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In this paper, the withstand voltage characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and its nanocomposites at different temperatures was systematically measured by step voltage rising method. A new method for calculating the key parameters of the Crine model was proposed, and the activation energy and charge acceleration distance of XLPE and its nanocomposites at different temperatures were calculated on the basis of the experimental results of step voltage rising method. The results show that the characteristic breakdown time of both the materials decreases with the increase of temperature. At the same temperature and time step, the characteristic breakdown voltage and breakdown time of XLPE nanocomposites are higher than that of XLPE, and the electrical ageing life of XLPE nanocomposites is longer than that of XLPE under high voltage. With the increase of temperature, the ageing activation energy and charge acceleration distance of the two materials increase. Under the same temperature, both the ageing activation energy and charge acceleration distance of XLPE nanocomposite are smaller than that of XLPE. It is more intuitive to reflect the ageing resistance of insulating materials by activation energy and charge acceleration distance on basis of Crine model than the ageing life index on basis of the inverse power model or exponential model.

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本文利用逐步升压法系统测量了交联聚乙烯(XLPE)及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下的耐压特性。提出了一种计算Crine模型关键参数的新方法,并基于逐步升压法的试验结果,计算了XLPE及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下老化的活化能和电荷加速距离。结果表明:随着温度的升高,两种材料的特征击穿时间均降低。在相同温度和时间步长下,XLPE纳米复合材料的特征击穿电压和特征击穿时间均高于XLPE,在高压下XLPE纳米复合材料比XLPE拥有更长的老化寿命。两种材料的老化活化能和电荷加速距离均随温度的升高而增大;在相同温度下XLPE纳米复合材料的老化活化能和电荷加速距离均小于XLPE。利用Crine模型的活化能和电荷加速距离比反幂模型或指数模型的老化寿命指数能更加直观地反映出绝缘材料的耐老化性能。

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黄烜城(1983-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电气设备、电气性能试验及其事故处理分析的研究。

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黄烜城(1983-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电气设备、电气性能试验及其事故处理分析的研究。

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黄烜城(1983-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电气设备、电气性能试验及其事故处理分析的研究。

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caption=XLPE及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下寿命特征曲线, figureFileSmall=XHC8zMLVYyW4ByCk+/5a0g==, figureFileBig=9s4WRFW4seyrOQqk/+iN8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245106601242247922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Characteristic ageing parameters of XLPE at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃时间步长/min特征击穿时间/s特征击穿电压/kV最后一步时间/s
201479.44524.4
51 978.140148.1
258 377.535852.5
401332.9357.9
51 378.630158.6
255 581.9251 066.9
601329.3304.3
51 365.025145.0
256 080.72560.7
), ArticleFig(id=1245106601363882744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

XLPE在不同温度下的特征老化参数

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温度/℃时间步长/min特征击穿时间/s特征击穿电压/kV最后一步时间/s
201479.44524.4
51 978.140148.1
258 377.535852.5
401332.9357.9
51 378.630158.6
255 581.9251 066.9
601329.3304.3
51 365.025145.0
256 080.72560.7
), ArticleFig(id=1245106601548432126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=K and L values corresponding to XLPE at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃KL
203.365×10-41.548 3×108
404.232×10-45.013 7×107
605.555×10-41.741 6×108
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不同温度下XLPE对应的K值和L

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃KL
203.365×10-41.548 3×108
404.232×10-45.013 7×107
605.555×10-41.741 6×108
), ArticleFig(id=1245106601774924547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=λ and ΔG0 values corresponding to XLPE at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃λ/nmΔG0/eV
202.561.24
403.431.29
604.791.41
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不同温度下XLPE对应的λ和ΔG0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃λ/nmΔG0/eV
202.561.24
403.431.29
604.791.41
), ArticleFig(id=1245106602005611274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=K and L values corresponding to XLPE nanocomposites at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃KL
202.223×10-46.206 7×106
402.963×10-41.041 1×107
603.555×10-41.150 6×107
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不同温度下XLPE纳米复合材料对应的K值和L

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温度/℃KL
202.223×10-46.206 7×106
402.963×10-41.041 1×107
603.555×10-41.150 6×107
), ArticleFig(id=1245106602215326480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=λ and ΔG0 values corresponding to XLPE nanocomposites at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃λ/nmΔG0/eV
201.691.16
402.401.25
603.061.34
), ArticleFig(id=1245106602349544212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242757049256362088, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同温度下XLPE纳米复合材料对应的λ和ΔG0

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温度/℃λ/nmΔG0/eV
201.691.16
402.401.25
603.061.34
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基于Crine模型和逐步升压法的交联聚乙烯及其纳米复合材料老化寿命研究
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黄烜城 1 , 王政钧 2 , 吕泽鹏 2 , 丁然 1 , 雷志城 1 , 封建宝 1 , 闫志雨 3 , 于洪淼 3 , 严彦 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(12): 73-79
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(12): 73-79
基于Crine模型和逐步升压法的交联聚乙烯及其纳米复合材料老化寿命研究
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黄烜城1, 王政钧2, 吕泽鹏2, 丁然1, 雷志城1, 封建宝1, 闫志雨3, 于洪淼3, 严彦3
作者信息
  • 1江苏方天电力技术有限公司,江苏 南京 211112
  • 2西安交通大学 电气工程学院, 陕西 西安 710049
  • 3中天科技海缆股份有限责任公司,江苏 南通 226000
  • 黄烜城(1983-),男(汉族),江苏南京人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电气设备、电气性能试验及其事故处理分析的研究。

Study of Ageing Life of XLPE and Its Nanocomposites on Basis of Crine Model and Step Voltage Rising Method
Xuancheng HUANG1, Zhengjun WANG2, Zepeng LÜ2, Ran DING1, Zhicheng LEI1, Jianbao FENG1, Zhiyu YAN3, Hongmiao YU3, Yan YAN3
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Frontier Electrical Technique Limited Company, Nanjing 211112, China
  • 2School of electrical engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 3Zhongtian Technologies Submarine Cable Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, China
出版时间: 2021-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.012
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本文利用逐步升压法系统测量了交联聚乙烯(XLPE)及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下的耐压特性。提出了一种计算Crine模型关键参数的新方法,并基于逐步升压法的试验结果,计算了XLPE及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下老化的活化能和电荷加速距离。结果表明:随着温度的升高,两种材料的特征击穿时间均降低。在相同温度和时间步长下,XLPE纳米复合材料的特征击穿电压和特征击穿时间均高于XLPE,在高压下XLPE纳米复合材料比XLPE拥有更长的老化寿命。两种材料的老化活化能和电荷加速距离均随温度的升高而增大;在相同温度下XLPE纳米复合材料的老化活化能和电荷加速距离均小于XLPE。利用Crine模型的活化能和电荷加速距离比反幂模型或指数模型的老化寿命指数能更加直观地反映出绝缘材料的耐老化性能。

交联聚乙烯  /  电热联合老化  /  逐步升压法  /  老化寿命  /  Crine模型

In this paper, the withstand voltage characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and its nanocomposites at different temperatures was systematically measured by step voltage rising method. A new method for calculating the key parameters of the Crine model was proposed, and the activation energy and charge acceleration distance of XLPE and its nanocomposites at different temperatures were calculated on the basis of the experimental results of step voltage rising method. The results show that the characteristic breakdown time of both the materials decreases with the increase of temperature. At the same temperature and time step, the characteristic breakdown voltage and breakdown time of XLPE nanocomposites are higher than that of XLPE, and the electrical ageing life of XLPE nanocomposites is longer than that of XLPE under high voltage. With the increase of temperature, the ageing activation energy and charge acceleration distance of the two materials increase. Under the same temperature, both the ageing activation energy and charge acceleration distance of XLPE nanocomposite are smaller than that of XLPE. It is more intuitive to reflect the ageing resistance of insulating materials by activation energy and charge acceleration distance on basis of Crine model than the ageing life index on basis of the inverse power model or exponential model.

XLPE  /  electric heating combined ageing  /  step voltage rising method  /  ageing life  /  Crine model
黄烜城, 王政钧, 吕泽鹏, 丁然, 雷志城, 封建宝, 闫志雨, 于洪淼, 严彦. 基于Crine模型和逐步升压法的交联聚乙烯及其纳米复合材料老化寿命研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (12) : 73 -79 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.012
Xuancheng HUANG, Zhengjun WANG, Zepeng LÜ, Ran DING, Zhicheng LEI, Jianbao FENG, Zhiyu YAN, Hongmiao YU, Yan YAN. Study of Ageing Life of XLPE and Its Nanocomposites on Basis of Crine Model and Step Voltage Rising Method[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (12) : 73 -79 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.012
XLPE电缆由于具有结构简单且坚固、输送电量大、耐受高温能力强、维护方便等优点,正逐步取代油纸绝缘电缆而广泛应用于高压交直流输电[1-6]。XLPE在高压直流作用下会积聚大量的空间电荷,从而使绝缘内部场强畸变,威胁高压直流电缆的安全运行。为解决这一问题,国内外学者采用了多种方法对空间电荷进行抑制,其中纳米复合材料在空间电荷抑制方面表现优异[7]。但目前纳米复合材料在高压直流下的长期老化特性研究较少。
国内外学者根据电老化的数学统计规律,提出了经验模型来反映绝缘材料老化的规律,如Dakin模型、反幂模型等。这类经验模型形式简单,能反映绝缘材料老化的特征规律,广泛应用于工业检测、老化寿命评估的研究[8-10]。但这类经验模型无法直接反映绝缘材料老化的内在机理,如反幂模型的老化寿命指数是一个经验参数,无明确的物理含义,无法与材料本身的物理、化学特性之间相联系。
为解决这一问题,国内外学者从微观物理过程入手,陆续建立了多种物理模型,包括Lewis动力学模型[11]、DMM空间电荷模型[12]和Crine热力学模型[13]。其中Lewis模型认为材料老化是化学动态过程,载流子在电场作用下运动并获得能量,通过碰撞电离破坏材料的局部结构,旧原子间的物理和化学键反复断裂,并重新组成新的结构;DMM模型认为空间电荷在绝缘材料老化中发挥重要的作用,并提出了基于空间电荷效应的老化寿命模型;Crine模型认为材料的老化是热活化的过程,材料发生老化需要克服一定的能量势垒[13]
获取绝缘材料的老化寿命指数或其他老化寿命模型关键参数需要对绝缘材料进行加速老化试验,常用的方法包括恒定耐压法和逐步升压法。目前应用最广泛的是利用恒定耐压法获取老化寿命模型的关键参数[14]。恒定耐压法可靠性较高,但耗时长、效率低、数据分散性大,在低电压下往往难以获取有效的数据。逐步升压法基于累积老化寿命模型,认为绝缘材料的老化破坏不可逆且具有累积效应。与恒定耐压法相比,逐步升压法具有时间短、效率高、数据分散性低的优点。逐步升压法由于存在多级升压过程,其求解较为复杂。有研究发现质量分数为1%的SiO2交联聚乙烯纳米复合材料能很好地抑制高压直流和温度梯度协同作用下的空间电荷积聚[15]。针对XLPE及其纳米复合材料,文献[16-17]提出了利用逐步升压法求解反幂模型老化寿命指数,并获得了XLPE及其纳米复合材料在恒定温度及温度梯度下的反幂模型和指数模型老化寿命指数,研究结果发现温度越高、温度梯度越大,XLPE及其纳米复合材料在直流下的老化寿命指数越大。
本研究结合以往的逐步升压法获取的XLPE及其纳米复合材料在不同温度及温度梯度下的老化数据,基于Crine模型进行分析,探讨纳米填料影响XLPE纳米复合材料老化性能的作用机制。
如前所述,Crine模型认为绝缘材料的老化需要克服一定的能量势垒[13],电荷可以在一个长度为λ的微腔中加速,从电场中获得能量eλE,有一定概率会对绝缘材料造成损伤。由此得到绝缘材料的老化寿命t满足式(1)[18]
th2kTeG0kTcscheλEkT
式(1)中:T为开尔文温度(K);k为玻尔兹曼常数;h为普朗克常数;E为电场强度(V/m);∆G0为老化的活化能(J);λ为XLPE中微腔平均长度(m)。
在高电场作用下,式(1)的最后一项可以简化,式(1)可以转化为式(2)
th2kTeG0-eλEkT 
式(2)两边同时乘eeλEkT,得到式(3)
teeλEkTh2kTeG0kT 
式(3)中,老化活化能∆G0和微腔平均长度(电荷加速距离)λ是绝缘材料的本征参数,可以认为取值固定K=eλkTd,其中d为试样厚度(m);U=EdL=h2kTeG0kT。当温度恒定时,KL为定值。式(3)可化简为指数模型,如式(4)所示。
teKU=L
因此Crine模型关键参数的求解转换为指数模型关键参数的求解。逐步升压法的电压随时间呈梯状增加,并在每一步电压下持续固定时间,直至绝缘材料发生击穿。逐步升压法的加压过程如图1所示,其中td为每一步电压的耐压时间(时间步长),Vr为电压步长,ti为升压时间,tf为最后一步电压施加时间。
为了得到Crine模型的物理参数,需要进行不同持续时间的试验,如式(5)所示。
La=tdaeKUi+tfaeKUbdaLb=tdbeKUi+tfbeKUbdbLc=tdceKUi+tfceKUbdc
式(5)中:tdatdbtdc分别是a、b和c 3组试验的不同持续时间步长(对应图1中的td);UbdaUbdbUbdc分别是a、b和c 3组试验的击穿电压(图1tf所对应的电压)。式(5)左边是总的老化积累量,右边第一项为达到击穿电压之前每一步电压的老化积累量的和,右边第二项为最后一步老化积累量。事实上,还应考虑升压过程造成的老化,升压过程可以看作是随时间直线上升的电压,因此在3种不同步长下对式(4)左边求积分,得到式(6)
Lsa=0Ubda-U1kvteKU(t)dt=(eKUbda-eKU1)KkvLsb=0Ubdb-U1kvteKU(t)dt=(eKUbdb-eKU1)KkvLsc=0Ubdc-U1kvteKU(t)dt=(eKUbdc-eKU1)Kkv
式(6)中,kv为升压速率(V/s)。
式(5)式(6)相加得到式(7)
La=tdaeKUi+tfaeKUbda+(eKUbda-eKU1)KkvLb=tdbeKUi+tfbeKUbdb+(eKUbdb-eKU1)KkvLc=tdceKUi+tfceKUbdc+(eKUbdc-eKU1)Kkv
直接求解上述方程组非常困难。为了简化计算,可在一定范围内预设K值,利用式(7)计算得到La、Lb、Lc的取值。将得到的老化寿命累积La、Lb、Lc和预设的K值代入式(4),两侧取对数得到式(8)
ln La=lnta+KUaln Lb=ln(tb)+KUbln Lc=lntc+KUc
式(8)可以看出,老化寿命t的对数和电压U呈线性关系。上式3组数据在对数坐标图上呈现出3条直线,如图2所示。
图2中3条直线代表在3组不同的持续时间下获得的试验数据,因给定了相同的老化指数K,故3条直线相互平行。在理想情况下,3条直线应该是重合的,而在实际试验条件下,试验结果具有一定的误差和分散性,因此由真实试验数据得到的3条直线不会重合。通过改变K的值,寻找3条直线分离度最低的K值,即可作为老化寿命指数真值K0。为方便描述,将图2对数坐标下所示的直线定义为不同时间步长下的。
3条老化特征线间的分离度可采用直线间距离的绝对值之和或直线间距离的方差(分组数大于2时,才计算方差)来表征。针对图2的情况,两条老化特征线之间的垂直距离dab可以表示为式(9)
dab=cosα·lnLbK-lnLaK=|lnLb-lnLa|K2+1 
式(9)中,α为直线与横坐标的夹角(°)。
直线间距离的绝对值之和(sum)和方差(Var)可以表示如式(10)~(11)所示。
sum=dij
Var=dij2
式(10)~(11)中,dij为直线i与直线j之间的距离。分离度随K值的变化规律是先减小,到达最小值后再增大。针对本文所测数据,通过在大范围内取值,发现K的取值范围为0.000 1~0.000 8。在此范围内扫描K值,使sum和Var取值最小的K值即为特征值。
本研究采用两种不同的交联聚乙烯(XLPE)材料,分别是万马101B和基于101B的质量分数为1%的SiO2纳米复合材料。其中纳米SiO2颗粒经过表面聚酯包覆,以提高其在XLPE中的分散性。
将两种XLPE的原材料颗粒经平板硫化机在120℃下热压制成板状试样,热压时间为20 min,之后提高平板硫化机温度至180℃完成材料的交联。根据试验要求在平板硫化机上压制成厚度约为0.3 mm的试样,之后将试样放到平钢板上自然冷却成形。所有试样在试验前均在真空80℃条件下静置48 h,以去除试样内部交联残留物和副产物。
温度可控的逐级升压法老化试验装置如图3所示。图3中电极是以铝为材料的柱状电极,电极直径为5 cm,倒角半径为2 mm,并且电极浸泡在高/低温循环浴中,下电极处的凹槽设计是为了排除空气对试验的影响,XLPE试样和铝电极要全部浸泡在凹槽的硅油中。材料的上下表面直接接触铝电极,铝电极导热系数很大,认为铝电极的温度即为高/低温循环浴系统的温度,因此材料的上下表面温度即是循环浴的温度,通过设置上下电极循环浴系统的温度来控制铝电极的温度,完成不同温度下的逐步逐级升压试验。
加压测试之前,首先将循环浴的温度升至设定温度,保持30 min以上,以确保电极和试样的温度达到设定温度,并保持稳定。根据以往经验,取10 kV为加速老化试验的起始电压,分别以1、5、25 min为时间步长,以5 kV为电压步长进行升压,升压速率为1 000 V/s,直至试样击穿,记录击穿时间和击穿电压值。
XLPE在不同温度下(20、40、60℃)的加速老化试验的详细结果见文献[16]。研究发现利用逐步升压法测得的击穿时间满足Weibull分布[16]。求取不同温度和不同时间步长下所测数据Weibull分布的尺度参数(特征击穿时间),并计算与特征击穿时间对应的特征击穿电压和最后一步击穿时间,所得结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,在相同温度下,随时间步长的增加,XLPE的特征击穿时间延长,但对应的特征击穿电压下降。这是由于时间步长增加,XLPE在低压下耐受的时间延长。而对比相同时间步长的情况,随着温度的升高,XLPE的特征击穿时间下降,且对应的特征击穿电压也相应下降。由此可以看出,随着温度的升高,XLPE的整体老化寿命呈现下降趋势。
利用表1中数据求取的特征击穿电压和特征击穿时间,通过在一定范围内选取K值,代入式(7)计算老化累积量L。利用式(9)求取设定的K值下老化特征线间的间距d。再利用式(10)~(11)求取老化特征线间的距离之和与方差。通过在一定取值范围内扫描K值,获得不同温度下XLPE老化数据分离度随K值的分布图如图4所示。
图4可以看出,某一温度下老化特征线间的距离之和与方差随K值变化趋势相同,都是先减小,在达到最小值后又增大,且距离之和与方差达到最小值时的K值取值基本相同。由此求得的K值和对应的老化积累值L表2所示。由表2可以看出,随着温度的升高,K的取值不断增大,L的取值先减小后增大。
将所求得K值和L值代入式(12)~(13)中,可以求得λ和ΔG0,所求值如表3所示。
$\lambda=\frac{k T d K}{e}$
$\Delta G_{0}=k \mathrm{~T} \cdot \ln \left(\frac{2 k T L}{h}\right)$
表3可以看出,活化能ΔG0和电荷加速距离λ都随温度的升高而增大。这一结果与以往基于Crine模型的分析结果一致。CAO L等[19]发现环氧树脂的老化自由能ΔG0随温度升高而增大。B MARUNGSRI等[20]通过电热联合老化分析,指出XLPE的ΔG0随温度的升高而增大。J L PARAPAL等[18]同样在研究中发现XLPE的ΔG0λ都随温度的升高而增大,并指出绝缘材料的电老化是一个热激发的过程,温度会影响活化能和电荷加速距离的取值。温度升高会增加XLPE链段(尤其是无定形区)的移动,一方面会使局部的自由体积增加,使电荷加速距离增加;另一方面链段在较高温度下的重新排列会促使XLPE分子链向局部有序化发展,使局部的熵降低,而使老化的热激发过程需要更多的能量[21]
文献[16]同样测量了XLPE纳米复合材料(nano-XLPE)的老化特性,利用相同方法可计算得到XLPE纳米复合材料的K值和L值如表4所示,利用式(12)~(13)计算得到的电荷加速距离λ和活化能ΔG0值如表5所示。从表45可以看出,XLPE纳米复合材料的K值、L值、电荷加速距离λ和活化能ΔG0随温度的变化趋势均与XLPE相同,即随温度升高,参数的取值越大。由表5表3对比可以看出,在相同温度下,XLPE纳米复合材料的λ和ΔG0的均小于XLPE。
式(2)可以看出,ΔG0反映的是材料老化的难易程度,其取值越大,绝缘材料的老化越难,材料的寿命越长;λ是电荷在电场下的加速距离,反映电场对于材料老化的影响程度,其取值越大,材料在特定电场作用下的寿命就越短。XLPE纳米复合材料的ΔG0λ均小于XLPE,反映出其老化比XLPE更容易,同时反映出老化过程中,电场对其老化的加速作用弱于XLPE。为更深入地分析两种材料的老化特性,对公式(2)两侧取对数,得到式(14)
lnt=lnh2k-lnT+G0-eλEkT
式(14)可以看出,绝缘材料寿命的对数与温度、电场老化活化能和电荷加速距离相关。为更直观地对比XLPE及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下的老化特性,根据表3表5所得参数,绘制了两种材料在不同温度下的寿命特征曲线,如图5所示。
图5可以看出,XLPE及其纳米复合材料的寿命在不同温度下均随电场强度的增加而缩短。这与反幂模型和指数模型描述的电老化一般规律相符。而如图5所示,无论XLPE还是其纳米复合材料,在相对高电场强度下(40 kV/mm以上),其寿命都随着温度的升高而缩短;但在低电场强度下,低温下的寿命并不一定比高温下更长。这可能是由于所测数据量有限,对于活化能的求解可能存在一定误差。
值得注意的是,由图5还可以看出,在低电场强度(30 kV/mm)下,XLPE纳米复合材料的老化寿命短于XLPE;而在高场强下(大于40 kV/mm),XLPE纳米复合材料的寿命长于XLPE。这一结果与LEI W Q等[21]的研究结果相同。该研究也因此对XLPE纳米复合材料在低压下的长期老化性能提出质疑。
式(14)可以看出,图5纵轴截距等于lnh2k-lnT+G0kT。由于XLPE纳米复合材料的ΔG0小于XLPE,根据Crine模型XLPE纳米复合材料在低电场强度下的寿命短于XLPE。以往大部分研究关注XLPE纳米复合材料在高压下的击穿和空间电荷特性,报道的结果大多显示XLPE纳米复合材料的综合性能优于XLPE[7,15-17,21-22],这与图5中所示,XLPE纳米复合材料在高压或高电场强度下的老化寿命长于XLPE一致。但XLPE纳米复合材料在低电场强度下老化寿命不及XLPE的原因,目前尚不明了。这可能是纳米填料带来的负面影响造成的,如纳米填料局部团聚、纳米填料与本体绝缘界面间存在缺陷等。其具体原因仍有待进一步验证。
图5中直线的斜率为-eλkTλ取值越大,老化寿命随电场强度的增大而下降越快。因此XLPE纳米复合材料在高电场强度下的寿命长于XLPE。根据以往的研究,纳米填料对空间电荷的抑制是由于纳米填料在绝缘材料中引入大量的深陷阱,束缚了电荷的输运和迁移[12]。这在宏观上表现为:加压时空间电荷尤其是异极性电荷的积聚量减少;去压时电荷消散速率降低。而在Crine模型的分析中,表现为宏观的电荷加速距离减小,电场强度对于电老化的促进作用减弱。利用Crine模型对绝缘材料电老化的分析,可以与绝缘材料内部空间电荷的积聚特性建立起联系。而深陷阱对Crine模型中电荷加速距离的影响机制仍有待进一步研究。
由以上分析可以看出,相较于反幂模型,Crine模型可以通过对比两者的老化活化能和加速距离,更加直观地反映不同绝缘材料的老化寿命特征。然而无论是反幂模型,还是Crine模型,其击穿数据均是在高电场强度下获得。目前缺少在低电场强度下的老化寿命数据,难以判断低电场强度下绝缘材料的老化寿命是否与高电场强度下保持相同的规律。因此利用反幂模型和Crine模型做出的低电场强度下的推论仍有待验证。
需要注意的是,Crine模型得到的老化活化能ΔG0和电荷加速距离λ是由该模型计算得到的宏观视在参数。由于目前缺乏更深入的研究,还无法直接与其他相关研究(如电荷输运模型、陷阱理论、电荷注入模型等)中的特征能量建立直接的联系。尤其是活化能ΔG0和电荷加速距离λ随温度增加而增加的内在机理,仍有待后续进一步的研究。
本研究利用逐步升压法分别测量了XLPE及其纳米复合材料在不同温度下的老化寿命。试验结果发现,随着温度升高,两种材料的老化寿命均缩短,但相同温度下XLPE纳米复合材料的老化寿命要长于XLPE。本研究提出基于逐步升压法数据求解Crine模型关键参数的新方法,计算结果发现XLPE纳米复合材料的活化能和电荷加速距离均低于XLPE。这反映了在低压下XLPE纳米复合材料的老化速率高于XLPE;在高压下XLPE纳米复合材料的老化速率低于XLPE。XLPE及其纳米复合材料的老化活化能和电荷加速距离均随温度升高而增大,但其内在机理并不明了,仍有待后续进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(52007142)
  • 江苏方天电力技术有限公司项目(KJXM-0221)
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2021年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.012
  • 接收时间:2021-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-29
  • 修回日期:2021-04-04
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(52007142)
江苏方天电力技术有限公司项目(KJXM-0221)
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    1江苏方天电力技术有限公司,江苏 南京 211112
    2西安交通大学 电气工程学院, 陕西 西安 710049
    3中天科技海缆股份有限责任公司,江苏 南通 226000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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