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A kind of composite foam material was prepared by adding hollow polymer microbeads to the organosilicon modified resin, and then the composite foam material was used as the internal filling material for the composite insulating cross-arm. The influence rule of the microbead type and filling content on the density, hydrophobicity, dielectric loss factor, and electric strength of the composite foam material was analyzed. The results show that the filling of organic microbeads can effectively reduce the density of the composite foam, and the density of the sample filled with 920DET40d25 microbeads can be reduced to 0.5538 g/cm3. Because there are more hydrophobic groups in the microbeads, the hydrophobicity of the composite foam material is enhanced. With the increase of the microbead content, the electric strength of composite foam material shows a downward trend, but the insulation strength of all the samples still meets the requirements of the internal insulation material for composite cross-arms. Considering the requirements of the density and insulation strength of the composite foam material, the sample filled with 920DET40d25 microbeads with a mass fraction of 2.5% meets the application requirements.

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通过在有机硅改性树脂基体中添加中空聚合物微珠制备了一种复合泡沫材料,并将其作为复合绝缘横担的内填充材料,重点分析了微珠类型及填充量对复合泡沫材料密度、憎水性、介质损耗因数以及电气强度等参数的影响规律。结果表明:填充有机微珠可有效降低复合泡沫材料的密度,其中填充920DET40d25型微珠试样的密度可低至0.553 8 g/cm3;微珠中包含较多的疏水基团,使复合泡沫材料的憎水性有所增强;随着复合泡沫材料中微珠含量的增加,其电气强度有下降趋势,但均满足复合横担内填充材料绝缘强度要求。综合考虑密度及绝缘强度两方面的要求,填充质量分数为2.5%的920DET40d25型微珠的复合泡沫材料满足应用需求。

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边美华(1980-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的无损检测及失效分析工作。

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边美华(1980-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的无损检测及失效分析工作。

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微珠编号微珠型号密度/(g/cm3)平均直径/μm
a920DET40d250.02540
bMFL-SEVEN0.11020
cs40D0.04222
), ArticleFig(id=1245097063021654424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1242756899301601500, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种微珠的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微珠编号微珠型号密度/(g/cm3)平均直径/μm
a920DET40d250.02540
bMFL-SEVEN0.11020
cs40D0.04222
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微珠填充对复合泡沫材料电气性能的影响
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边美华 1 , 庞峰 2 , 张兴森 1 , 黎小林 2 , 彭家宁 1 , 唐力 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(10): 51-55
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(10): 51-55
微珠填充对复合泡沫材料电气性能的影响
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边美华1, 庞峰2, 张兴森1, 黎小林2, 彭家宁1, 唐力2
作者信息
  • 1广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广西 南宁 530023
  • 2南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510640
  • 边美华(1980-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事电网材料的无损检测及失效分析工作。

Effect of Microbead Content on Electrical Properties of Composite Foam Materials
Meihua BIAN1, Feng PANG2, Xingsen ZHANG1, Xiaolin LI2, Jianing PENG1, Li TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Science Research Institute of Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd., Nanning 530023, China
  • 2Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2021-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.10.007
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通过在有机硅改性树脂基体中添加中空聚合物微珠制备了一种复合泡沫材料,并将其作为复合绝缘横担的内填充材料,重点分析了微珠类型及填充量对复合泡沫材料密度、憎水性、介质损耗因数以及电气强度等参数的影响规律。结果表明:填充有机微珠可有效降低复合泡沫材料的密度,其中填充920DET40d25型微珠试样的密度可低至0.553 8 g/cm3;微珠中包含较多的疏水基团,使复合泡沫材料的憎水性有所增强;随着复合泡沫材料中微珠含量的增加,其电气强度有下降趋势,但均满足复合横担内填充材料绝缘强度要求。综合考虑密度及绝缘强度两方面的要求,填充质量分数为2.5%的920DET40d25型微珠的复合泡沫材料满足应用需求。

复合泡沫  /  孔隙率  /  憎水性  /  介质损耗因数  /  电气强度

A kind of composite foam material was prepared by adding hollow polymer microbeads to the organosilicon modified resin, and then the composite foam material was used as the internal filling material for the composite insulating cross-arm. The influence rule of the microbead type and filling content on the density, hydrophobicity, dielectric loss factor, and electric strength of the composite foam material was analyzed. The results show that the filling of organic microbeads can effectively reduce the density of the composite foam, and the density of the sample filled with 920DET40d25 microbeads can be reduced to 0.5538 g/cm3. Because there are more hydrophobic groups in the microbeads, the hydrophobicity of the composite foam material is enhanced. With the increase of the microbead content, the electric strength of composite foam material shows a downward trend, but the insulation strength of all the samples still meets the requirements of the internal insulation material for composite cross-arms. Considering the requirements of the density and insulation strength of the composite foam material, the sample filled with 920DET40d25 microbeads with a mass fraction of 2.5% meets the application requirements.

composite foams  /  porosity  /  hydrophobicity  /  dielectric loss factor  /  electric strength
边美华, 庞峰, 张兴森, 黎小林, 彭家宁, 唐力. 微珠填充对复合泡沫材料电气性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (10) : 51 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.10.007
Meihua BIAN, Feng PANG, Xingsen ZHANG, Xiaolin LI, Jianing PENG, Li TANG. Effect of Microbead Content on Electrical Properties of Composite Foam Materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (10) : 51 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.10.007
横担是输电线路的重要组成部分,在输电过程中起到关键性作用,在整个电网建设中占有极为重要的地位。传统金属横担不但消耗了大量的钢材,且存在线路走廊宽、施工运行维护难度大等缺陷。复合绝缘横担凭借其耐腐蚀、抗老化、降低线路维护成本、降低运输和组装成本、提高配电线路的绝缘水平等优点,正逐步替代传统金属横担。尤其是内芯填充型复合绝缘横担相对于实心复合绝缘横担质量更轻,更便于安装和维护。内芯填充型复合绝缘横担主要由内部绝缘材料和外部绝缘材料两部分组成。市场上的复合绝缘横担内部绝缘材料多采用硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料,简称聚氨酯硬泡,这种材料虽然具有低密度和成熟的发泡生产工艺,但是极易出现反应不完全、孔泡闭孔率低、孔径不均匀等现象,且存在吸水率过大,与外部绝缘材料界面粘接不紧密等问题,容易导致复合绝缘横担发生击穿等事故[1-2]。显然,内部绝缘材料已成为制约复合绝缘横担发展和应用的瓶颈问题。
复合泡沫材料是一种低密度、多功能的混合绝缘材料,由聚合物基质和中空聚合物微珠(HPM)组成,已广泛应用于深海浮力材料、车辆工程、航空航天、电磁干扰屏蔽等领域[3]。此前,文献[4-10]分别研究了复合泡沫材料的热学性能、形态学特性及力学性能。近年来,复合泡沫材料在高压领域的应用引起了研究人员的关注。文献[11-12]研究了复合泡沫材料在有机硅复合绝缘子中的应用;文献[13]研究了复合泡沫材料在气体绝缘传输线(GIL)中的应用;文献[14-15]分别研究了复合泡沫材料在高压电缆端子和超导电力电缆中的应用。
在一般情况下,复合绝缘横担的使用寿命应不少于30年,因此其内部绝缘材料需要长期保持优异的电气性能。在之前的研究中,文献[12]和[14-16]已经研究了复合泡沫材料的电气强度;文献[17]研究了在雷电冲击应力下复合泡沫材料的击穿过程;文献[18-19]分别研究了不同湿度下复合泡沫材料的介电常数和加速水热老化特性。但是,现有的研究不足以证明复合泡沫材料能够满足复合绝缘横担的应用需求。
本研究采用自主研发的有机硅改性树脂和多种中空聚合物微珠制备密度小、质量轻、成本低廉、绝缘性能优异的复合泡沫材料,并对其电性能进行深入研究。分别测试了密度、憎水性、介质损耗因数和电气强度,以确定复合泡沫材料能否满足输电线路绝缘材料的严格要求。
采用自主研发质量比为10∶9的有机硅改性树脂(HD01)和酸酐类固化剂制备试验样品。使用荷兰阿克苏公司型号为920DET40d25的微珠(a),日本松本制药有限公司型号为MFL-SEVEN的微珠(b)和中国信诺股份有限公司型号为s40D的微珠(c)3种中空聚合物微珠作为填充材料,其具体参数如表1所示。为了准确分析填料对复合泡沫材料性能的影响,每种试样仅分别改变1个参数。
首先将微珠与有机硅改性树脂在行星式真空搅拌器中以800 rad/s的速度混合5 min,然后在真空干燥箱中脱气60 min。将脱气后的材料倒入所需形状的模具中再放入真空干燥箱中进行二次脱气,时间为30 min,以去除在倾倒过程中引入的新气泡。最后,在80℃的干燥箱中固化8 h。为了提高性能测试的准确性,在进行测试之前,样品需在室温下保存至少24 h。使用微珠a、b、c制备的复合泡沫材料分别记为试样A、B、C,微珠质量分数分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%。
采用FEI公司生产的Nova-Nano-450型扫描电镜对复合材料进行微观形貌测试。
性能测试前首先对这3种微珠的复合泡沫材料的理论密度、实际密度和孔隙率进行计算和测试。通过水置换法测量复合泡沫材料的实际密度,理论密度ρt可通过式(1)计算。
ρt=(1+ω)ρrρhωρr+ρh
式(1)中:ρhρr分别代表微珠和基体树脂的密度;ω是微珠与样品的质量比。再根据式(2)计算孔隙率k
k=ρt-ρsρt×100%
式(2)中:ρt为复合泡沫材料的理论密度;ρs为复合泡沫材料的实际密度。
憎水性是反映材料耐水润湿的技术指标,与材料的表面张力有关,IEC/TS 62073:2016推荐接触角法、表面张力法和喷水分级法进行测试。其中,接触角法测量精度最高。因此憎水性状态用静态接触角(θ)来表示。使用接触角测量仪(上海坤诚科学仪器有限公司JC2000型)测量静态接触角。
绝缘材料的介质损耗因数是评价电气设备绝缘老化及绝缘性能的重要指标[20],可以灵敏地反映电气设备绝缘整体受潮、劣化变质、局部缺陷游离放电和绝缘分层等故障[14]。使用全自动抗干扰精密介质损耗测试仪(上海杨高电器有限公司YG9100型)测试直径为70 mm、厚度为5 mm的试样的介电性能,测试环境温度为20℃,测试电压为6 kV。每种类型的复合泡沫材料测试8个样品,并将测试结果的算术平均值作为材料的介质损耗因数(tanδ)。
电气强度是绝缘材料的最重要性能之一[21]。根据IEC 60243:2013对复合泡沫材料的电气强度进行测试。使用球形试验电极,以2 kV/s的升压速率向试样施加电压。试样的直径为58 mm,厚度为 1 mm。为了防止在施加电压期间出现表面闪络,试验在变压器油中进行。每种样品至少进行10次测试。
微珠和基体树脂的界面粘结性能会直接影响复合泡沫材料的性能。图1是微珠质量分数为25%时试样的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试结果。从图1可以看出,微珠暴露在截面上或嵌入基体树脂中,它们均匀分散在基质中,且微珠与基体树脂之间没有间隙,表明微珠与基体树脂之间具有出色的粘合性,从而确保了复合泡沫材料的相关性能。
试样的理论密度和实际密度如图2所示,图2中百分比表示复合泡沫材料的密度相对有机硅改性树脂密度之比,其中100%代表基体树脂。
图2可以看出,复合泡沫材料的理论密度和实际密度随着微珠质量分数的增大迅速下降。当微珠质量分数为2.5%时,试样A、B和C的实际密度分别为0.553 8、0.949 9、0.706 0 g/cm3,即分别下降至基体树脂的46.63%、79.99%和59.45%。由此可见,微珠920det40d25使复合泡沫材料密度下降的速率更快。值得注意的是,试样的实际密度非常接近其理论密度,表明试样中气泡等杂质含量不高,可以确保复合泡沫材料的电气性能。
图3为试样A、B和C的孔隙率测试结果。从图3可以看出,试样A的孔隙率远低于其他两个试样。随着微珠质量分数的增加,试样A的优势越来越突出。此外,即使是孔隙率最大的试样C的孔隙率也不超过1.12%,表明微珠与树脂之间的粘结较好,从而确保了复合泡沫材料的相关性能。
静态接触角是衡量固体表面润湿性的重要指标[18]图4为复合泡沫材料静态接触角的测试结果。
图4可以看出,添加微珠提高了复合泡沫材料的憎水性,试样A、B、C的静态接触角均比改性树脂的(102.05°)大。其中,试样B的憎水性最佳,其次是试样C。3种复合泡沫材料的平均静态接触角均大于100°,表明材料的憎水性极好。分析表明,由于本研究中使用的3种微珠均包含较多的疏水基团,使复合泡沫材料的憎水性优于有机硅改性树脂。
介质损耗因数是交流电场下电介质的重要指标之一。当在复合绝缘横担中使用复合泡沫材料时,过多的介质损耗将导致过热并加速绝缘的老化,甚至导致绝缘的破坏[12]。因此,需要测试和分析复合泡沫材料的介质损耗因数。当电压和频率恒定时,可以通过测量介质损耗因数(tanδ)来确定材料的绝缘性能。
图5为复合泡沫材料介质损耗因数的测试结果。从图5可以看出,随着微珠质量分数的增加,复合泡沫材料的介质损耗因数减小,微珠改善了复合泡沫材料的绝缘性能。比较图5中不同微珠对复合泡沫材料介质损耗因数的影响,试样A的下降速率大于其他两个样品。当微珠质量分数较大(≥1.5%)时,试样A的介质损耗因数小于其他两种试样。并且微珠的质量分数越大,试样A的介质损耗因数越小,表明试样A更满足所需绝缘材料的要求。
为了解不同复合泡沫材料的击穿特性,采用威布尔统计分布法对测试结果进行了分析。3种复合泡沫材料的电气强度如图6所示。从图6可以看出,试样的电气强度随着微珠质量分数的增加而降低,其中试样B的电气强度下降较小,试样A下降最快。以试样A为例,纯树脂的电气强度为37.74 kV/mm,微珠质量分数为2.5%的试样A电气强度下降到25.89 kV/mm。这是由于微珠的加入使微珠和基体树脂之间产生了大量新界面,导致其电气强度有所降低。但是,即使电气强度最低的试样A也远远高于DL/T 1580—2016中的要求(电气强度> 3 kV/mm),表明3种试样均可以达到复合绝缘横担所需的电气强度。
在制备的复合泡沫材料所有参数中,密度和电气强度是两个决定性参数。复合泡沫材料所需的密度约为基体树脂的50%,只有试样A(微珠质量分数为2.5%)可以满足密度要求。虽然试样B和试样C的电气强度大于试样A的电气强度,但是试样B和C的密度分别为0.949 9 g/cm3和0.705 9 g/cm3,分别比基体树脂降低20.01%和40.55%。此外,当微珠含量较大时,试样B和C的孔隙率和介质损耗因数均大于试样A。综上所述,试样A不仅可以满足绝缘要求,而且可以将密度降低至基体树脂的46.63%(0.553 8 g/cm3),表明它完全可以满足复合绝缘横担内填充材料所需求的质轻且绝缘良好的目标。
(1)填充有机微珠可有效降低复合泡沫材料的密度,其中试样A的密度可降至0.553 8 g/cm3,满足复合横担内填充材料的应用需求。
(2)复合泡沫材料具有较小的孔隙率(最大孔隙率仅为1.12%),保证了其良好的绝缘性能;同时,微珠中包含较多的疏水基团,使复合泡沫材料的憎水性有所增强。
(3)随着复合泡沫材料中微珠含量的增多,其电气强度呈下降趋势,但均满足复合横担内填充材料绝缘强度的要求(电气强度>3 kV/mm)。
(4)基于复合泡沫材料密度及绝缘强度两方面的要求,微珠质量分数为2.5%的试样A满足应用需求。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.10.007
  • 接收时间:2021-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-23
  • 出版时间:2021-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-13
  • 修回日期:2021-03-02
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广西电网公司科技项目(ZBKJXM20180533)
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    1广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广西 南宁 530023
    2南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510640
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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