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In this paper, the current research status of partial discharge (PD) measurement using non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms at home and abroad were summarized, the PD characteristics under non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms such as continuous pulse square-wave voltage, triangular-wave voltage, and trapezoidal-wave voltage were reviewed, especially the effects of voltage rise time, frequency, and duty cycle of square-wave voltage on the PD activity were discussed deeply. Finally, the great significance and existing problems of PD measurements using non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms were discussed. Future development of PD measurements using non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms was proposed, and how to use the non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms to enhance the understanding of discharge physical process and insulation ageing mechanism were prospected.

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本文对国内外采用非正弦波电压测量局部放电的研究现状进行梳理,归纳总结了连续脉冲方波电压、三角波电压及梯形波电压3种主要非正弦波电压下的局部放电特性,其中深入讨论了脉冲方波电压中电压上升时间、频率及占空比等波形参数对局部放电行为的影响。最后探讨了利用非正弦波电压测量局部放电研究的重要意义及存在问题,提出了非正弦波电压测量局部放电的发展方向,并对如何利用非正弦波电压加强对放电物理过程及绝缘老化机制的理解进行展望。

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王晓蕾(1983-),女(汉族),黑龙江伊春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备绝缘诊断、雷电放电物理及电力系统防雷技术的研究。

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2广东工业大学 自动化学院,广东 广州 510640, bio={"content":"

王晓蕾(1983-),女(汉族),黑龙江伊春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备绝缘诊断、雷电放电物理及电力系统防雷技术的研究。

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王晓蕾(1983-),女(汉族),黑龙江伊春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备绝缘诊断、雷电放电物理及电力系统防雷技术的研究。

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非正弦波电压下电气设备局部放电特性研究综述
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王晓蕾 1, 2
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(1): 1-11
非正弦波电压下电气设备局部放电特性研究综述
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王晓蕾1, 2
作者信息
  • 1南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司,广东 广州 610663
  • 2广东工业大学 自动化学院,广东 广州 510640
  • 王晓蕾(1983-),女(汉族),黑龙江伊春人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备绝缘诊断、雷电放电物理及电力系统防雷技术的研究。

Research Review in Partial Discharge Characteristics of Electrical Equipment at Non-sinusoidal Voltage Waveforms
Xiaolei WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Digital Grid Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 610663, China
  • 2School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2022-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.001
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本文对国内外采用非正弦波电压测量局部放电的研究现状进行梳理,归纳总结了连续脉冲方波电压、三角波电压及梯形波电压3种主要非正弦波电压下的局部放电特性,其中深入讨论了脉冲方波电压中电压上升时间、频率及占空比等波形参数对局部放电行为的影响。最后探讨了利用非正弦波电压测量局部放电研究的重要意义及存在问题,提出了非正弦波电压测量局部放电的发展方向,并对如何利用非正弦波电压加强对放电物理过程及绝缘老化机制的理解进行展望。

局部放电  /  非正弦波电压  /  脉冲方波电压  /  三角波电压  /  梯形波电压

In this paper, the current research status of partial discharge (PD) measurement using non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms at home and abroad were summarized, the PD characteristics under non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms such as continuous pulse square-wave voltage, triangular-wave voltage, and trapezoidal-wave voltage were reviewed, especially the effects of voltage rise time, frequency, and duty cycle of square-wave voltage on the PD activity were discussed deeply. Finally, the great significance and existing problems of PD measurements using non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms were discussed. Future development of PD measurements using non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms was proposed, and how to use the non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms to enhance the understanding of discharge physical process and insulation ageing mechanism were prospected.

partial discharge  /  non-sinusoidal voltage waveform  /  pulse square-wave voltage  /  triangular-wave voltage  /  trapezoidal-wave voltage
王晓蕾. 非正弦波电压下电气设备局部放电特性研究综述. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.001
Xiaolei WANG. Research Review in Partial Discharge Characteristics of Electrical Equipment at Non-sinusoidal Voltage Waveforms[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.001
近年来,对电气设备绝缘系统微观结构的认知及其运行过程中相关潜在物理现象的理解越来越受到人们的关注。局部放电活动通常被看作是电气设备绝缘系统老化和过压力的征兆,长时间的局部放电将对绝缘材料产生电、化学腐蚀作用,加速绝缘劣化,增加设备故障的风险[1],因此,局部放电测量是诊断绝缘系统局部缺陷和老化的有效手段之一。通常情况下,局部放电测量采用50 Hz正弦波交流电压,但由于放电现象的复杂性,传统的电压波形和频率已不能满足研究放电物理过程以及实际工程应用的需求。
随着对局部放电现象研究的不断深入,选取有效的非正弦波电压波形激励,从而获取更多关于放电物理过程的信息,是研究局部放电机理的手段之一。目前离线局部放电测量采用的非正弦电压波形主要有脉冲方波电压[2]、梯形波电压[3]、三角波电压[4]、叠加的正弦波电压[5]及正弦截波电压[6]等。此外,采用非正弦波电压激励在离线条件下测量局部放电,还能够研究设备绝缘系统在实际运行中受到的非正弦波交流电压的影响,例如由于脉宽调制技术(pulse-width modulation, PWM)驱动变频电机的应用,连续脉冲方波电压激励下绝缘系统中的局部放电现象得到了广泛的关注。
本文对国内外采用非正弦波电压测量局部放电的发展现状及重要成果进行综述,重点讨论3种主要非正弦波电压,包括连续脉冲方波电压、三角波及梯形波电压下的局部放电特性,但不涉及直流电压及复合电压下局部放电的研究内容,最后探讨采用非正弦波电压测量局部放电的重要意义及存在问题,并提出如何利用非正弦波电压激励加强对放电物理过程及绝缘老化机制的理解。
连续脉冲方波的主要特征是较高的脉冲重复频率(可达上万赫兹)及较短的电压上升时间(可达纳秒级)。变频器输出电压的真实波形如图1所示,由图1可以看出,其并不是理想的脉冲方波,而是在正负上升沿都带有电压过冲,且为振荡过程[7],国外学者也把该电压称为类PMW电压(PWM-like voltage)[8]、准方波电压(quasi-square voltage)[9]、近似方波电压(semi-square voltage)[10]、陡波阶跃电压(steep-front step voltage)[11]及浪涌电压(surge voltage)[12]等。研究认为,变频电机、变频器及连接电缆的阻抗不匹配会导致电机端部产生过电压。受逆变器输出脉冲上升时间和电缆长度的影响,这种过电压可能超过直流母线耐受电压的两倍。由于此过电压在定子绕组中分布不均匀,绝缘绕组的首匝或末匝可能承受较高的局部电压[13],从而引起局部放电。
由于脉冲方波电压下的放电脉冲与外加电压的频谱可能会重叠,放电脉冲的波形及频率成分也会受到测量系统的影响[14],并且从不同类型的绝缘缺陷处产生的放电脉冲也可能具有不同的上升时间和频率成分[15],因此采用连续脉冲方波电压检测局部放电对测量技术提出了新的挑战。目前,针对连续脉冲方波电压下的局部放电现象,国内外学者采用的测量方法大致可分为3类:①耦合电容法,通常采用50 Ω电阻与测量装置或耦合电容并联,并采用滤波器[8]或脉冲电流传感器[16]来抑制外加电压对局部放电信号造成的干扰;②平衡回路法,采用可调电阻电容器来调节平衡[17],或利用两个阻容值接近的试样来进行差分[18];③电-光测量法,采用电流互感器和光电倍增管[19]或增加天线[20]等方式对局部放电行为进行定性测量。目前电-光测量法主要用于放电起始电压和熄灭电压的测量,如何通过测量得到的局部放电幅值获得放电的电荷量仍需深入研究。此外,超高频测试方法[2]、数字信号处理技术[21]等也能够用来提取淹没在方波电源干扰中的局部放电信号。
目前,国内外学者关于连续脉冲方波电压下局部放电现象的研究主要集中在测试方法、放电特性、放电统计参数表征绝缘老化状态等,且越来越多的研究集中在电压波形参数(上升时间、占空比、频率及对称性等)对局部放电统计特性或时域特性的影响。
21世纪初,国内外学者对连续脉冲方波电压下的局部放电特性开展了大量的研究工作。F GUASTAVINO等[22-25]设计了4种非正弦波电压波形,模拟PWM驱动器的输出电压,如图2所示,并系统研究了试验温度为100℃时,4种波形电压下双绞线样品的局部放电特性及其对绝缘寿命的影响,结果表明,带有峰值的PWM波能够引起最大的绝缘压力,导致较强的局部放电活动,测试电压的特定波形对绝缘寿命影响很大。
日本K KIMURA等[26-27]研制了一套新型局部放电测量系统,系统能够自动重复测量连续脉冲方波电压下的局部放电起始电压,通过对双绞线样品施加双极性和单极性连续脉冲电压测量局部放电起始电压,结果表明,双极性连续脉冲电压下,局部放电起始电压在试验早期有较大的波动,经过一段时间后数值趋于稳定;而单极性连续脉冲电压下的放电起始电压较为稳定,如图3所示。研究指出,局部放电起始电压的波动是由于多次测量时放电位置的改变引起的,初始阶段放电产生于整个空气间隙,而后期则主要集中在间隙中局部位置,放电行为的变化与绝缘的表面电导率和空气中的放电产物有关。
日本N HAYAKAWA等[12,20,28-30]采用光学和电学方法系统研究了变频电机电磁线在连续脉冲方波电压下的局部放电特性,包括放电起始电压、放电传播特性及其引起绝缘老化及影响绝缘寿命的特性。对于放电起始电压,脉冲方波电压下的放电起始电压约为交流电压下的两倍[12],且放电起始电压随受压力电磁线长度的增加而减小,通常称为尺寸效应[20]。放电起始后,在一定的脉冲电压幅值下,局部放电活动的发展过程可分为4个阶段[30]:间歇性放电、连续性放电、临界放电、绝缘击穿。图4图5给出了外加电压波形、放电光强波形及光发射图像随放电发展过程的变化。
临界放电发生在放电活动剧烈变化时刻,能够引起电磁线的局部击穿。由于绝缘最终击穿通常发生在临界放电位置,因此,临界放电被认为是决定电磁线绝缘寿命的一个重要标志。试验结果也表明,电磁线的寿命可由局部放电起始直至绝缘击穿产生的所有放电脉冲数量来决定,放电活动也可用放电发生的频率随时间的变化来解释。
在国内,西南交通大学、四川大学、西安交通大学等相继开展了大量的试验研究连续脉冲方波电压下变频电机绝缘系统中的局部放电特性,包括不同的电压上升时间、频率、占空比及环境温度等对局部放电特性及绝缘老化机理的影响[2,13,31-43]。WU K等[35]对比研究了正弦波和方波电压下绝缘间隙中局部放电特性随时间的演化,试验结果显示两种波形电压下放电幅值的变化趋势极其相似。王鹏等[39]对比研究了正弦电压和上升时间为200 ns的重复脉冲电压下变频电机绝缘的局部放电特性,结果发现,对于相同峰峰值和频率的重复方波和正弦电压,重复方波电压下变频电机绝缘的局部放电幅值及耐电晕寿命分别约为正弦电压下的10倍及1/3,且相位、时频域统计特性存在明显差异。李金泉等[43]系统研究了具有60~800 ns上升时间的双极性重复脉冲电压下,重复脉冲过电压对变频电机匝间绝缘局部放电起始电压和局部放电熄灭电压的影响,结果表明,无论重复脉冲电压波形是否存在过电压,局部放电熄灭电压均小于起始电压;当重复脉冲电压波形由无过电压变化到有过电压时,起始电压及熄灭电压均增大,但两者的差值减小。分析放电机理认为,过电压下较高的瞬时电场强度导致的场致发射是促使第一次放电产生的主要原因。
环境条件对脉冲方波电压下局部放电行为的影响也有少量研究。F GUASTAVINO等[24]、M KAUFHOLD等[44]研究表明随着环境温度的升高,局部放电起始电压明显下降。M FENGER等[45]研究指出,当环境相对湿度从40%增加到接近90%时,上升时间为几百纳秒的脉冲方波电压下的局部放电起始电压几乎没有下降。R BUSCH等[46]研究了环境条件对局部放电特性和绝缘寿命的影响,结果表明当温度从25℃升高到175℃时,绝缘寿命明显缩短,温度似乎比放电脉冲频率对绝缘寿命的影响更大;当相对湿度从5%增加到70%时,局部放电及老化行为的变化则主要取决于外加电压幅值。罗杨等[33]研究了连续方波脉冲电压下温度对聚酰亚胺薄膜局部放电特性的影响,结果发现随着试验温度的升高,局部放电次数及放电幅值降低(如图6所示),聚酰亚胺的绝缘寿命也逐渐缩短,说明局部放电只是引起聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜绝缘失效的原因之一,高温条件下活性电子的入陷、脱陷过程及空间电荷造成的电场畸变可能是诱导绝缘失效的另一个因素。
脉冲方波电压对局部放电特性影响的主要因素之一是较短的电压上升时间,因此,脉冲方波电压上升时间对局部放电特性的影响是研究的热点之一。
关于脉冲电压上升时间对局部放电起始电压的影响,不同的研究得出了不同的结论:随着脉冲电压上升时间的延长,放电起始电压可能升高或者降低。M KAUFHOLD等[44]研究指出较短的电压上升时间和较长的电压下降时间能够导致较低的重复放电起始电压(RPDIV)和较短的绝缘击穿时间;F GUASTAVINO等[24]采用单极性和双极性脉冲电压测量不同环境温度下电机绕组样品的局部放电现象,结果表明,电压脉冲较短的上升时间降低了放电起始电压,而具有较长上升时间的方波电压下的局部放电行为则更多地依赖于主脉冲的频率,图7为不同环境温度下放电起始电压随电压变化率(dV/dt)的变化趋势;M FENGER等[47]、M MELFI等[48]对于不同电压上升时间情况下的放电起始电压得到了相似的结论。然而,H HAYAKAWA等[49]研究发现当施加上升时间为60~3 000 ns、脉宽为 10 μs的连续脉冲电压时,放电起始电压随着上升时间的延长而降低。WANG P等[50]研究指出脉冲电压上升时间对放电起始电压的影响明显依赖于电压上升和下降阶段的过电压形状和持续时间。较短上升时间的连续脉冲电压和较高的过电压能够引起较高的放电起始电压,如图8所示。研究表明,当脉冲电压持续时间小于100 μs时,由于初始电子发射时间的缺失,放电活动可能不活跃[3]。当电压上升时间较短时,连续脉冲的过电压幅值虽然超过了局部放电起始电压,但未产生激发电子崩的初始电子,这可能是导致放电起始电压随上升时间延长而降低的主要原因[13,51]
近年来,瑞典E LINDELL等[10,52-53]提出了一种在时域范围内利用局部放电随机特性将放电脉冲与外加近似方波电压分离的技术,研究了在快速上升的电压阶段不同绝缘缺陷处的局部放电特性,着重对比分析了具有短上升时间(2 μs)和长上升时间(100 μs)的脉冲电压下局部放电的熄灭电压[10],结果表明对于不同的电压上升时间范围和不同的绝缘系统,外加电压的上升时间可能对放电熄灭电压有着不同的影响。随后,瑞典T HAMMARSTRÖMT等[54]、T J Å HAMMARSTRÖM等[55]分别采用上升时间为4~40 μs及纳秒级(低至15 ns)的近似方波电压,重点研究了较短电压上升时间下的间隙放电特性,结果表明较短上升时间电压下每周期放电脉冲数量表现出较强的电压依赖性。随着上升时间的逐渐缩短,放电幅值持续增加,但放电熄灭电压降低。这可能是放电机制发生了变化,从而引起绝缘的快速老化和寿命缩短,但研究并未指出放电机制具体的转换形式。
为了更好地发现变频电机中的绝缘缺陷,需要根据不同频率下的放电特性采用合适频率的脉冲电压测量局部放电。因此,脉冲电压频率对放电幅值和放电相位的影响和机理值得深入研究。
在早期的研究中,M PAEDE等[56]建立了一套适用于高频脉冲方波电压的局部放电测量系统,频率范围为100 kHz~3 MHz,并测量了脉冲变压器绝缘系统中的放电现象,结果表明,随着频率的增加,放电起始电压和熄灭电压逐渐下降。C HUDON等[57]采用上升时间为120 ns、频率为10 kHz的脉冲电压对电机匝间绝缘开展绝缘特性测量,结果显示,即使在放电起始电压下,短时间施加电压之后绝缘介质性能也会发生某些改变,进一步分析指出在放电起始电压之上的绝缘寿命与电压上升时间无关,但与电压频率有关[58]。D FABIANI等[8]研究了PWM电压下局部放电活动与空间电荷累积特性的关系,认为脉冲方波电压下绝缘材料内部和间隙表面的电荷都会影响局部放电,但当频率大于10 kHz时,绝缘材料内部的空间电荷累积较少,对局部放电的影响可以忽略,这时间隙表面的电导能力将直接影响局部放电活动。J C G WHEELER[59]分析了较高的脉冲电压频率(2 kHz和250 kHz)对绝缘材料性能及老化特性的影响。
在国内,许多学者同样开展了脉冲电压频率对放电特性影响的相关研究,并取得显著成果。郭小霞等[31]研究了频率范围为500 Hz~20 kHz的高频脉冲方波电压下的局部放电现象,结果显示随着频率的增加,电荷的存储效应会使放电次数增加,初始电子的延迟使每个周期内的局部放电次数减少,但在相同的时间间隔内,放电次数会随频率的增加而增加。LIU X等[60]研究指出当脉冲方波频率为10~20 kHz时,随着电压频率的增加,局部放电平均放电量、最大放电量和放电能量均增加,而放电脉冲数量先增加后减小。王鹏等[34,61]研究了频率为1 Hz~5 kHz的脉冲方波电压下的局部放电统计特性,结果表明高频脉冲电压能够导致较少的放电脉冲数量、较低的脉冲幅值和较短的延迟时间,并指出此现象可能是由于不同方波电压频率引起的表面电荷衰减时间和初始电子发射概率不同引起的。杨能等[41]采用频率范围为1~20 kHz的重复短脉冲及方波电压对变频电机漆包线绞线对进行测试,结果表明在重复短脉冲及方波电压下,频率升高造成表面积累电荷衰减减小,促使初始电子出现概率增加,从而导致局部放电幅值减小,放电相位随频率的变化可能会受到电压极性的影响。此外,曹开江等[32]、周凯等[62]、赵莉华等[63]同样开展了脉冲频率对局部放电特性影响的研究。整体来说,外施电压频率的增加将导致放电活动增强,绝缘寿命缩短,加速绝缘老化。
占空比是脉冲方波电压参数选择时必须考虑的因素,不同的占空比会对局部放电发生的概率产生影响,大部分脉冲电压占空比选择为50%。对于电压占空比对放电特性的影响,A CAVALLINI等[64]研究指出脉冲宽度不会影响放电起始电压,但较宽的脉冲宽度能够导致相当低的放电起始电压。王鹏等[2]研究了连续方波电压占空比对变频电机局部放电统计特性的影响规律,结果表明电压波形占空比较小时,在连续方波电压的正、负电压下局部放电分布具有显著的不对称性。较小的连续方波电压占空比易造成局部放电淹没在电压下降沿处的方波电源干扰中。研究同时指出,为了提高测试信噪比,推荐采用频率小于200 Hz、占空比为50%的连续方波电压作为测试电应力。随后,通过单触点漆包线在双极性脉冲电压下的大量试验,系统研究了脉冲电压占空比对逆变器绝缘局部放电特性和耐久性的影响[38],放电模式、幅值及重复率试验结果表明,较小占空比的重复方波电压能够削弱脉冲电压水平阶段放电发生的可能性,图9给出了放电重复率随占空比变化的趋势。耐久性试验表明,重复方波的占空比能够显著影响绝缘的耐受时间,如图10所示。
当测量电机的绝缘性能时,通常采用电压持续时间较短的连续脉冲电压[65],此外,占空比的改变还能够用于具有较高灵敏度的绝缘测试,因此,占空比对局部放电行为的影响能够促进脉冲测试仪的发展,同时有助于深入了解绝缘缺陷表面空间电荷的动态行为。
综上所述,随着脉宽调制技术驱动变频电机的广泛应用,国内外许多学者在脉冲方波电压下的局放特性及电机绝缘老化领域做出大量研究,系统研究了电压波形参数(上升时间、频率、占空比等)对局部放电统计特性或时域特性的影响,不仅促进了局部放电机理的深入探讨,也推动了基于局部放电特性的电机绝缘系统诊断技术的发展,使局部放电信号源分离技术、放电模式识别技术、老化程度识别技术等迅速提高。
三角波和梯形波电压并非电气设备绝缘系统在实际运行中承受的电压激励,但这些非正弦波电压可以在离线局部放电测量中作为参考波形,对比研究电压波形激励对局部放电特性的影响,有助于深入研究放电动态物理机制,例如时间延迟、表面电荷衰减及表面电导率的变化等。
在早期,SUWARNO等[66]采用正弦波与三角波电压研究聚合物中由于电树枝引起的局部放电现象,分析指出,外加电压的瞬时值极大地影响了放电脉冲幅值,脉冲的产生取决于电压的时间导数。在三角波电压下,随着外加电压的升高,放电脉冲数量和平均幅值呈线性增加趋势,而每周期放电电荷量则呈现平方递增关系。随后,他们将三角波电压测量局部放电的研究扩展到空气和液体绝缘系统[67],试验结果表明,放电相位位置主要取决于外加电压的波形,相比于空气中的电晕放电,三角波电压下固体绝缘系统中局部放电的脉冲分布宽度明显增大,这表明固体绝缘对电压变化率的依赖比液体绝缘更加显著。
B FLORKOWSKA[68]采用三角波和梯形波电压,研究了具有内部缺陷的电机定子绝缘系统局部放电的特性,分析指出,在固定的电压峰值下,外加电压上升率是决定局部放电产生的特定条件,并极大地影响放电脉冲的相位分布。随后深入研究了梯形波电压和近似方波电压下的表面放电现象,并分析了电压上升时间和频率对放电起始电压和放电时间的影响[69]
WANG X等[70]对比了三角波、梯形波和方波电压下绝缘间隙放电和表面放电的特性,结果表明梯形波和方波电压比正弦电压更加适用于鉴别表面放电和间隙放电这两种绝缘缺陷类型,梯形波和方波电压中具有峰值电压的水平阶段对两种放电源的鉴别起了重要的作用,间隙放电图谱在所有电压波形下均呈现对称特性,而表面放电在正负半周的水平电压阶段表现出强烈的非对称特性,如图11所示。随后他们还研究了梯形波电压下环境湿度对放电特性的影响[71]。此外,刘涛[72]、S MORSALIN等[73]同样开展了三角波电压下的局部放电特性研究。
绝缘状态评估技术的提升、绝缘结构与材质的优化是增强电气设备绝缘稳定性与安全性的主要任务,也是亟待解决的难题。局部放电是引起绝缘失效的主要原因之一,也是反映绝缘电老化程度的重要指标。局部放电现象本质上可看作是绝缘系统内部的动态行为,具备动态系统的一些基本特性,包括:①非线性。局部放电的非线性表现在当电压激励低于放电起始电压或熄灭电压时,不产生放电脉冲;②随机性。放电脉冲出现的随机性在一定程度上取决于绝缘缺陷处产生的能够引起放电的种子电子数量;③时变性。局部放电是随时间动态变化的行为,间隙内的绝缘由于长时间暴露在放电等离子体下会产生局部老化现象;④滞后性。施加高于放电起始电压的电压激励一段时间之后,如果缓慢降低外加电压,低于放电起始电压时也可能产生放电活动。
事实上,局部放电活动具有能够影响放电脉冲序列的“记忆”特性,主要表现在前次放电之后放电位置附近介质表面空间电荷的累积。在相邻两个放电脉冲的间隔时间内,介质表面累积的空间电荷将发生衰减。电荷衰减的动态行为可能由不同的物理机制引发,例如体积电导[74-76]、表面电导[74-75]、与周围气体中反荷粒子的中和过程[74-76]、介质表面电荷陷阱[77]及扩散作用[78]等,以上物理机制对放电特性(放电重复率、放电脉冲幅值等)的影响取决于空间电荷衰减的时间常数以及放电间隙内电场的变化率。空间电荷的动态行为对绝缘缺陷处电场的恢复有着极大的影响,进而影响放电脉冲特性。因此,改变外加电压波形能够改变绝缘缺陷处的局部条件,例如电场分布、介质表面电荷累积及衰减等,有助于深入理解局部放电的动态物理过程。
由此可见,局部放电现象的复杂性要求研究其物理放电机制的外加电压激励必须更加贴切和实用,而工频正弦波电压具有动态的电压变化率,显然不适用于研究复杂的物理放电机制。为此,在离线局部放电测量技术中,简化的电压波形激励,如线性变化的电压阶段、具有零电压阶段的正弦截波等,得到了越来越广泛的关注。目前,用于检测局部放电的非正弦波电压激励大多是连续脉冲方波电压,这是由于越来越多的变频电机绝缘系统工作在方波电压下,采用脉冲方波电压可以模拟绝缘系统实际的工作电应力。关于脉冲方波电压参数(上升时间、频率、占空比等)对局部放电特性及其物理机制的影响已经开展了大量的研究工作并取得了显著的成果。
虽然除脉冲方波电压之外的其他非正弦波形电压尚无较合适的应用场景,但其可作为离线局部放电检测的一种潜在方法,有助于研究放电物理机制的动态特性。非正弦波电压的优势在于可以根据所研究放电现象的不同而调整非正弦波电压,更好地描述局部放电现象与物理机制之间的关系。例如,M FLORKOWSKI等[6]采用的正弦截波电压,通过深入分析正弦电压到零电压转化点处的放电机制、放电回声脉冲的强度及空隙绝缘材料对其的影响,明确指出该电压波形有助于深入研究放电动态机制。
此外,采用非正弦波电压测量局部放电还可结合介质表面电势测量、介质损耗测量及有限元物理建模等手段,研究用以表征放电行为的放电电流脉冲序列、表面电荷累积与衰减机制;以及定量分析不同的试验条件,例如外加电压激励、绝缘材料、环境温度、湿度等对放电物理过程的影响,结果将极大地完善局部放电物理理论,并加强对绝缘老化过程的理解,未来值得开展深入研究。
(1)从电气设备绝缘系统在实际运行中受到的非正弦波电压的影响角度考虑,脉冲方波电压下的局部放电现象得到越来越广泛的关注。国内外许多学者在脉冲方波电压下的局放特性及电机绝缘老化领域做了大量研究,系统分析了电压波形参数如上升时间、频率、占空比等对局部放电统计特性或时域特性的影响,不仅促进了局部放电机理的深入探讨,也推动了基于局部放电特性的电机绝缘系统诊断技术的发展。
(2)由于局部放电现象的复杂性,采用非正弦波电压激励测量局部放电表现出一定的优越性,例如,三角波和梯形波电压可以在离线局部放电测量中作为参考波形,对比研究电压波形激励对局部放电特性的影响,有助于深入研究放电动态物理机制,例如时间延迟、表面电荷衰减及表面电导率的变化等。
(3)除脉冲方波电压之外的其他非正弦波形电压尚无较合适的应用场景,但其可作为离线局部放电检测的一种潜在方法,有助于研究放电物理机制的动态特性。非正弦波电压的优势在于可以根据所研究放电现象的不同而调整非正弦波电压,更好地描述局部放电现象与物理机制之间的关系。
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2017A030310272)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.001
  • 接收时间:2020-12-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-31
  • 修回日期:2021-03-22
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广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2017A030310272)
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    1南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司,广东 广州 610663
    2广东工业大学 自动化学院,广东 广州 510640
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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