性研究
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陈鑫1, 2, 郝建2, 高晨煜2, 冯大伟2, 廖瑞金2, 叶文郁2
作者信息
  • 1国网无锡供电公司，江苏 无锡 214000
  • 2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室，重庆 400044

    • 陈鑫（1994-），男（汉族），陕西咸阳人，硕士生，研究方向为新型绝缘材料；

    郝建（1984-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，研究方向为输变电设备运行状态监测及故障诊断、新型绝缘材料的研发及其性能表征。

Creeping Discharge Characteristics of Three-element Mixed Insulating Oil-paper Composite System Under Needle-plate Electrode Structure
Xin CHEN1, 2, Jian HAO2, Chenyu GAO2, Dawei FENG2, Ruijin LIAO2, Wenyu YE2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Wuxi Power Supply Company, Wuxi 214000, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2022-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.009
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摘要
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基于一种具有优良理化、电气性能的新型三元混合绝缘油，以矿物绝缘油纸复合体系为参比，在针-板电极结构下分析了三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面放电特性，并对两种绝缘油纸复合体系在针-板电极结构下的电场分布进行仿真；基于密度泛函理论，对天然酯分子和矿物绝缘油分子能带结构开展对比研究。结果表明：与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，在沿面放电故障下，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系具有更小的局部放电起始电压、闪络电压以及更大的最大放电量、放电脉冲数。两种绝缘油纸复合体系在针-板电极下的电场分布差异较小。三元混合绝缘油中棕榈油分子和大豆油分子的能隙均小于矿物油分子，因此在强电场作用下混合油分子更容易发生电离。

混合油  /  沿面放电  /  针-板电极  /  能带结构

On the basis of a new type of three-element mixed insulating oil with excellent physichemical and electrical properties, and taking the mineral insulating oil-paper composite system as a reference, the creeping discharge characteristics of the three-element mixed insulating oil-paper composite system were analyzed under needle-plate electrode structure. The electric field distribution of two insulating oil-paper composite systems were simulated under needle-plate electrode structure. On the basis of density functional theory, the energy band structures of natural ester molecule and mineral oil molecule were studied comparatively. The results show that compared with the mineral insulating oil-paper composite system, the three-element mixed insulating oil-paper composite system has smaller partial discharge inception voltage, flashover voltage and larger maximum discharge magnitude, discharge pulse number under creeping discharge fault. There is small difference on electric field distribution between two insulating oil-paper composite systems under needle-plate electrode structure. The energy gap of palm oil molecule and soybean oil molecule in mixed oil are smaller than that of the mineral oil molecule, therefore, the mixed oil molecule is more likely to ionize under strong electric field.

mixed oil  /  creeping discharge  /  needle-plate electrode  /  energy band structure
陈鑫, 郝建, 高晨煜, 冯大伟, 廖瑞金, 叶文郁. 针-板电极结构下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (1) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.009
Xin CHEN, Jian HAO, Chenyu GAO, Dawei FENG, Ruijin LIAO, Wenyu YE. Creeping Discharge Characteristics of Three-element Mixed Insulating Oil-paper Composite System Under Needle-plate Electrode Structure[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (1) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.009
正文
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0 引言
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绝缘油被称为变压器的“血液”，起着散热、绝缘和熄灭电弧的重要作用[1]。矿物绝缘油因绝缘性能优良、黏度小、酸值低等优点，在油浸式变压器中的应用历史已达100多年。近些年随着对环保可再生能源以及高防火性能绝缘油需求的提高，矿物绝缘油替代油品的研究一直是国内外的研究热点[2-6]。植物绝缘油不仅具有更好的防火和生物降解性能，而且能有效延缓绝缘纸老化[4-7]。但与矿物绝缘油相比，植物绝缘油的运动黏度大、氧化安定性较差、介质损耗和酸值高，在不改变变压器结构的前提下，无法直接应用于传统矿物绝缘油变压器中。
将矿物绝缘油、植物绝缘油或合成酯绝缘油按照一定工序混合得到的混合绝缘油，可改善单一绝缘油性能的不足，统筹兼顾各种油品的优缺点，吸引了国内外学者的广泛关注[8-19]。I FOFANA等[9-10]率先研究了合成酯与矿物绝缘油组合而成的混合油的基础性能，结果表明合成酯的添加，使得油品的工频击穿电压、饱和含水量和热稳定性等都得到了一定程度的改善，但介质损耗和运动黏度也随之增大。C PERRIER等[11]进一步提出了20%合成酯+80%矿物绝缘油的最佳混合比例，所得混合绝缘油具有更好的抗老化性能和更高的电气强度，同时油品的运动黏度增幅较小。文献[12-15]对矿物绝缘油与天然酯（合成酯）组成的二元混合绝缘油的抗老化性能进行了深入研究，发现在同等热老化条件下，二元混合绝缘油能明显延缓绝缘纸的热老化速率。然而，现有最佳配比二元混合绝缘油的运动黏度、介质损耗因数等参数尚不能满足GB 2536—2011的要求。基于此，本课题组在前期二元混合绝缘油研究基础上，研制成功一种新型三元混合绝缘油[16-19]，其关键性能参数满足IEC 60296-2012和GB 2536—2011矿物绝缘油的性能参数要求，可直接灌装至现有矿物绝缘油变压器内使用。与传统矿物绝缘油相比，该三元混合绝缘油具有更优的工频击穿性能和显著延缓油纸绝缘热老化的性能[16-19]。
在油浸式变压器内，绝缘油和油浸纸板的分界面是性能非连续性界面，油-纸间的局部电场畸变极易引起沿面放电，甚至诱发闪络故障[20]。沿面放电会引起局部绝缘失效，影响变压器运行安全[21]。针对矿物绝缘油的替代油品，国内外学者在植物绝缘油纸复合体系和矿物绝缘油纸复合体系在交流、直流和雷电冲击电压下的沿面放电特性进行了对比研究[22-26]。A BEROUAL等[22-24]研究发现，与矿物绝缘油-纸复合体系相比，植物绝缘油-纸复合体系的总放电电荷量更大、流注停止长度（Lf）更长，并推测植物绝缘油-纸复合体系具有更小的沿面闪络电压。F MURDIYA等[25]研究发现，在工频电压下，与棕榈油脂肪酸酯（PFAE）油相比，菜籽油和矿物绝缘油沿面放电的电树枝亮度更亮，流注通道的长度更长和宽度更大，且流注具有许多细小分支和闪光点；此外，菜籽油和矿物绝缘油中沿面放电的能量（Ji）更大，在相同的放电时间下流注发展速度更快。H SITORUS等[26]研究发现，在雷电冲击电压和工频电压下，合成酯的流注停止长度大于矿物绝缘油和天然酯的流注停止长度，起始放电电压也小于矿物绝缘油和天然酯。
综合来看，混合绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面放电特性受植物绝缘油种类的影响，目前相关研究还相对较少。为进一步推动新型三元混合绝缘油在变压器中的安全应用，需在现有聚焦混合绝缘油基础性能参数表征研究的基础上，进一步开展混合绝缘油油纸复合体系的沿面放电及局部放电特性研究。本研究以矿物绝缘油纸复合体系为参比，首先研究三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面起始放电电压和闪络电压，然后分析沿面放电PRPD图谱和放电特征参量，最后结合Material Studio软件分析两种绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面放电特性差异的原因，为新型三元混合绝缘油的安全应用提供基础数据支撑。
1 试验
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1.1 样品制备
三元混合绝缘油是以矿物绝缘油、大豆油和棕榈油为基础油按体积比为76∶19∶5进行混合，并加入质量分数为0.4%的复合抗氧化剂（0.2%T511+0.2%L06）得到。两种基础油的型号及性能参数如表1所示，25#矿物绝缘油及三元混合绝缘油的性能参数如表2所示，其中25#矿物绝缘油也是对照组用油。
绝缘纸板由南瑞集团重庆博瑞变压器有限责任公司提供，厚度为1.0 mm。将裁剪好的纸板在90℃下干燥24 h，然后分别在矿物绝缘油和混合绝缘油中浸渍48 h，浸渍温度为60℃，真空度为0.9 MPa。浸渍完毕后，通过卡尔费休法测试两种绝缘油浸纸板的水分含量均为0.90%。
1.2 试验系统及方法
油纸绝缘复合体系的沿面放电试验平台如图1所示。工频交流电压由YDTW50/100型试验变压器提供；采用针-板电极模拟极不均匀电场，针电极曲率半径为100 µm，半圆平板电极直径为30 mm，针电极与纸板表面的夹角为53°，针-板电极间距离分别为10、15、20、25 mm；采用Techimp PD Check型高频局部放电测试仪通过高频电流互感器进行局部放电数据采集和分析，其等效电路图如图1所示，其中M为电流传感器线圈的互感，Ls、Cs分别为线圈的自感和等效杂散电容，Rs为线圈的等效电阻，C0、R0分别为等效负载电容和电阻[27]。接地电流i1(t)流经高频电流互感器，产生Ui(t)的局部放电信号并经通信线传输至脉冲分析仪进行处理。
采用升压法对两种绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面放电特性进行对比研究，通过预试验确定合理的步进电压ΔU，在各电极距离下的步进电压ΔU如表3所示。以1 kV/min的升压速度缓慢升高电压，当局部放电量超过100 pC时，外施电压即为起始放电电压[28]。从起始放电电压至沿面闪络电压，每升高电压ΔU，并维持局部放电5 min后，采用脉冲分析仪采集信号，采集时间长度设置为2 µs，共记录500组工频放电脉冲信号。缺陷样品发生沿面闪络后，分别更换油浸纸板样品与绝缘油，重复进行5组试验，各特征参量取平均值。
2 结果及分析
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2.1 局部放电起始电压和闪络电压分析
针-板电极结构形式下，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系和矿物绝缘油纸复合体系在各电极距离下的局部放电起始电压和闪络电压平均值如图2所示。从图2可以看出，随着电极距离的增大，两种绝缘油纸复合体系的局部放电起始电压变化不大，而闪络电压逐渐增大。这是由于局部放电从电极尖端开始，沿着油-纸分界面向板电极发展。尖端缺陷下的起始放电电压主要由针电极的曲率半径决定，受电极距离的影响较小，而沿面闪络电压则随着电极距离的增大逐渐增大，这与文献[20]的试验结果一致。与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系在尖端缺陷下具有更小的局部放电起始电压和闪络电压，以25 mm电极距离为例，其局部放电起始电压和闪络电压分别为15.90 kV和37.72 kV，分别比矿物绝缘油纸复合体系的小2.53%和9.28%。
2.2 沿面闪络过程中的局部放电发展特性分析
2.2.1 放电脉冲波形分析
各电极距离下沿面放电脉冲时域、频域波形特性相似，本研究在25 mm电极距离下对三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系和矿物绝缘油纸复合体系的放电脉冲波形进行对比分析。外施电压为35 kV时，两种绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电的典型放电信号时域波形如图3(a)、(c)所示。从图3(a)、(c)可以看出，两种绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面放电信号均为快速衰减的抖脉冲，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的放电信号幅值明显大于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系。
将沿面放电脉冲信号的时域波形转换为频域波形，如图3(b)、(d)所示。三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系和矿物绝缘油纸复合体系典型放电波形的频域波形主要集中在10～20 MHz，40～50 MHz分量占比较小；此外，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的频域波形中各分量幅值略大于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系。
2.2.2 PRPD图谱分析
将一定采样时间内的局部放电脉冲信号幅值按相位关系作图，得到两种绝缘油纸复合体系的PRPD（phase-resolved partial discharge patterns）图谱，如图4～5所示。从图4～5可以看出，当外施电压达到起始放电电压时，两种绝缘油纸复合体系在工频电压峰值附近出现放电脉冲信号，由于极性效应负脉冲数大于正脉冲数。随着外施电压的增大，PRPD图谱中放电信号的幅值和数量均快速增大，正、负脉冲最小放电相位也向0°和180°发展。随着电压的进一步增大，针尖处电场强度显著增强，局部放电产生的高温致使纸板表面水分蒸发并产生白斑，表面纤维出现明显劣化，放电脉冲幅值有所减小，但脉冲数仍快速增加；在发生沿面闪络前，针-板间出现贯穿电极、不持续的放电树枝，PRPD图谱中放电脉冲数进一步增大，放电脉冲幅值开始回升。
与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系起始放电电压更小、放电发展速度更快，相同外施电压下PRPD图谱中放电脉冲数和幅值均大于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系。
2.2.3 放电量、放电次数和放电相位分析
图6为25 mm电极距离下，绝缘油纸复合体系基本特征参量随外施电压幅值的变化。从图6(a)可以看出，随着外施电压幅值的增大，两种绝缘油纸复合体系在沿面放电故障下的最大放电量Q95%max均呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势。当电压达到25 kV时，三元混合绝缘油浸纸板表面开始出现白斑状放电损伤，最大放电量逐渐呈减小趋势，直至沿面闪络发生之前才有所回升，而矿物绝缘油纸复合体系的放电量直至电压达到29 kV时才出现减小趋势。与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，在沿面放电发展前期，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系具有更大的放电量；随着外施电压的增大，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的最大放电量更早出现减小趋势，逐渐小于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系的最大放电量；随着闪络前放电量的回升，两种绝缘油纸复合体系的最大放电量的差异不断减小。
从图6(b)可以看出，随着外施电压幅值的增大，两种绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电的正、负及总脉冲数均呈现增大趋势，且外施电压越大增速越快。从起始放电电压至沿面闪络电压，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的放电脉冲数N基本大于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系；当外施电压达到37 kV，在三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系沿面闪络前，其10 s采样时间内总放电脉冲数为矿物绝缘油纸复合体系的1.69倍。
图7为针-板电极间距离对绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电故障下负脉冲最大放电量的影响。从图7可以看出，当电极距离较小时，绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面闪络电压较小，油-纸分界面上的放电树枝在较低外施电压下即可发展至板电极，此时电场垂直分量较小，纸板表面无显著放电损伤，最大放电量Q95%max随着外施电压的增加而增大。增加电极间距离，绝缘油纸复合体系的沿面闪络电压增大，更大的外施电压使得针电极尖端电场垂直分量增大，绝缘油浸纸板表面出现白斑状损伤，放电量出现减小的趋势。对于三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系，电极距离为15 mm时，短时沿面放电故障纸板表面无明显的放电损伤；电极距离为25 mm时，纸板表面出现明显的白斑状电损伤（如图8所示），最大放电量也随着白斑的发展出现减小趋势，直至沿面闪络前，放电量再次快速增大。
对比图7(a)、(b)可知，与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的最大放电量Q95%max出现下降趋势时的电极距离更大。这可能是由于相同电场强度下三元混合绝缘油更容易发生局部放电，沿面放电树枝在油中的发展速度更快，受电极距离影响相对较小。总体来看，在各电极距离下，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系闪络前的最大放电量大于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系，25 mm时其最大放电量为矿物绝缘油纸复合体系最大放电量的1.42倍。
图9为不同电极距离下两种绝缘油纸复合体系的放电脉冲数。从图9可以看出，在各电极距离下，两种绝缘油纸复合体系的放电脉冲数N均随着外施电压的增大而快速增加；针-板间电极距离越小，放电脉冲数随外施电压的增大速度越快。与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，相同外施电压下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系在各电极距离下均具有更高的放电脉冲数，且两者的差异随着电极距离的增加而更为显著。
2.3 放电特性差异讨论分析
综合分析放电图谱和特征参量，与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，针-板电极结构形式下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系更容易发生沿面放电故障，相同外施电压下也具有更大的放电量和放电脉冲数。两种绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电特性的差异可以根据液体流注发展的相关理论进行解释。
在极不均匀电场下，绝缘油中流注发展过程中，油中带电粒子的产生存在多种途径，包括阴极场致发射、光电离、场电离、碰撞电离和离子电离等，其中场电离和碰撞电离是带电粒子产生的主要途径[29]。F M O'SULLIVAN[30]基于固体电子隧道理论，确定液体场电离电荷密度可由式（1）计算得到。
GP1=-Ge1=q2n0aE⃗hexp(-π2m*aΔ2qh2E⃗)
式（1）中：q为电荷量；n0为分子数密度；a为分子间距；m*为有效电子质量；h为普朗克常量；E⃗为电场强度；Δ为电离电势。
由式（1）可知，场电离电荷密度G与电场强度E成正比。本研究通过COMSOL Multiphysics的静电模块对两种绝缘油纸复合体系针-板电极下的电场分布进行仿真，绝缘油的相关参数如表1所示，三元混合绝缘油浸纸板和矿物绝缘油浸纸板的相对介电常数分别为5.05和4.95，纸板厚度为1.0 mm；结合图2中沿面起始放电电压和闪络电压，仿真中10 mm和20 mm电极距离下的外施工频电压幅值分别设置为15 kV和25 kV，得到20 mm电极距离下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系的仿真结果如图10所示。以针尖的位置为坐标原点，电场强度E和沿纸板表面方向的水平分量Ex在针-板间的分布如图11所示，具体数值如表4所示。从图10～11可以看出，针电极尖端的电场强度明显高于平板电极，三元混合绝缘油纸分界面的电场强度略小于矿物绝缘油纸分界面的电场强度。
场电离电荷密度G与分子电离电势的平方Δ2成反比。三元混合绝缘油中含有体积分数为24%的植物绝缘油，导致其分子电离能与矿物绝缘油分子存在一定差异。绝缘油分子的能带结构可以有效反映其在电场作用下的电离特性，因此本研究对三元混合绝缘油中的棕榈油、大豆油以及矿物绝缘油分子的能带结构进行分析。
采用Material Studio软件完成仿真模型的建立和分子模拟。大豆油基天然酯中的脂肪酸主要包括硬脂酸 （C18：0，CH3(CH2)16COOH）、 油酸 （C18：1，CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH）、 亚油酸 （C18：2，CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH） 和亚麻酸 （C18：3，CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH）， 棕榈油基天然酯中的脂肪酸主要包括月桂酸 （C12：0，CH3(CH2)10COOH）， 矿物绝缘油主要包含链烃（C20H42）。 为了使模型合理， 需要几何和能量优化。 执行了5个循环退火优化， 温度范围为300～500 K。 通过速度“Verlet”算法以1 fs的时间步长计算原子运动方程， 并使用“Ewald”和“Atom-based”的求和方法计算静电作用和范德华作用。 为使模型更合理， 在PCFF力场下采用NPT系综对每个模型进行1 000 ps的模拟， 3种绝缘油分子模型如图12所示[31-33]。
能带结构通过在广义梯度近似（GGA）交换相关项下使用PBEsol函数进行计算。在此计算工作中，采用DNP基集来设置C、H、O原子的参数，核心电子通过全电子法处理，计算结果如图13所示[34]。从图13可以看出，3种绝缘油分子轨道中最高已占轨道（HOMO）差异较小，而矿物绝缘油分子的最低空轨道（LUMO）大于棕榈油分子和大豆油分子。矿物绝缘油分子能隙（EL-EH）为5.85 eV，而植物绝缘油分子的能隙较小，棕榈油分子和大豆油分子的能隙分别为4.39 eV和3.48 eV。由于植物绝缘油分子能隙小于矿物绝缘油分子，因而在电场作用下，与矿物绝缘油相比，三元混合绝缘油分子更易发生电离。结合试验结果，与油-纸间电场分布的差异相比，在针-板电极下两种绝缘油分子电离电势的差异对电离电荷密度的影响更大。
从单次脉冲放电量的角度对三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系和矿物绝缘油纸复合体系放电量的差异加以解释。单次放电脉冲的放电量Qpd可由式（2）表示[35]。
Qpd=∫tt+dtnqvsdt
式（2）中：n为一次放电过程中碰撞电离所产生的电子总数；q为电子电荷量；v为电子运动速度；s为放电通道的面积；dt为单次放电脉冲的持续时间。
从式（2）可知，由于相同电场强度下三元混合绝缘油分子更易发生电离，所产生的电子总数n更大，使得三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电单次放电脉冲的放电量更大。
综上，由于植物绝缘油分子的电离能小于矿物绝缘油分子，在极不均匀电场下，三元混合绝缘油分子更容易发生电离产生更多的带电粒子，从而更有利于流注的发展，也使得沿面放电故障下三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系具有更大的放电量和放电脉冲数。
三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系在沿面闪络故障下的绝缘性能略差于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系。新型三元混合绝缘油具有优良的基础理化性能和延缓纤维素老化的性能，应针对其放电特性对变压器的绝缘结构进行优化，推进新型三元混合绝缘油的安全应用。
3 结论
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（1）在相同电极距离下，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系沿面放电的起始放电电压和闪络电压均小于矿物绝缘油纸复合体系，25 mm电极距离下，分别比矿物绝缘油纸复合体系的小2.53%和9.28%。
（2）综合分析局部放电图谱和基本特征参量，与矿物绝缘油纸复合体系相比，三元混合绝缘油纸复合体系更容易发生沿面闪络故障，相同外施电压下具有更大的放电量和放电脉冲数。
（3）根据电场仿真和分子模拟结果，针-板电极结构下分子电离电势对沿面放电的发展影响较大；综合分析基础油品分子的能带结构，三元混合绝缘油中棕榈油分子和大豆油分子的能隙小于矿物绝缘油分子，在强电场作用下更容易发生电离而有利于流注的发展，是三元混合绝缘油-纸复合体系更容易发生沿面放电故障的重要原因。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077015)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2022年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.009
  • 接收时间：2021-02-27
  • 首发时间：2025-12-23
  • 出版时间：2022-01-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-02-27
  • 修回日期：2021-11-18
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077015)
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    1国网无锡供电公司，江苏 无锡 214000
    2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室，重庆 400044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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