Article(id=1241799381180023063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241799375576437302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1602604800000, receivedDateStr=2020-10-14, revisedDate=1605456000000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773997643989, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1632067200000, pubDateStr=2021-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773997643989, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773997643989, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997643989, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241799375576437302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='109', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773997642653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997716115, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241799683752919920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241799375576437302, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241799683752919921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241799375576437302, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241799381620425003, articleId=1241799381180023063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Corona-resistant Nano-organosilicone Oxide Hybrid Polyamide-imide Composite Film, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A nano organic silicone oxide sol was prepared by the hydrolysis and polymerization of methyl triethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate, which was converted into SiO2 equivalent to mixed with polyamide-imide (PAI) resin through high-speed shearing, and then organic silicone oxide hybrid PAI composite films were prepared through film spreading and thermal curing. The composite films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and SEM, and their dielectric spectra, electric strength, and corona resistance lifetime at high temperature (155℃) were tested. The results show that the nano organic silicone oxides disperse uniformly in an amorphous state in the resin matrix. With the increase of the nano organic silicone oxide content, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the hybrid PAI composite films increase gradually, the electric strength decreases gradually, and the corona resistance life increases at first and then decreases. When the mass fraction of the nano organic silicon oxide is 15% of SiO2 equivalent, the corona resistance life of the hybrid PAI composite film at high temperature is 3.1 times longer than that of pure PAI film.

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采用甲基三乙氧基硅烷、正硅酸乙酯进行水解、聚合,得到纳米有机硅氧化物溶胶,将其折算成SiO2当量,通过高速剪切与聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)树脂混合,经铺膜和热固化后制备得到有机硅氧化物杂化PAI复合薄膜。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射和SEM对复合薄膜进行表征,并对复合薄膜的介电谱、电气强度和高温(155℃)耐电晕寿命进行测试。结果表明:纳米有机硅氧化物在树脂基体中以无定形态均匀分散;随着纳米有机硅氧化物含量的增加,杂化PAI复合薄膜的介电常数、介质损耗因数都逐渐增大,电气强度逐渐降低,耐电晕寿命先升高后降低,当纳米有机硅氧化物质量分数为15%的SiO2当量时,其高温耐电晕寿命是纯PAI薄膜的4.1倍。

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陈昊(1982-),男(汉族),上海人,讲师,博士,主要从事聚酰亚胺耐电晕薄膜的研究。
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刘莉(1996-),女(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰胺酰亚胺薄膜的耐电晕性能研究。

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刘莉(1996-),女(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰胺酰亚胺薄膜的耐电晕性能研究。

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刘莉(1996-),女(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰胺酰亚胺薄膜的耐电晕性能研究。

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有机硅氧化物质量分数/%E0/(kV/mm)β
0270.36.999
3245.25.879
9237.27.141
15214.06.638
20183.77.334
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有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜电气强度和形状参数(β)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机硅氧化物质量分数/%E0/(kV/mm)β
0270.36.999
3245.25.879
9237.27.141
15214.06.638
20183.77.334
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耐电晕纳米有机硅氧化物杂化聚酰胺酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备及其介电性能
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刘莉 , 王克强 , 陈昊 , 赵伟 , 范勇
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(9): 30-35
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(9): 30-35
耐电晕纳米有机硅氧化物杂化聚酰胺酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备及其介电性能
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刘莉, 王克强, 陈昊, 赵伟, 范勇
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 刘莉(1996-),女(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰胺酰亚胺薄膜的耐电晕性能研究。

通讯作者:

陈昊(1982-),男(汉族),上海人,讲师,博士,主要从事聚酰亚胺耐电晕薄膜的研究。
Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Corona-resistant Nano-organosilicone Oxide Hybrid Polyamide-imide Composite Film
Li LIU, Keqiang WANG, Hao CHEN, Wei ZHAO, Yong FAN
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
出版时间: 2021-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.004
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采用甲基三乙氧基硅烷、正硅酸乙酯进行水解、聚合,得到纳米有机硅氧化物溶胶,将其折算成SiO2当量,通过高速剪切与聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)树脂混合,经铺膜和热固化后制备得到有机硅氧化物杂化PAI复合薄膜。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射和SEM对复合薄膜进行表征,并对复合薄膜的介电谱、电气强度和高温(155℃)耐电晕寿命进行测试。结果表明:纳米有机硅氧化物在树脂基体中以无定形态均匀分散;随着纳米有机硅氧化物含量的增加,杂化PAI复合薄膜的介电常数、介质损耗因数都逐渐增大,电气强度逐渐降低,耐电晕寿命先升高后降低,当纳米有机硅氧化物质量分数为15%的SiO2当量时,其高温耐电晕寿命是纯PAI薄膜的4.1倍。

聚酰胺-酰亚胺  /  纳米有机硅氧化物  /  介电性能  /  耐电晕

A nano organic silicone oxide sol was prepared by the hydrolysis and polymerization of methyl triethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate, which was converted into SiO2 equivalent to mixed with polyamide-imide (PAI) resin through high-speed shearing, and then organic silicone oxide hybrid PAI composite films were prepared through film spreading and thermal curing. The composite films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and SEM, and their dielectric spectra, electric strength, and corona resistance lifetime at high temperature (155℃) were tested. The results show that the nano organic silicone oxides disperse uniformly in an amorphous state in the resin matrix. With the increase of the nano organic silicone oxide content, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the hybrid PAI composite films increase gradually, the electric strength decreases gradually, and the corona resistance life increases at first and then decreases. When the mass fraction of the nano organic silicon oxide is 15% of SiO2 equivalent, the corona resistance life of the hybrid PAI composite film at high temperature is 3.1 times longer than that of pure PAI film.

polyamide-imide  /  nano organic silicone oxide  /  dielectric properties  /  corona resistance
刘莉, 王克强, 陈昊, 赵伟, 范勇. 耐电晕纳米有机硅氧化物杂化聚酰胺酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备及其介电性能. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (9) : 30 -35 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.004
Li LIU, Keqiang WANG, Hao CHEN, Wei ZHAO, Yong FAN. Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Corona-resistant Nano-organosilicone Oxide Hybrid Polyamide-imide Composite Film[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (9) : 30 -35 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.004
聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)是聚酰亚胺(PI)的一种改性材料。PAI的分子链上含有柔性酰胺基团和耐热酰亚胺环,因此其在保留PI原有优异性能的基础上,具有更加优异的耐热性、化学稳定性等,被广泛用作电绝缘材料如漆包线漆、浸渍漆、薄膜等[1-2]。尽管电气技术在不断发展,电晕放电引起的绝缘失效仍然威胁着电气系统的安全[3-4]。降低电晕放电危害的方法是设计更合理的电气绝缘结构或采用更好的耐电晕材料。因此,在保持绝缘材料原有性能的基础上进一步提高绝缘材料的耐电晕性能具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。在聚合物基体中添加无机纳米颗粒是提高聚合物材料耐电晕性能的有效方法[5-8]
近年来,学者们主要集中于研究PI薄膜的耐电晕性能,而对PAI耐电晕性能的研究较少[9-10],如刘洋等[11]将粒径为30 nm的SiO2无机填料掺杂到PI薄膜中,提高了PI薄膜的电导率、介电常数和耐电晕寿命。冯宇等[12]采用原位聚合法制备了TiO2/PI纳米杂化薄膜,在填料质量分数为7%时,PI薄膜的耐电晕寿命由3.9 h提高到49 h。HUI S等[13]通过原位聚合法制备了Al2O3/PI纳米复合薄膜并对其性能进行测试,结果发现所制备的复合薄膜具有较高的电气强度和耐电晕性能。
本研究采用甲基三乙氧基硅烷、正硅酸乙酯进行水解、聚合,得到纳米有机硅氧化物溶胶,通过高速剪切分散在PAI中,制备不同填料含量的有机硅氧化物杂化PAI复合树脂胶液,通过铺膜及热固化制成纳米有机硅氧化物杂化PAI复合薄膜。用红外光谱、XRD和SEM进行表征,并对其介电性能和耐电晕性能进行分析讨论。
聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI),苏州巨峰电气绝缘系统股份有限公司,工业纯,牌号为JF-710;N,N′-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),分析纯,天津市化学试剂研究所有限公司;正硅酸乙酯(TEOS),分析纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;甲基三乙氧基硅烷(METS),工业纯,牌号为CG-N123,南京坤成化工有限公司;乙醇,分析纯,天津市化学试剂研究所有限公司;去离子水,自制。
室温下在干燥的三口瓶中分别加入MTES、TEOS、DMAc(其中MTES和TEOS的摩尔比为1∶9),开始搅拌,然后根据摩尔比n(H2O)∶n(TEOS+MTES)=2∶1向溶液中加入蒸馏水,回流状态下在85℃条件下反应4 h。升温至160℃,去除反应物中残留水和醇后,反应完成,得到有机硅氧化物溶胶。
将有机硅氧化物折算成SiO2当量,按照SiO2质量分数分别为3%、9%、15%、20%的当量制备有机硅氧化物杂化PAI复合薄膜。按照比例称取PAI树脂和有机硅氧化物溶胶,混合后在5 000 r/min转速下高速剪切搅拌10 min,再用1 000目过滤网进行抽滤,接着慢速搅拌12 h去除气泡。
取干净干燥的玻璃板置于自制铺膜机上,铺膜刮刀调节到一定的高度,将树脂胶液倾倒于玻璃板的一端,启动铺膜机,推动铺膜刮刀均匀地行至玻璃板的另一端。将铺好胶液的玻璃板置于160℃的烘箱中加热30 min。取出后,在蒸馏水中浸泡、揭膜。然后放入100℃烘箱中加热10 min除去水分,再在230℃下加热3 h进行后固化。待烘箱温度冷却至室温取出,得到PAI薄膜(厚度控制在(25±1)μm)。添加不同质量分数的有机硅氧化物的PAI薄膜分别为3%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜(试样A)、9%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜(试样B)、15%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜(试样C)、20%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜(试样D)。
采用美国尼高力公司的AVATAR 370型傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)测试材料的红外光谱,扫描分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描次数为16次,测试范围为4 000~500 cm-1;采用日本岛津公司的HRD-6000型XRD分析仪测试材料的X射线衍射图,扫描范围为5°~60°,扫描速率为3°/min;采用美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司的Apreo C型扫描电子显微镜观察材料的形貌,加速电压为20 kV;采用Novel Control宽频介电谱测试仪(德国)测试杂化材料室温下的介电谱,频率范围为100~107 Hz;采用桂林电器科学研究院有限公司的HT-100型击穿电压测试仪测试材料的电气强度,测试介质为绝缘油,升压速度为1 kV/mm;耐电晕寿命的测试条件为:棒-板电极,155℃,60 kV/mm。
图1为室温下纯PAI薄膜以及15%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的红外光谱。从图1可以看出,纯PAI薄膜以及15%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的红外特征吸收峰曲线大体上一致。772 cm-1处对应的是亚胺环结构中-CO-N-CO-结构弯曲振动的特征吸收峰;1 362 cm-1处对应的是亚胺结构中C-N结构伸缩振动的特征吸收峰;1 510 cm-1处对应的是分子中苯环骨架的振动峰;1 660 cm-1处对应的是酰亚胺和酰胺的C=O结构伸缩振动的吸收峰;1 714 cm-1和1 778 cm-1处的两个吸收峰是由于亚胺环上C=O的伸缩振动引起的,其中1 778 cm-1处的谱带较弱,在图形上呈现比较尖锐,而1 714 cm-1处的谱带则较强,宽度也较宽;3 280 cm-1处对应的是酰胺键结构中N-H伸缩振动的特征吸收峰。在测试谱图中,2 200 cm-1附近没有出现异氰酸酯的特征吸收峰,而且在1 850~1 800 cm-1处没有特征吸收峰,说明没有酸酐结构,表明亚胺化反应完全。以上所有吸收峰与PAI树脂的分子基团特征吸收峰一致。但15%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的红外特征吸收峰在1 073 cm-1处出现了Si-O-Si结构的反对称伸缩振动特征吸收峰,表明所制备的15%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜中确实引入了有机硅氧化物。
图2为纯PAI薄膜和9%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的X射线衍射图。
图2可以看出,纯PAI薄膜和9%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的XRD图中只呈现出聚合物典型的馒头峰,无晶体尖峰,说明有机硅氧化物以无定型态分散在PAI树脂中。由于聚合物也是非晶态,使得有机硅氧化物与树脂基体有较好的相容性,有利于有机硅氧化物在树脂基体中的均匀分散。
图3为20%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的SEM图,图中深色部分为PAI树脂基体,浅色部分为分散相纳米有机硅氧化物粒子。
图3可以看出,纳米有机硅氧化物粒子均匀地分散在PAI基体中,无明显的团聚。说明通过高速剪切分散能使得有机硅氧化物在PAI基体中达到较为理想的分散效果。
图4是纯PAI薄膜及不同填料含量有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的介电常数频谱图。
图4可以看出,在测试频率范围内,复合薄膜的介电常数随测试频率的增加而逐渐减小。介电常数主要由界面极化和偶极极化贡献[14]。随着频率的增加,界面极化、偶极转动极化的建立逐渐跟不上电场的变化,因此介电常数逐渐减小。有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的介电常数均比纯PAI薄膜的大。这是由于无机粒子的添加引入了更多偶极子且纳米粒子与聚合物基体之间能够形成更多的界面,在交互电场的作用下能够发生更多的界面极化和偶极子转向极化[15]。另外,随着填料含量的增加,有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜介电常数增大,这是由于复合薄膜中引入的偶极子及界面增加,极化增强。但在界面周围偶极子的极化也会在一定程度上抑制界面极化,随着填料含量的增加,这种影响会逐渐增强,因此在填料质量分数由15%增加到20%时,复合薄膜的介电常数不但没有增大,甚至略有减小。
图5为纯PAI薄膜及不同填料含量有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的电导率频谱图。
图5可以看出,纯PAI薄膜和有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的电导率均随频率的增加而增大,这符合极性聚合物电导随频率变化的一般规律,一般而言,电导包括欧姆电导和极化引起的电导,而极化电导随着频率的增加而增大。有趣的是复合薄膜的电导率并没有因为纳米有机硅氧化物的掺杂而出现明显的变化。按照势垒模型机理[16],虽然填充纳米材料后形成的过渡区更容易形成导电通道,但是过渡区会限制其附近的空间电荷极化,进而减小极化电流;另外,纳米粒子上的偶极子与大分子基体上偶极子之间的相互作用使得有效偶极矩下降,导致偶极极化电流减小。这些综合作用,导致复合薄膜的电导率并没有随着填料掺杂量的改变而发生明显变化。
图6为纯PAI薄膜及不同填料含量有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的介质损耗因数频谱图。介质损耗因数主要包括界面弛豫损耗和偶极子弛豫损耗[13]
图6可以看出,在低频段PAI复合薄膜的介质损耗因数随着填料含量的增加呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。除3%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜外,其他填料含量复合薄膜的介质损耗因数均低于纯PAI薄膜。而在高频段,复合薄膜的介质损耗因数随填料含量的增加而降低。这一现象可以解释如下:纳米有机硅氧化物含量的增加虽然会导致界面数量增加,但是纳米粒子上的偶极子与大分子基体上偶极子之间的相互作用也会在一定程度上增强。而且,两相之间的过渡区也会限制其附近空间电荷的极化,从而降低低频损耗。这正、反两方面的影响互相竞争,导致低频区复合薄膜的介质损耗因数随填料含量的增加先升高后降低;在高频段,界面极化无法建立,过渡区对偶极子极化的抑制作用随着频率的增加而变得越来越明显,导致在高频段随着填料含量的增加,复合薄膜的介质损耗因数降低。
电气强度是表征绝缘材料介电性能的一个重要参数,本研究采用双参数微布尔分布函数分析电气强度数据,如式(1)所示。
PE=1-exp-EE0β
式(1)中:PE为发生击穿破坏的概率;E为测试的电气强度;E0为击穿破坏概率为63.2%时的电气强度;β表示数据的分散性。第iE值与对应P的特征值计算式如式(2)所示。
Pi=i-0.3n+0.4
式(2)中:Pi表示E值按升序排列后第i次发生击穿的概率;n为样本总量(n=10)。
图7为室温下,纯PAI薄膜与有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜工频电气强度的威布尔分布,威布尔特征电气强度与形状参数如表1所示。
图7表1可以看出,随着填料含量的增加,有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的电气强度逐渐降低。纯PAI的电气强度最高,为270.3 kV/mm。这是由于所有击穿都发生在材料的结构缺陷中,而纳米有机硅氧化物的引入在无机相和有机相之间形成了界面缺陷。材料的缺陷结构容易吸引电荷并引起局部电场畸变,增加了引起局部放电的可能性,加快了材料内部导电路径的形成,从而导致击穿,使材料的电气强度降低。当纳米颗粒的含量逐渐增加时,上述缺陷结构的数量增加,缺陷结构的密度也增大,从而导致材料的电气强度降低。
图8为有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜工频耐电晕寿命随填料含量的变化。图9为纯PAI薄膜与15%有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的电晕击穿点及电晕击穿点边缘形貌的对比图。从图8可以看出,在填料质量分数为15%时,有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的耐电晕寿命最长,为8.36 h。纯PAI薄膜的耐电晕寿命最短,仅为2.02 h。纳米有机硅氧化物的添加增加了两相界面面积,提高了复合材料内部陷阱密度以及陷阱能级[13],而深陷阱结构捕获载流子会形成稳定的空间电荷电场,所形成电场的方向与外加电场方向相反,可有效减轻电场作用下带电粒子对基体的破坏效果[17]。随着填料含量的增加,这种效应会逐渐增强,延长了PAI杂化薄膜的耐电晕寿命。
图9可以看出,PAI复合薄膜的电晕击穿形貌要比纯PAI薄膜的规整,电晕击穿的破环面积更小,电晕击穿点边缘的结构更加光滑、密实。这也证实了纳米有机硅氧化物的添加可以有效阻挡电晕放电对基体的破坏[18]。由表1可知,随着填料含量的增加,有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜的电气强度逐渐下降。当填料质量分数为20%时,复合薄膜的电 气强度由纯PAI薄膜的270.3 kV/mm下降至183.7 kV/mm。这也是填料质量分数达到20%时,有机硅氧化物杂化PAI薄膜耐电晕寿命下降的原因。
(1)合成的纳米有机硅氧化物在聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)基体中分散均匀。
(2)有机硅氧化物杂化PAI复合薄膜的介电常数、介质损耗因数均随着填料含量的增加而增大;在纳米有机硅氧化物的质量分数为15%时,在纳米有机硅氧化物保护作用下,PAI复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命可达8.36 h,约为纯PAI薄膜的4.1倍。
  • 哈尔滨理工大学“理工英才”计划科学研究项目(LGYC2018JC033)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.004
  • 接收时间:2020-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-10-14
  • 修回日期:2020-11-16
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哈尔滨理工大学“理工英才”计划科学研究项目(LGYC2018JC033)
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    哈尔滨理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040

通讯作者:

陈昊(1982-),男(汉族),上海人,讲师,博士,主要从事聚酰亚胺耐电晕薄膜的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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