Article(id=1242757050837614727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1598889600000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-01, revisedDate=1625587200000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225970229, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1639929600000, pubDateStr=2021-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225970229, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225970229, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225970229, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242757048333611957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225969632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226074518, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757488324494074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242757048333611957, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242757051210907792, articleId=1242757050837614727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Polymer-based All-organic Composite Dielectric Materials, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared with other dielectric materials, polymer-based all-organic composite dielectric materials have the advantages of high electrical strength, low dielectric loss, light weight, and excellent mechanical processing performance, and is more suitable for practical applications. In this article, the research progress of polymer-based all-organic composite dielectric materials with the matrix of pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF copolymers, and other polymers is reviewed. Some problems still faced in capacitor energy storage and practical application are discussed, and its future development is prospected.

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聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料相比于其他的电介质材料具有电气强度高、介质损耗低、质量轻、机械加工性能优良等优点,更适合于实际应用。本文综述了以纯聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、PVDF共聚物、其他聚合物作为基体的聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料的研究进展,并对聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料在电容储能及实际应用中仍面临的一些问题作了探讨,对其未来发展进行了展望。

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蔡会武(1964-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电介质储能材料的研究。
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路卫卫(1997-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,硕士生,主要从事聚合物基介电复合材料的研究。

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路卫卫(1997-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,硕士生,主要从事聚合物基介电复合材料的研究。

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聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料研究进展
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路卫卫 , 蔡会武 , 刘畅 , 陈守丽 , 杜月 , 石凯
绝缘材料 | 综述 2021,54(12): 10-14
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2021, 54(12): 10-14
聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料研究进展
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路卫卫, 蔡会武, 刘畅, 陈守丽, 杜月, 石凯
作者信息
  • 西安科技大学 化学与化工学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 路卫卫(1997-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,硕士生,主要从事聚合物基介电复合材料的研究。

通讯作者:

蔡会武(1964-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电介质储能材料的研究。
Research Progress of Polymer-based All-organic Composite Dielectric Materials
Weiwei LU, Huiwu CAI, Chang LIU, Shouli CHEN, Yue DU, Kai SHI
Affiliations
  • College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China
出版时间: 2021-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.002
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聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料相比于其他的电介质材料具有电气强度高、介质损耗低、质量轻、机械加工性能优良等优点,更适合于实际应用。本文综述了以纯聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、PVDF共聚物、其他聚合物作为基体的聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料的研究进展,并对聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料在电容储能及实际应用中仍面临的一些问题作了探讨,对其未来发展进行了展望。

有机填料  /  全有机复合电介质  /  介电性能  /  放电能量密度

Compared with other dielectric materials, polymer-based all-organic composite dielectric materials have the advantages of high electrical strength, low dielectric loss, light weight, and excellent mechanical processing performance, and is more suitable for practical applications. In this article, the research progress of polymer-based all-organic composite dielectric materials with the matrix of pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF copolymers, and other polymers is reviewed. Some problems still faced in capacitor energy storage and practical application are discussed, and its future development is prospected.

organic filler  /  all-organic composite dielectric  /  dielectric properties  /  discharge energy density
路卫卫, 蔡会武, 刘畅, 陈守丽, 杜月, 石凯. 聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (12) : 10 -14 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.002
Weiwei LU, Huiwu CAI, Chang LIU, Shouli CHEN, Yue DU, Kai SHI. Research Progress of Polymer-based All-organic Composite Dielectric Materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (12) : 10 -14 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.002
目前,单一电介质材料几乎无法同时满足高储能密度、高介电常数、低介质损耗等要求[1],因此常采用有机与有机或有机与无机材料之间的复合来获取具有优异介电性能的聚合物基复合电介质材料[2]。这里所指的“复合材料”与传统的“复合材料”有所不同,传统的“复合材料”一般指的是基体和填料分属不同大类的材料,如金属、陶瓷、有机高分子等。而本文中的“复合材料”指不同两相或多相间的一种复合。根据介电复合材料体系的填料种类不同,聚合物基复合电介质材料可分为[3]:陶瓷-聚合物复合材料[4-7]、导电体-聚合物复合材料[8-11]、聚合物基全有机复合材料等[12-15]。其中陶瓷-聚合物复合电介质材料虽将陶瓷的高介电常数和聚合物的低介质损耗等优异特性集于一身,但当陶瓷的填充量较大时,会导致该类电介质材料加工困难和力学性能降低,限制了陶瓷-聚合物复合电介质材料的进一步发展[16]。同时,导电体-聚合物复合材料体系在渗流阈值附近时介质损耗通常巨大,漏电流增大,会导致电介质材料的安全性和寿命降低[17]。因此,可将具有高介电常数的有机填料分散到聚合物基体中,因为它们与大部分聚合物的相容性较好,所以得到的聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料同时具备优异的介电性能和良好的加工性能,这在工业化生产中具有很大的应用价值[18]
总之,聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料相较于陶瓷-聚合物复合材料和导电体-聚合物复合材料等体系,具有更高电气强度、更低介质损耗、良好加工性能等特性,因而引起了众多研究者的关注[19-20]。本文综述了以纯聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、PVDF共聚物、其他聚合物作为基体的聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料的研究进展。
聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)结构非常稳定,用其制备的材料不但耐热性、耐腐蚀性等性能优异,且具有较高的介电常数(约为9~12),因此PVDF是一种很有前途的介电材料[21]。然而单一的聚合物介电材料因介电常数低及放电能量密度小等缺点不能完全满足工业生产的需求,因此将PVDF作为基体,以一种或多种聚合物作为填料来制备全有机复合介电材料吸引了众多研究者的兴趣。
徐任信等[21]通过简单的溶液共混方法制备了结晶程度高、柔韧性好、介电性能优异的聚苯胺(PANI)改性(盐酸掺杂)PVDF薄膜。接着运用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和差示扫描量热(DSC)技术表征了复合材料,发现加入适量的PANI能够明显提高PVDF薄膜的结晶程度。研究结果表明,PVDF薄膜的介电常数和介质损耗随着PANI含量的增大而迅速增大,当PANI的体积分数超过14%时,随着PANI含量的增大,PVDF薄膜的介电常数和介质损耗因数急剧增大,PVDF薄膜的介电常数由30.4(14%PANI)增大到182.3(20%PANI),介质损耗因数由0.084增大到0.238。
ZHENG M S等[22]将一种橡胶纳米粒子甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(MBS)作为填料添加到PVDF基体中,制备了具有高电气强度和高能量密度的MBS/PVDF复合介电薄膜。这些纳米颗粒在PVDF基体中显示出均匀的分散性和良好的相容性,并且PVDF的延展性也得到了改善。如图1所示,当MBS的体积分数为12%时,复合薄膜的最大电气强度为535 MV/m,同时放电能量密度可达9.85 J/cm3,比纯PVDF膜分别高出约1.7倍和2.2倍。
杨冰[23]以PVDF为基体,选择带有羰基基团且与PVDF具有良好相容性的聚苯乙烯-马来酸酐(PS-b-MAH)和聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PS-b-PMMA)两类嵌段共聚物为填料,制备了具有高介电性能和高放电能量密度的全有机介电复合材料。研究结果表明,当PS-b-MAH(MAH摩尔分数为44%)的质量分数为3%时,所得复合材料的最大电气强度和储能密度分别为415 kV/mm和8.4 J/cm3,分别是纯PVDF的1.15倍和1.35倍。当PS-b-PMMA的质量分数为9%时,复合材料最大的电气强度和放电能量密度分别为522 kV/mm和10.1 J/cm3,分别是纯PVDF的1.45倍和2.50倍,同时还优于PS-b-MAH/PVDF复合材料的性能。当PS-b-PMMA质量分数为12%时,在300 kV/mm的电气强度下,复合材料的充放电效率(η)为88%,是纯PVDF的1.35倍。放电能量密度的提高主要是因为PS-b-PMMA的引入使得PVDF的剩余极化减小。
综上所述,PVDF因结构稳定且具有优异的耐热性、耐腐蚀性,同时拥有较高的介电常数等优异特性,故已成为广泛的研究对象。但其作为一类铁电材料,由于本身的介质损耗较大,在一定程度上限制了其进一步发展,后续研究者们可在如何降低介质损耗这一方面展开研究。
相对于PVDF而言,不同种类的PVDF共聚物在介电和储能上拥有更为优异的性能。如将三氟乙烯(TrFE)、三氟氯乙烯(CTFE)和六氟丙烯(HFP)等单体引入到PVDF中以制备PVDF的二元和三元共聚物,如P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE),其展现出了更高的介电常数(56.0)和放电能量密度(19.6 J/cm3),共聚物性能提高的主要原因是共聚单体TrFE和CTFE在P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)中充当分子缺陷,有效地将大的铁电畴分解成纳米尺寸从而导致了极化滞后[23]
冯梦佳[24]用具有低介质损耗、高电气强度的线性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和具有高介电常数的非线性铁电聚合物P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)制备了不同层数的全有机复合介质材料。由图2所示的储能性能测试数据可知,9层的多层复合电介质材料储能性能最佳,在电场强度为390 kV/mm下放电能量密度可达15.57 J/cm3,其充放电效率始终保持在70%以上,这主要归因于高绝缘聚合物PMMA的存在和对界面载流子的阻挡作用。最后发现,全有机的多层PMMA/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)的介电性能和储能特性与单层介质相比都有了很大的提升。
李成维[25]先通过溶液流延法制备了芳香族聚硫脲(ArPTU)介电薄膜,将ArPTU作为填料掺杂入P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)基体中,通过溶液流延法制备出不同比例的P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/ArPTU全有机复合薄膜。研究结果表明,在407.57 MV/m的电场强度下,P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/ArPTU(质量比为90∶10)复合薄膜的放电能量密度为22.06 J/cm3,并且能够保持72%的充放电效率。P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/ArPTU复合薄膜与纯P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)薄膜相比较,具有更高的电气强度、更高的充放电效率和更低的介质损耗。
赵小佳等[26]通过向聚偏氟乙烯-co-六氟丙烯P(VDF-HFP)共聚物中加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),从而制备了具有较高介电常数、低介质损耗、热稳定性良好的薄膜。这主要是因为在P(VDF-HFP)加入PVP后,P(VDF-HFP)/PVP共混薄膜的结晶度下降,无序化程度增加,同时由宏铸转为微铸。因此,在高温和高频下有利于偶极翻转,因而降低了介质损耗,提高了介电热稳定性。
H B JUNG等[15]为了制备同时具有高放电能量密度和放电时间短的介电材料,将提供高电气强度的普通铁电P(VDF-HFP)与提供高介电常数的弛豫铁电P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)进行混合,以此提高有机材料的放电能量密度。基于P(VDF-HFP)和P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)(质量比为1∶9)的混合物显示出的放电能量密度最大(6.58 J/cm3),这归因于饱和极化磁滞现象在高电场下得到了松弛,通过在P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)中混合表征线性P-E磁滞现象的P(VDF-HFP)来增加极化。P(VDF-HFP)改善了P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)微晶中的缺陷而改善了弛豫铁电体的性能,增加共混膜中的P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)含量会降低正常的铁电β相。
综上所述,基于具有优异介电、铁电和压电效应的PVDF共聚物,通过引入其他有机高分子聚合物,可以制备介电性能和储能特性优异的复合材料,但仍需深入探索通过可控的途径获得综合性能优异的高储能全有机复合电介质材料。
除了上述的PVDF、PVDF共聚物等可作为复合材料的基体材料之外,其他聚合物材料如聚酰亚胺(PI)[27-28]、环氧树脂(EP)[29]、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)[30]、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)[31]等也常被用作制备聚合物基全有机复合电介质材料。
张宇[31]将苯乙炔基作为交联点引入到PEI分子链中,并且通过热处理将其进行交联反应,从而得到高性能的交联PEI电介质薄膜材料。结果表明,在氧气下交联的薄膜比真空下交联的薄膜具有更高的耐电压性和更低的漏电流密度。在1 000 Hz下,过量比为10%的PEI交联薄膜(c-10% PEPA-PEI)在室温及150℃时的介质损耗因数分别为0.003 7和0.004 3。在频率为102~106 Hz保持较低的介质损耗因数(<0.01)。此外,合适的分子链长度使c-10% PEPA-PEI具有最优的交联网络结构,从而具备优异的高温储能性能,在150℃时表现出超高的充放电效率(>95%)和较大的放电能量密度(3.60 J/cm3)。这归因于交联策略抑制了由聚合物分子链段运动造成的松弛现象,使聚合物电介质在很宽的温度及频率范围内都表现出良好的介电稳定性。
LI P等[32]通过原位聚合和热酰亚胺化成功制备了具有不同聚砜(PSF)含量的全有机聚酰亚胺/聚砜复合膜(PI/PSF-X)。由于它们彼此互补,PI/PSF-X复合膜具有良好的介电性能以及出色的力学性能和热性能。结果表明,当PSF的质量分数为40%时,PI/PSF-40的最高介电常数为6.40@1 000 Hz,介质损耗因数为0.015 5@1 000 Hz,电气强度为152.2 kV/mm,放电能量密度为0.64 J/cm3,放电能量密度比纯PI(0.38 J/cm3)高出了68%。此外,PI/PSF-40复合膜仍具有优异的力学性能,拉伸强度为94 MPa。
YUAN C等[33]采用了一种全新的技术路线,通过向耐热的介电聚合物中掺杂极少量的高电子亲和能有机分子半导体制备了全有机复合高温介电材料。结果表明,在150℃时,复合材料在储能效率为90%下放电能量密度为3.4~4.5 J/cm3,这与原始放电能量密度仅为1.0 J/cm3的聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)相比,表现出优异的高温电容性能。在200℃时,效率超过90%下的放电能量密度可与双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)的室温储能值(约为4.0 J/cm3)相媲美。这主要归因于有机光伏中具有强得电子能力的电子受体材料在高温聚合物中构筑出了深电荷陷阱。
综上所述,全有机聚合物基介电复合材料具有加工性能好、介质损耗低、介电常数高等优点被广泛研究,这为薄膜品质提升和规模化制备等方面奠定了良好的基础。
综述了以纯PVDF、PVDF共聚物、其他聚合物作为基体的全有机复合电介质材料的制备与介电性能研究现状。全有机复合电介质材料具有优异的介电性能与储能性质,尤其是其可以保持聚合物基体固有的柔韧性和聚合物材料优异的加工性能。
同时,聚合物基全有机电介质材料也存在如下问题:①高温、高压等恶劣环境下会使得复合材料体系漏电流增加,从而导致其放电能量密度低及放电效率低等;②由于多种有机聚合物之间的复合,这就必须考虑到界面相容性的问题,若聚合物之间界面结合不是很好,最终也会导致介质损耗较高,因此,如何合理地解决有机聚合物之间复合界面相容性问题,也是一个值得研究的方向;③与现阶段薄膜电容器常用的BOPP薄膜材料相比较,全有机复合电介质材料若能在保持其电气强度的同时适当提高介电常数,则全有机复合电介质材料的介电性能以及储能特性会得到进一步提升,这将使全有机复合电介质材料在如柔性电子器件等领域具有广阔的发展前景。最后,希望研究人员将来在研究储能复合电介质材料时应更加注重材料的综合性能(如储能、击穿、力学、耐高温等),而非单一的某种性能,最终研究的材料才能具有更广泛的实际应用价值。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2019JM-075)
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2021年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.002
  • 接收时间:2020-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-01
  • 修回日期:2021-07-07
基金
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2019JM-075)
作者信息
    西安科技大学 化学与化工学院,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

蔡会武(1964-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电介质储能材料的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.12.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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