Article(id=1242756977353408836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621526400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-21, revisedDate=1624464000000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774225952709, onlineDateStr=2026-03-23, pubDate=1637510400000, pubDateStr=2021-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774225952709, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774225952709, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774225952709, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242756974576775191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='139', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774225952044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774226047274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242757374059066044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242757374059066045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1242756974576775191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242756978104189263, articleId=1242756977353408836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Modulating Dielectric Properties of Polyimide Films, columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a special engineering plastic, polyimide is widely used in electrical insulation, electronics, and other fields because of its excellent dielectric properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The polyimide films with excellent thermal stability and dielectric properties can be obtained by adjusting the molecular chain structure of polyimide through molecular structure design and monomer optimization. In this paper, the molecular structure design strategies for adjusting the dielectric properties of polyimide and the influencing mechanism of polyimide structure on its dielectric properties were reviewed, and the research direction of dielectric properties adjusting was prospected.

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聚酰亚胺作为一种特种工程塑料,因其优异的介电性能、力学性能及耐热稳定性而广泛应用在电工绝缘、电子等领域。通过分子结构设计和优选单体,可以调控聚酰亚胺的分子链结构,从而获得具有优异热稳定性和介电性能的聚酰亚胺薄膜。本文综述了调控聚酰亚胺介电性能的分子结构设计策略及聚酰亚胺结构对其介电性能的影响机制,并对介电性能调控的研究方向进行了展望。

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邹国享(1979-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为高分子材料改性。
庄永兵(1976-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,研究员,博士,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺的设计、制备及应用。
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陆健(1995-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺电子材料的研究。

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陆健(1995-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺电子材料的研究。

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陆健(1995-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺电子材料的研究。

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聚酰亚胺薄膜的介电性能调控研究进展
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陆健 1, 2 , 邹国享 2 , 庄永兵 1, 3
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2021,54(11): 34-40
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2021, 54(11): 34-40
聚酰亚胺薄膜的介电性能调控研究进展
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陆健1, 2, 邹国享2, 庄永兵1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院过程工程研究所 生化工程国家重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2常州大学 材料科学与工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
  • 3中国科学院大学 化学工程学院,北京 100049
  • 陆健(1995-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺电子材料的研究。

通讯作者:

邹国享(1979-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为高分子材料改性。
庄永兵(1976-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,研究员,博士,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺的设计、制备及应用。
Research Progress in Modulating Dielectric Properties of Polyimide Films
Jian LU1, 2, Guoxiang ZOU2, Yongbing ZHUANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Institue of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 3School of Chemical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences University, Beijing 100049, China).
出版时间: 2021-11-22 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.004
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聚酰亚胺作为一种特种工程塑料,因其优异的介电性能、力学性能及耐热稳定性而广泛应用在电工绝缘、电子等领域。通过分子结构设计和优选单体,可以调控聚酰亚胺的分子链结构,从而获得具有优异热稳定性和介电性能的聚酰亚胺薄膜。本文综述了调控聚酰亚胺介电性能的分子结构设计策略及聚酰亚胺结构对其介电性能的影响机制,并对介电性能调控的研究方向进行了展望。

聚酰亚胺  /  薄膜  /  介电性能  /  介电常数  /  介质损耗

As a special engineering plastic, polyimide is widely used in electrical insulation, electronics, and other fields because of its excellent dielectric properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The polyimide films with excellent thermal stability and dielectric properties can be obtained by adjusting the molecular chain structure of polyimide through molecular structure design and monomer optimization. In this paper, the molecular structure design strategies for adjusting the dielectric properties of polyimide and the influencing mechanism of polyimide structure on its dielectric properties were reviewed, and the research direction of dielectric properties adjusting was prospected.

polyimides  /  films  /  dielectric properties  /  dielectric constant  /  dielectric dissipation
陆健, 邹国享, 庄永兵. 聚酰亚胺薄膜的介电性能调控研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (11) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.004
Jian LU, Guoxiang ZOU, Yongbing ZHUANG. Research Progress in Modulating Dielectric Properties of Polyimide Films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (11) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.004
聚酰亚胺(PI)是主链含有酰亚胺环的高性能芳杂环聚合物材料之一,因其卓越的化学稳定性、热稳定性和力学性能等,被广泛应用于航空、航天、微电子、分离膜等领域[1-7]。随着微电子工业的迅速发展,集成电路的小型化和集成化使得芯片的尺寸越来越小。由于芯片内部元件之间距离的减小,信号传输的延迟大幅降低了芯片的性能。信号延迟的公式如式(1)所示[8]
T=RC=2ρεε0=4L2P2+L2D2
式(1)中:T是信号延迟时间;R是电阻;C是电容;ρ是导体的比电阻;ε是绝缘材料的介电常数;ε0是真空介电常数;L是导体的长度;D是导体的厚度;P是两条导线之间的距离。由式(1)可知,为避免出现电阻-电容(RC)延迟和信号串扰等不良现象,需要开发低介电常数的绝缘层[9]
另外,常规聚酰亚胺薄膜的介电常数为3.0~3.4,无法满足大功率高温电容器等储能元件的应用要求。因此,为了满足在恶劣环境下高温电容器的性能要求,开发具有高介电常数、低介质损耗的聚酰亚胺成为近年来另一个重要的研究方向[10]
本文针对上述应用要求,综述调控聚酰亚胺介电性能的分子结构设计策略及聚酰亚胺结构对其介电性能的影响机制,并对聚酰亚胺薄膜介电性能调控的研究方向进行展望。
介电常数反映了介质储存电能的能力,影响因素包括结构因素及其他因素。其中,结构因素由电子极化、原子极化、取向极化和界面极化组成。其他因素有温度、湿度、频率等。根据Clausius-Mosotti关系可推导出介电常数与自由体积、极化之间的关系,如式(2)和(3)所示[11]
ε-1ε+2=4π3ρNAαavM=4π3KpαavVvdw
ε=31-4π3.9(αavVvdw)(1-Vf)-2
式(2)和(3)中:ε为介电常数;αavVvdw为基团的体积极化;Vf为自由体积分数;Vvdw为范德华体积,Vvdw=Vw/NAVw为范德华摩尔体积;ρ为密度;NA为阿伏伽德罗常数;αav是平均分子极化率;M为分子量;Kp为分子堆积系数。由式(3)可知,可以从两个方面降低介电常数:①减少基团的体积极化作用;②增大薄膜的自由体积分数。而提高介电常数的方法通常从增强分子极性的角度出发,在聚合物链中引入极性大的基团,或将导电颗粒引入聚合物基体形成复合膜(例如聚合物/金属、聚合物/碳纳米管和聚合物/碳纤维等),或者引入具有高介电常数的陶瓷颗粒(例如钛酸锶钡(BST)、钛酸钡(BT)、锆钛酸钡钙(BZT-BCT)和钛酸钙铜(CCTO等)以形成共混膜。
在外电场的作用下,电介质将部分电能转化为热能的物理过程,称为介质损耗因数,常用tanδ表示。材料结构本身和外界环境(频率、温度、湿度等)是影响介质损耗的主要因素。材料结构本身的主要影响因素是偶极取向的极化,它对介电性能的影响很大。偶极的极性越大,介质损耗就越大。极性基团取向主要受聚合物链段运动影响,因此高弹态聚合物的介质损耗远远超过玻璃态聚合物。当外加电场的频率非常低时,极化频率能够跟上外部电场的改变,此时电导损耗起主导作用。但是当外部中心电场的频率逐步升高时,松弛极化在特定的频率内开始紧跟外部中心电场的改变,介质损耗会随着频率的提高而进一步增加;当外加电场的频率特别高时,介质损耗随频率的提高而降低。温度的影响也不可忽略,松弛极化随着温度的升高而逐步增加。当工作环境中温度比较低时,随着工作环境中温度的提高,介质损耗会随之升高;当温度持续升高,离子在磁场和空气相互作用下的定向迁移会受到阻碍,此时电导损耗增加,导致介质损耗增加。另外,介质吸潮后,由于电导损耗和松弛损耗的增大,导致介质损耗增加,这对多孔材料或极性电介质来说,影响更为显著。
将大体积或者高位阻的基团引入到聚酰亚胺分子结构中能够降低聚酰亚胺的介电常数。LI Y等[12]合成了一系列PI/冠醚复合薄膜。结果表明,冠醚的引入形成了特殊的项链状超分子结构(如图1(a)所示),增大了PI的自由体积。在聚合物主链中引入三萜烯结构或不对称二叔丁基也能降低聚合物的介电常数[13-14]。Y T CHERN等[14]以1,4-双(4-氨基苯氧基)-2,6-二叔丁基苯与各种芳香族二酐缩聚成一系列叔丁基聚酰亚胺,这种新型PI具有低的介电常数(2.74~2.92)。
在聚合物主链中引入柔性或扭曲的链节[15]、大体积取代基[16]和螺旋骨架[17]也可降低介电常数。新型(E)-N1-(4-氨基苯基)-N1-(4′-(2-苯基-2-(4′-(三氟甲基)联苯-4-基)乙烯基)-联苯-4-基)苯-1,4-二胺(FPTTDA)[18]含有刚性非平面共轭结构(如图1(b)所示),该结构可以增加空间位阻效应,减少聚合物分子链间的相互作用,从而使介电常数降低。LIU Y等[18]以FPTTDA和六氟异丙基邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)为原料合成聚酰亚胺,制得薄膜的介电常数为1.52(10 kHz),介质损耗因数在10-3数量级。
由于C-F键的极化率低,偶极子小,因此将含氟基团引入聚合物链可降低其介电常数[19]。YAO H[20]等采用1,3-双(2-三氟甲基-4-氨基苯氧基)-5-(2,3,4,5-四氟苯氧基)苯(6FAPB)和6FDA合成了一系列含氟聚酰亚胺,对应膜的介电常数低至2.6 (1 MHz)。YANG S Y等[21]合成了一种氟化二酐(4,4′-[2,2,2-三氟-1-(3-三氟甲基-苯基)亚乙基]二邻苯二甲酸酐(TFDA)),由其制得的含氟聚酰亚胺膜在1 MHz下具有较低的介电常数(2.75~3.02)及介质损耗因数(0.001 27~0.004 50)。但是,当聚酰亚胺的含氟量很高时,高温下产生的HF会腐蚀膜材料,对其性能产生不利的影响[8]。S BABANZADEH等[22]合成了一种新的硅氧烷二胺(结构如图2(a)所示),低极性的硅氧烷单元有效降低了聚酰亚胺的介电常数。QI H等[23]合成了一种非对称的二硅氧烷二胺(BATMS),将BATMS与4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)共聚制备得到的含硅氧烷聚酰亚胺(如图2(b)所示)薄膜具有较低的介电常数(25℃、1 MHz条件下为2.48)。在PI主链中引入低极性脂肪族/脂环单元也是降低聚酰亚胺介电常数的有效方法之一[1]。A S MATHERWS 等[24]合成了全脂聚酰亚胺杂化膜,其介电常数低至2.50。
自具微孔聚合物材料(PIM)是一类基于分子链内含有高度刚性扭曲结构而产生的新型材料,其内部具有直径小于2 nm的固有孔洞。在PI分子链中引入扭曲或螺旋中心(例如螺旋双茚满、螺旋芴、螺旋双芴或三碟烯等结构)可显著增加薄膜的自由体积,从而降低介电常数。ZHUANG Y等[11]在聚酰亚胺主链中引入朝格尔碱基(TB),制备了系列含朝格尔碱基的自具微孔聚酰亚胺薄膜,它们具有较低的介电常数(PI-TB-1的介电常数为2.54)。
由于空气的介电常数(ε)约为1.0,在聚酰亚胺基体材料中形成纳米孔结构是一种降低介电常数的有效方法。材料的ε可按公式(4)计算。
ε=ε1x+ε01+x
式(4)中:εε1ε0分别为纳米孔材料、基体材料和空气的介电常数;x为基体材料的体积分数。
式(4)可知,在聚酰亚胺基体中引入热不稳定的组分,在高温下通过物理或化学的方法将热不稳定的成分除去,形成纳米孔洞,能有效地降低聚酰亚胺基体的介电常数。Y J LEE 等[25]以杂化聚环氧乙烷-多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(PEO-POSS)纳米粒子为模板制备了纳米多孔聚酰亚胺膜。薄膜中PEO-POSS纳米颗粒通过热氧化降解成为分散相,通过发泡工艺形成纳米孔(直径为10~40 nm),使薄膜的介电常数从3.25降低到2.25。CHEN Z等[26]通过原位气泡拉伸方法制备多孔氟氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺(GFO/pPI)纳米复合膜。引入的纳米孔结构不仅对PI的介电常数有影响,对介质损耗也有影响。薄膜的介电常数从纯PI的3.33降至GFO/pPI-2复合膜的2.29。纯PI和纳米复合膜的tanδ均低于0.03。其中,GFO/pPI-1复合膜在1.0 MHz时的tanδ降至0.007。K R CARTER 等[27]由三嵌段共聚物制备成“纳米泡沫”,三嵌段共聚物的主要相是聚酰亚胺,次要相是热不稳定嵌段聚(环氧丙烷)。随着纳米孔的引入,聚酰亚胺薄膜的介电常数从2.56降到2.27。V E YUDIN等[28]利用特殊的无机纳米膜(水硅酸镁[Mg3Si2O5(OH)4]纳米管(SNTs))制备聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜,研究发现,随着SNT含量的增加,复合薄膜的介电常数下降。
此外,其他制备纳米孔的方法也能降低介电常数。例如采用微乳液法制备具有夹心型多孔结构的PI[29]、通过模板法制备纳米孔[30]等。但是,因材料内部的纳米孔洞尺寸受制备条件的影响较大,且制备过程会出现诸如主链断裂、高分子难以完全脱除、孔径不均、易产生应力集中等缺陷,会降低聚酰亚胺的某些性能。
综上所述,增大自由体积、引入低极性基团、引入孔结构等均能有效降低聚酰亚胺膜的介电常数。但引入低极性基团对聚酰亚胺膜的介电常数降低效果有限;孔结构引入还会导致膜的某些性能降低。为满足聚酰亚胺在低介电材料领域的应用,需要探索更为有效的方法来制备超低介电常数且性能优良的聚酰亚胺薄膜。
提高聚酰亚胺膜的介电常数主要通过引入高极性基团及添加高介电常数填料来实现。
在聚合物链中引入腈基可提高其介电常数[31]。I TREUFELD等[32]系统研究了一系列含有高极性丁腈的PI薄膜。研究发现,在PI结构中加入腈基(CN)偶极子可以提高介电常数。另外,增加结构骨架的偶极矩也能提高聚酰亚胺的介电常数。MA R等[33]在聚酰亚胺分子链中引入羰基,制备的聚酰亚胺膜介电常数高达7.8。TONG H等[34]以含羰基的二酐和二胺制备了一系列高介电常数(3.99~5.23)和低介质损耗因数(0.003 07~0.003 95)的芳族含羰基聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜,研究发现,大偶极矩和较短重复单元的极性结构的引入提高了聚酰亚胺的介电常数。
通过在聚合物基质中添加高介电常数的无机材料(金属或金属氧化物填料)或导电材料(如石墨烯填料)可制备具有高介电常数的复合膜。常用方法有:
(1)加入金属或金属氧化物填料。CHI Q G等[35]通过水热法制备了纯钙钛矿立方结构的纳米级钛酸铜钙(CCTO)陶瓷颗粒。利用水热法在纳米CCTO表面沉积氧化铁(Fe3O4)粒子,并制备相应的纳米CCTO-Fe3O4/PI杂化膜(见图3)。研究发现,在外加磁场下退火的纳米CCTO-Fe3O4/PI杂化膜的介电常数显著提高。当纳米CCTO-Fe3O4的体积分数为12%时,在100 Hz下测试发现杂化膜介电常数高达308,介质损耗因数也较低(0.60)。
LIU L等[36]引入共价键合的BaTiO3@氧化石墨烯(BaTiO3@GO)杂化物,制备了新型高介电常数聚酰亚胺复合膜。含有8% BaTiO3@RGO的BaTiO3 @RGO/PI复合膜在100 Hz时具有高介电常数(285)和低介质损耗因数(0.25)的性能特征。LU H F等[37]采用原位聚合法制备了银纳米片(AgNSs)填充的聚酰亚胺基复合膜,随着AgNSs含量的增加(0~10%),复合膜在100 Hz下测得的介电常数从3.18提高到4.55。这种现象可以用界面演化机制来解释。如图4所示,部分结晶的分子链在纯PI矩阵中随机排列。当基体中AgNSs含量较少时,由其较高的表面能吸附并固定聚合物链,随着AgNSs含量 (<10%)的增加,PI和AgNSs之间逐渐形成界面区域,使材料的介电常数逐渐增大。
(2)加入石墨烯填料。FANG X等[38]将官能化的石墨烯纳米颗粒引入聚酰亚胺基体中,通过原位聚合形成聚酰亚胺复合薄膜,其介电常数(36.9)约为纯PI聚合物介电常数的12.5倍,且具有极低的介质损耗因数(0.007 5)。聚苯胺修饰还原氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺(RGO@R-PANI/PI)纳米复合膜39的介电常数最高为25.84(1 kHz)。
研究表明[40],PI薄膜在经过热降解后产生苯胺等带有自由基的低分子量极性分子,会对薄膜的介电常数产生影响。YANG Y等[41]将聚酰亚胺膜放在3 kV交流电压(50 Hz)下老化,随着老化时间的增加,薄膜氧化降解产生羧酸、酮和醛等化合物,导致膜的介电常数增加。LI L等[42]研究了聚酰亚胺薄膜在空气和盐水中的热降解与其介电常数之间的相关性。自由基和极性基团的产生导致聚酰亚胺薄膜的介电常数显著提高,但氯化钠在盐水中的溶解量对聚酰亚胺的介电常数影响不大。此外,ZHANG L等[43]进一步证实了热老化对介电常数的影响。
目前,提高聚酰亚胺膜介电常数最常用的方法是在基体中添加高介电常数的填料,虽然在一定程度上可提高薄膜的介电常数,但介质损耗也有所增加。通过增加聚合物基团极性等本征改性的方法是今后研究的重点。
对于绝缘材料来说,一般要求介质损耗越小越好,否则会消耗更多的电能,引起材料本身发热,从而加速材料老化。引入氟元素不仅能降低介电常数,还能降低介质损耗。MAO X等[44]将聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)添加到聚酰亚胺基体中,有效降低了杂化薄膜的介质损耗45。该工艺的要点是将水溶性聚酰胺酸铵盐与聚四氟乙烯水溶液乳液共混,形成稳定的悬浮液溶液,使聚四氟乙烯均匀分散在聚酰胺酸铵盐中,最终得到PI杂化薄膜。
WANG X等46制备氟化石墨烯(FSG)/聚酰亚胺杂化膜,其介质损耗因数最低,接近纯聚酰亚胺薄膜的0.011。YANG S Y等[21]制备的氟化聚酰亚胺介质损耗因数低至0.001 27~0.004 50。实验结果表明,聚合物链中的-CF3基团可有效降低聚合物的介质损耗。QIAN C等[47]合成了含有大侧基的含氟聚酰亚胺(见图5),其对应薄膜的介电常数和介质损耗因数在10 kHz时分别为2.09和0.001 2,远低于商业Kapton薄膜(介电常数为3.40)。达迈公司[48]在PI基体加入含氟树脂,得到的复合薄膜介质损耗因数降低至0.006;LG化学[49]公布的具有三层结构的含氟聚酰亚胺膜,介质损耗因数为0.001~0.007 (1 MHz)。
非氟聚酰亚胺介质损耗的研究也有报道。YANG K等[50]制备了多孔氮化硼(BN)/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜,其介质损耗极低,在高频下介质损耗因数接近于0(<0.002)。一般来说,在聚合物基体中加入高介电的无机填料,介电常数和介质损耗都会增加,但是BN/PI复合薄膜显示出非常低的介质损耗,这归因于BN/PI复合膜内部三维互联的BN网络可以防止介电材料的集体极化,从而减少因极化作用而消耗能量。
QIU G等[51]用聚酰亚胺微球替代无机物填料制备低介电常数的聚酰亚胺,在聚酰亚胺混合物中加入10%~50%的聚酰亚胺微球,所得聚酰亚胺共混膜的介电常数为2.26~2.48(1 MHz),介质损耗因数为0.006 63~0.008 57(1 MHz)。在混合物中加入聚酰亚胺微球,相当于降低极化率密度,增加自由体积,降低极化效应,减小了极化弛豫,使得介质损耗降低。
日东电工株式会社[52]通过超临界萃取工艺制备的多孔聚酰亚胺膜,孔径在10 μm以下,介质损耗因数低至0.001 7(10 GHz);株式会社有泽制作所[53]以及台虹科技[54]制备了含有类似芳酯结构的聚酰亚胺,其介质损耗因数分别为0.003和0.002 1。
研究人员在聚酰亚胺介电性能的调控方面已经取得了显著的成绩,有效推动了电子、半导体及高温电容器等领域的发展。目前研究认为可从聚酰亚胺基团结构的极性、自由体积及孔结构等角度出发,实现对聚酰亚胺膜介电常数的调控。但现阶段对聚酰亚胺膜结构与其介质损耗(特别是高频条件下)的相关性研究还没有形成系统的理论。一般而言,含氟聚酰亚胺中的极化作用小,介质损耗低;非氟聚酰亚胺中的微孔结构、低极性基团可降低介质损耗。
高介电低损耗的聚酰亚胺具有良好的储能能力,未来在高温电容器及电气领域将发挥重要作用。难点是薄膜具有高介电常数的同时,很难具有较低的介质损耗。未来的研究方向可以从微观角度出发,如构建介电性能理论模型,设计出具有高介电低损耗的聚酰亚胺。
聚酰亚胺材料在5G时代有望发挥巨大作用。5G通信采用的是毫米波波段,优点是传输速度快,缺点是穿透力弱。故材料介电常数越低,信号传输越快,信号延迟越低,信号保真度越高。且5G设备功耗大,产生的热量大,因此需要高的导热性。低介电、低损耗、高导热的聚酰亚胺膜可以满足这一性能要求。因此,聚酰亚胺膜材料将成为未来5G高频印制电路板(PCB)、柔性显示等领域的重要基材,其相关制品将继续朝集成化、更高性能化、柔性化、智能化方向发展。
  • 中国科学院过程工程研究所“人才计划”资助专项(Y824011)
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2021年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.004
  • 接收时间:2021-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-11-22
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-21
  • 修回日期:2021-06-24
基金
中国科学院过程工程研究所“人才计划”资助专项(Y824011)
作者信息
    1中国科学院过程工程研究所 生化工程国家重点实验室,北京 100190
    2常州大学 材料科学与工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
    3中国科学院大学 化学工程学院,北京 100049

通讯作者:

邹国享(1979-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,副教授,博士,研究方向为高分子材料改性。
庄永兵(1976-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,研究员,博士,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺的设计、制备及应用。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.11.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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