Article(id=1241799376528544311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241799375576437302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1610294400000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-11, revisedDate=1615392000000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773997642881, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1632067200000, pubDateStr=2021-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773997642881, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773997642881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997642881, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241799375576437302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='109', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773997642653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997716115, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241799683752919920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241799375576437302, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241799683752919921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241799375576437302, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241799376901837372, articleId=1241799376528544311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Low Dielectric Polymers, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research progresses of different polymers (polyimide, perfluorocyclobutyl-based polymer, benzoxazinyl polymer, benzocyclobutene resin, etc.) with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss factor in recent five years were reviewed. The influence of different design strategies of polymer structures (chemical composition, molecular structure, pore structure, etc.) on their properties (dielectric properties, water absorption, thermal stability, mechanical properties, etc.) was discussed mainly, and the influencing mechanisms were analyzed briefly. At last, the four common methods (reducing molecular polarity, increasing the free volume of molecular, introducing porous structure, and introducing cross-linking structures) for the design of different low dielectric polymers were summarized, and the development direction of low dielectric polymers in future was prospected.

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对近五年来具有低介电常数与低介质损耗的不同聚合物材料(聚酰亚胺、全氟环丁基聚合物、苯并噁嗪基聚合物以及苯并环丁烯树脂等)的研究进展进行综述,重点探讨不同聚合物材料的结构设计策略(化学组成、分子结构以及孔结构等)对材料各项性能(介电性能、吸水性、热稳定性、力学性能等)的影响,并简单分析其中的影响机理。最后,总结了不同低介电聚合物材料设计的4种共性方法(降低分子极性、增加分子自由体积、引入多孔结构以及引入交联结构),并展望了未来低介电聚合物材料的发展方向。

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谢高艺(1986-),男(汉族),广西平南人,副教授,研究方向为高分子合成与加工。

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Polymer,2021,212:123115., articleTitle=Ultra-low dielectric properties of porous polyimide thin films fabricated by using the two kinds of templates with different particle sizes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245085183217614966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=1, issue=10, pageStart=2597, pageEnd=2605, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=73, authorNames=LÜ P, DONG Z, DAI X, journalName=ACS Applied Polymer Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= P, DONG Z, DAI X, et al. Flexible polydimethylsiloxane-based porous polyimide films with an ultralow dielectric constant and remarkable water resistance[J]. 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label=Fig.5, caption=Mechanism of ring-opening polymerization of benzocyclobutene, figureFileSmall=2NwOtGpYx9cg4e3mClVXjQ==, figureFileBig=NoLVhjn+2gi2eEK5Dx/87g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245085176590614560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=CN, label=图5, caption=苯并环丁烯开环聚合机理, figureFileSmall=2NwOtGpYx9cg4e3mClVXjQ==, figureFileBig=NoLVhjn+2gi2eEK5Dx/87g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245085176653529121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Chemical structures of polyimides and their dielectric constants, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献
2.48, 10 GHz[13]
2.44, 10 MHz[14]
2.34, 1 MHz[15]
2.26, 1 MHz[16]
2.24, 1 MHz[18]
2.48, 1 MHz[19]
2.09, 10 kHz[2]
2.23, 10 kHz[20]
2.44, 1 MHz[22]
2.47, 1 MHz[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085176733220898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分PI的化学结构及其介电常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献
2.48, 10 GHz[13]
2.44, 10 MHz[14]
2.34, 1 MHz[15]
2.26, 1 MHz[16]
2.24, 1 MHz[18]
2.48, 1 MHz[19]
2.09, 10 kHz[2]
2.23, 10 kHz[20]
2.44, 1 MHz[22]
2.47, 1 MHz[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085176955519011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Chemical structures of perfluorocyclobutyl-based polymers and their dielectric constants, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献
2.36, 5 GHz[35]
2.26, 10 MHz[36]
2.56, 30 MHz[37]
2.52, 20 MHz[38]
2.64, 30 MHz[39]
2.43, 1 MHz[43]
2.31, 1 MHz[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085177022627876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分PFCB聚合物的化学结构及其介电常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献
2.36, 5 GHz[35]
2.26, 10 MHz[36]
2.56, 30 MHz[37]
2.52, 20 MHz[38]
2.64, 30 MHz[39]
2.43, 1 MHz[43]
2.31, 1 MHz[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085177098125349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Chemical structures of polybenzoxazines and their dielectric constants, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献
2.30, 10 kHz[45]
2.61, 100 kHz[46]
2.19, 1 MHz[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085177165234214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分PBOs的化学结构及其介电常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献
2.30, 10 kHz[45]
2.61, 100 kHz[46]
2.19, 1 MHz[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085177249120295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Chemical structures of benzocyclobutene resins and their dielectric constants, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献

2.54,

1 MHz

[55]

2.52,

30 MHz

[56]

2.60,

1 MHz

[57]
), ArticleFig(id=1245085177312034856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241799376528544311, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

部分BCB树脂的化学结构及其介电常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学结构Dk*参考文献

2.54,

1 MHz

[55]

2.52,

30 MHz

[56]

2.60,

1 MHz

[57]
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低介电聚合物材料研究进展
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谢高艺 1, 2 , 马春平 3 , 全大萍 4 , 周中涛 2 , 王小妹 1
绝缘材料 | 综述 2021,54(9): 15-29
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2021, 54(9): 15-29
低介电聚合物材料研究进展
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谢高艺1, 2, 马春平3, 全大萍4, 周中涛2, 王小妹1
作者信息
  • 1中山大学 化学学院,广东 广州 510275
  • 2江门市阪桥电子材料有限公司, 广东 江门 529000
  • 3五邑大学 纺织材料与工程学院,广东 江门 529020
  • 4中山大学 材料科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510275
  • 谢高艺(1986-),男(汉族),广西平南人,副教授,研究方向为高分子合成与加工。

Research Progress of Low Dielectric Polymers
Gaoyi XIE1, 2, Chunping MA3, Daping QUAN4, Zhongtao ZHOU2, Xiaomei WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 2Jiangmen ABQ Electronic Material Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529000, China
  • 3School of Textile Materials and Engineering, WuYi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
  • 4School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
出版时间: 2021-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.003
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对近五年来具有低介电常数与低介质损耗的不同聚合物材料(聚酰亚胺、全氟环丁基聚合物、苯并噁嗪基聚合物以及苯并环丁烯树脂等)的研究进展进行综述,重点探讨不同聚合物材料的结构设计策略(化学组成、分子结构以及孔结构等)对材料各项性能(介电性能、吸水性、热稳定性、力学性能等)的影响,并简单分析其中的影响机理。最后,总结了不同低介电聚合物材料设计的4种共性方法(降低分子极性、增加分子自由体积、引入多孔结构以及引入交联结构),并展望了未来低介电聚合物材料的发展方向。

低介电聚合物  /  分子设计  /  影响机理  /  共性方法

The research progresses of different polymers (polyimide, perfluorocyclobutyl-based polymer, benzoxazinyl polymer, benzocyclobutene resin, etc.) with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss factor in recent five years were reviewed. The influence of different design strategies of polymer structures (chemical composition, molecular structure, pore structure, etc.) on their properties (dielectric properties, water absorption, thermal stability, mechanical properties, etc.) was discussed mainly, and the influencing mechanisms were analyzed briefly. At last, the four common methods (reducing molecular polarity, increasing the free volume of molecular, introducing porous structure, and introducing cross-linking structures) for the design of different low dielectric polymers were summarized, and the development direction of low dielectric polymers in future was prospected.

low dielectric polymers  /  molecular design  /  influencing mechanism  /  common methods
谢高艺, 马春平, 全大萍, 周中涛, 王小妹. 低介电聚合物材料研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (9) : 15 -29 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.003
Gaoyi XIE, Chunping MA, Daping QUAN, Zhongtao ZHOU, Xiaomei WANG. Research Progress of Low Dielectric Polymers[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (9) : 15 -29 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.003
随着5G通讯时代的到来,电子元器件向着更高速度、更高集成度的方向迅速发展。然而,随着超大规模集成电路布线密度的增加,电子元器件内金属互联导线的电阻和层间电介质的电容很容易形成RC延迟(resistance-capacitance delay)效应,进而造成信号传输延迟、噪声干扰和功率损耗等不良影响[1]。在高速、高频传输技术中,介质材料的信号传输速度(v)和信号传播损耗率(α)是两个关键性能指标,而v值和α值又都与介质材料的介电常数(Dk)密切相关,其相互关系如式(1)~(2)所示[2]
vCDk
αfDfDk
式(1)~(2)中:C是光速;f为信号传输频率;Df为介质损耗因数。可见,高频电路板的v值与介质材料的Dk成反比,而α值则与介质材料的DkDf成正比。因此,开发具备低Dk、低Df的介质材料对降低互连延迟、能耗以及串扰具有非常重要的价值。
对于电流集成电路(IC)的介质材料,除了要求具备低Dk和低Df外,还必须满足以下4个方面的要求[3]:①力学性能好,与金属、Si及其他无机材料具有较高的黏附强度;②热稳定性好,在400℃下不分解,膨胀系数低,在热环境具有良好的尺寸稳定性;③高温下不与金属发生化学反应,释气量低;④疏水性强,以防止使用过程中材料吸水而增大其Dk。传统的无机半导体材料显然难以满足这些要求,较早时期有研究者尝试将无机多孔填料(如介孔SiO2[4]、SiO2中空球[5]、笼状倍半硅氧烷(POSS)[6]等)与聚合物基体结合得到低Dk介电材料。然而,未经修饰的无机多孔填料与聚合物基体结合作用力弱,难以获得具有良好力学性能的复合材料。与无机介电材料相比,聚合物介电材料表现出明显的优势,如Dk更低、可溶解、更易于加工、可用于柔性器件制造、可通过化学改性从而便捷地改变材料性能等,因此受到了研究者们的广泛关注。
可用作低介电材料的聚合物种类繁多,如聚酰亚胺(PI)、全氟环丁烯基聚合物、苯并噁嗪基聚合物、苯并环丁烯树脂、聚芳醚、聚酰胺、聚醚砜/聚砜、环氧树脂以及液晶聚合物等。其中,PI研究最多且已商业化,而全氟环丁烯基聚合物、苯并噁嗪基聚合物和苯并环丁烯树脂等也由于其独特的性能而成为近年来低介电材料研究的热点。随着电子元器件的不断发展,对介电材料综合性能的要求也不断提高,现有的商业化聚合物越来越难以满足要求,因此需要对聚合物进行进一步的改性,而不同聚合物由于其结构的差异,改性的思路亦有所区别。近年来已有不少关于低介电聚合物的综述[7-12],但多是针对某种特定的化合物,本文主要分析近五年来研究者们制备具有低介电性能的不同聚合物材料的新策略,希望通过阐述其改性方法以及内在机理,探究出制备具有优异综合性能(特别是低Dk与低Df)的聚合物材料的共性方法。
聚酰亚胺(PI)是一类以酰亚胺环为结构特征的高性能聚合物,其合成方法如图1所示。特殊的酰亚胺环结构赋予了PI优异的热稳定性、耐化学腐蚀性、力学性能以及较好的介电性能;此外,PI的合成方法简便,可通过选择不同的二酐和二胺对其结构进行设计,因此,PI被用作绝缘材料广泛应用于微电子行业中。然而,尽管商用PI的介电常数(Dk=3.4)比传统的SiO2更低,但仍不能满足迅速发展的微电子工业的要求;此外,由于PI具有丰富的亚胺键,极性强,PI在使用过程中会不断吸水而导致其Dk升高。因此,对于PI的改性主要集中在如何降低其Dk以及增强其耐水性上。
可用于合成PI的二酐和二胺种类繁多,而PI的各项性能主要取决于其分子结构。一般而言,PI分子结构中氟元素(F)的含量越高,其Dk越低[13];主链中含有非平面结构刚性基团的PI往往具有更低的Dk,且PI分子结构中侧基的体积越大(比如含有更多的苯环数),PI的Dk越低,因为PI的自由体积随着分子结构中苯环数的增加而增大[14]。此外,分子链间距离越大、非极性键(如苯基醚键)越多或者苯环上不对称取代位越多,PI分子链的自由体积也就越大,也可以达到降低PI Dk的效果[15]。还有研究表明,弯曲的结构单元可削弱PI分子间的相互作用,并使分子链排列更松散,进而改善PI的溶解度以及耐水性。松散排列的聚合物分子链赋予了PI较大的自由体积,进而降低其Dk[16]。很多降低PI Dk的方法都会增加其热膨胀性,而采用微支化交联的手段对PI进行改性则可实现低介电和低热膨胀率的统一,这是由于一方面微支化结构可通过增加聚合物分子自由分数体积来降低Dk,另一方面交联可通过限制链的运动来降低热膨胀系数[17]
在PI主链结构中引入体积较大的基团(如超支化聚硅氧烷(HBPSi)[18]、柔性二硅氧烷段[19]等),可以阻碍聚合物链段的堆积从而增大其自由体积、形成介电限制效应或者抑制聚合物电荷转移作用,进而降低PI的Dk。除了对PI主链结构进行设计,在PI分子链上引入特殊的侧基也可降低PI的Dk。QIAN C等[2]设计了一种侧基含三联苯基团的PI分子(TmBPHF),得益于该分子的三联苯基团在旋转时获得较大的自由体积,TmBPHF表现出很低的Dk(2.09)以及Df(0.001 2)。此外,TmBPHF能溶解于普通有机溶剂,还具备优异的热稳定性、力学性能以及耐水性(吸水率为0.17%)。而将合成TmBPHF所使用的4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)换成均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)可制备不含氟且无孔的PI膜(TmBPPA),尽管其Dk(2.23)以及Df(0.003 9)稍高于TmBPHF,但低于其他无氟、无孔的聚合物膜[20]。增加PI分子中F元素的含量是降低其极性的常用手段,而基于环状或者杯状的主体分子(如冠醚)通过主客体作用对PI分子的强极性亚胺基团进行屏蔽也可达到降低PI极性、降低Dk的效果[21]。还有研究利用叔丁基二甲基硅烷代替原来主链含芴基的PI上的羟基氢,从而在降低芴基PI极性的同时增大分子自由体积,使其Dk显著降低[22]。部分通过主体改性的PI分子结构及其Dk表1所示。
在聚合物基体中加入无机多孔材料是降低聚合物Dk简便易行的方法,但直接在PI体系中加入未修饰的无机多孔材料已被证实不利于获得具备良好力学性能的低介电材料,对此类有机-无机复合材料,优化无机材料与聚合物基体之间的相互作用是其中的关键。WANG C Y等[23]以单伯胺取代的POSS为原料,制备了一系列含氟聚酰亚胺/POSS复合材料(其结构如表1中所示)。由于POSS是直接通过化合键连接在聚合物分子链两端,可以很好地分散在聚合物基体中。此类型复合材料在常用有机溶剂(如氯仿、四氢呋喃)中具有良好的溶解性且易于成膜,所制备的复合膜具有较低的Dk(2.47~2.92),且Dk随POSS含量的增加而降低。YIN X等[24]利用2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4,4′-二氨基联苯(TMFB)接枝改性的氟化石墨烯(t-FG)与氟化聚酰亚胺(f-PI)共混,由于二者可通过氢键形成强的界面作用,可以促进t-FG在f-PI基体中的分散。当t-FG的质量分数达到0.75%时,可制备得到透明、强韧的t-FG/f-PI复合膜,且该复合膜具有较低的Dk(2.09)和较高的拉伸强度(300.1 MPa)。t-FG/f-PI复合膜优异的介电性能与均匀分散的含氟单层纳米片有着密切关系,这是由于一方面,单层纳米片阻碍了f-PI分子偶极子的运动从而导致其弛豫行为受到限制;另外一方面,F原子的强吸电子特性可降低复合膜的离散电子能级的能量,从而使其电子极化率降低。
利用电纺丝技术制备多孔PI膜,从而引入具有极低Dk(1.00)的空气,是降低PI Dk的有效方法。静电纺丝过程中,具有灵活分子结构的聚酰胺酸(PAA)更容易形成低黏度溶液和制备高孔隙率膜,从而获得具有更低Dk的材料[25]。而利用静电纺丝技术与其他手段相结合,可以得到高孔隙率的复合膜。LIU L等[26]以部分水解的四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和PAA为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺结合静电纺丝技术制备了二氧化硅/聚酰亚胺(SiO2/PI)纳米复合纤维膜。SiO2的存在及其与PI基质之间的相互作用阻碍了PI分子链与极性基团的运动,进而降低了SiO2/PI纤维的取向极化率以及电子畸变极化率,因此可以进一步降低PI纳米纤维膜的Dk。此外,与单纯的PI纳米纤维膜相比,SiO2/PI纳米复合纤维膜还具有更高的热稳定性。
利用相分离技术可使聚合物溶液在降温或者加入非溶剂的条件下形成聚合物富相和贫相,固化后再去除溶剂可形成不同孔结构的聚合物材料,因此相分离技术也常被用来制备低Dk材料。相分离过程中,PI薄膜的多孔结构受PAA前驱体结构(是否含F)的影响较小,而受溶剂极性的影响较大,进而导致其介电性能发生改变[27]。利用相分离技术制备多孔PI膜时,一般采用两种不同极性的溶剂使其产生相分离,随着共溶剂中低极性溶剂含量的增加,PAA分子之间的距离减小,相互作用增强,因此制备得到的PI膜中指状孔的比例和尺寸逐渐减小,最终完全转变为海绵状结构,从而减少PI膜中的缺陷比例。此结构的转变会同时提高PI膜的Dk和电气强度,因此需要调节共溶剂比例以获得最佳的综合性能[28]
在聚合物体系中引入热不稳定或者化学不稳定的组分,然后通过物理或者化学的方法将这些不稳定的组分去除,同样可达到致孔的效果。LÜ P等[29]先合成侧基为金刚烷的聚酰胺酸,然后将其与聚乙二醇600(PEG-600)共混并进行亚胺化反应,最后通过将PEG-600进行热分解从而在PI基质中形成多孔结构。研究结果表明,这种多孔的PI薄膜具有良好的热性能以及超低的Dk(低至1.85),而PEG的分解行为受到PI基体化学结构和PEG含量的影响,晶面间距(d)较大的PI矩阵对PEG的束缚作用较弱,因此其中的PEG更容易分解,进而形成孔洞结构。当PEG质量分数较低(0~20%)时,PEG含量的增加可提高孔隙率,但当PEG质量分数达到20%时,PEG会聚集从而形成不规则的孔洞,使得孔隙率提高的趋势减缓。
气凝胶具有超高的孔隙率以及丰富的纳米孔结构,可较大程度地降低材料的Dk。WU T等[30]以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)与4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)以及功能性的TMFB为原料制备气凝胶。TFMB中三氟甲基的存在,一方面阻碍了分子链的堆积,削弱气凝胶的收缩,从而增大其孔隙率与表面积;另一方面则显著提高了气凝胶的疏水性能。所形成的多孔结构以及三氟甲基的低极性共同赋予了此类PI气凝胶极低的Dk(1.27~1.35,10 MHz);而TFMB中刚性联苯结构则在一定程度上增强了PI气凝胶的力学性能和热稳定性。
值得注意的是,引入多孔结构尽管可以有效降低PI膜的Dk,但是多孔结构的存在往往会降低PI膜的力学性能以及耐水性。为解决此缺陷,MA Y等[31]以小水滴作为成孔模板,采用微乳液法制备了具有三明治式多孔结构(上下表面为对称的多孔结构,中间层为致密结构)的PI薄膜(见图2),上下表面的多孔结构赋予了该PI薄膜优良的介电性能(Dk为2.24~2.81)以及耐水性(吸水率为0.49%~0.59%),而中间密实层结构则保证了其机械强度(拉伸强度为93.5~101.6 MPa)。
在提高PI耐水性方面,将可交联的基团引入PI分子中,并在高温或者其他条件下形成交联网络结构是比较有效的方法。QUE X等[32]设计合成了三种端基为苯并环丁烯(BCB)的酰亚胺单体,该类型单体具有优良的溶解性和较低的熔点(<163.5℃),并可通过BCB的热交联固化得到具有较低Dk以及良好力学性能、热稳定性和耐水性(吸水率为0.68%~0.81%)的聚合物材料。其中,含F的聚合物(BCB-6FDA)Dk最小(2.81,1 MHz),但力学性能相对较差。SONG N等[33]设计了侧基含四氟苯乙烯基的PI,并通过四氟苯乙烯侧基之间的相互反应形成具有牢固交联结构的PI(CL-Co-PIs)。随着四氟苯乙烯侧基结构单元数目的增加,CL-Co-PIs的Dk与吸水率均逐渐降低,热稳定性则有所增强。
全氟环丁基(perfluorocyclobutyl, PFCB)聚合物作为一种特殊类型的半氟聚合物,由于具有良好的热稳定性、化学稳定性和绝缘性以及高的疏水性和透明性,被广泛应用在光电领域中。特别地,基于热固性三氟乙烯基醚(trifluorovinyl ether,TFVE)基单体聚合得到的新型PFCB聚合物,由于具有极低的DkDf,在第五代(5G)移动通信技术中有潜在的应用前景[34]。下面将对不同方法制备得到的低Dk PFCB聚合物的分子结构、介电性能(见表2)及其他性能分别进行阐述。
通过化学反应得到端基含TFVE基团的单体,然后再通过TFVE基团之间环二聚反应形成聚合物。当单体上只含两个TFVE基团时,得到的线型PFCB聚合物是热塑性的,表现出较低的热稳定性;当TFVE基团在3个以上时,多功能单体在高温加热后可以迅速形成交联网络(见图3(a)),不仅可以使PFCB聚合物的分子量得到极大提高,而且可以显著提高聚合物的热稳定性和耐溶剂性。LUO Y等[35]先设计合成一种同时含有季碳中心和4个TFVE基团的功能单体,得益于单体的四面体结构,由TFVE基团相互反应交联得到的PFCB聚合物中自发形成了平均尺寸为8 Å的超微孔,而超微孔的存在赋予了该PFCB聚合物优异的介电性能(Dk为2.36)。此外,该PFCB聚合物具备极低的吸水率 (<0.24%)、高的透明度(透过率为93%)、优异的热稳定性(5%失重温度(T5%)为492℃)以及良好的力学性能。这种含原位超微孔聚合物的介电性能还受到超微孔尺寸大小的影响。FANG L等[36]通过分子设计将4个TFVE基团引入到大四面体单元(金刚烷或螺二芴)上,再通过热交联反应制备了含原位超微孔的PFCB聚合物。含金刚烷单元的PFCB聚合物由于具有较大的超微孔(2.949/4.408 Å),其Dk(2.26,1~10 MHz)较含螺二芴单元的PFCB聚合物(超微孔尺寸为2.354/4.354 Å)的Dk(2.54)低。XIN Y等[37]设计合成了含4个TFVE基团的十字型硅氧烷前驱体,该前驱体可在高于160℃的温度下形成交联PFCB聚合物,该交联聚合物表现出低的Dk(<2.56)以及低吸水率(<0.13%)。
先将TFVE基团引入聚合物或者无机化合物分子上,然后再通过TFVE之间的反应获得含交联网络结构的PFCB聚合物(见图3(b))。ZHOU J等[38]先将商业化的酚醛树脂进行乙烯化,再与含TFVE基团的硅烷衍生物进行氢化硅烷化反应得到侧基含有TFVE基团的酚醛树脂,最后在高于200℃的温度下得到交联的酚醛树脂。交联前的聚合物具有良好的溶解性和成膜能力,交联后的酚醛树脂具备较高的热稳定性、低的Dk(2.52)以及较低的吸水率(0.6%)。HE F等[39]先利用植物油提取物——茴香醚的乙烯键进行聚合,然后通过大分子反应在聚合物侧基上引入TFVE基团。该功能性聚合物在加热条件下形成了交联网络结构,并表现出低吸水率(<0.24%)、低Dk(<2.64)、良好的热稳定性以及优异的力学性能。WANG J等[40]将8个TFVE基团引入到无机POSS核上,再通过热聚合反应得到了一种交联的氟化POSS。这种无机-有机复合材料具有较高的热稳定性、良好的透明度(透光率为92%)、较低的Dk(2.56)和Df。在室温水中浸泡3天后,聚合物也表现出极低吸水率(0.044%),其Dk(2.63)与浸泡前相比没有发生明显的增大。
先合成同时含TFVE和其他功能基团的化合物,然后利用其他功能基团的反应得到线型聚合物,最后利用TFVE之间的反应获得含交联网络结构的聚合物(见图3(c))。FANG L等[41]以丁香酚为原料,通过三步化学反应将TFVE基团与降冰片烯基团同时结合到同一个分子(NBE-TFVE)中,NBE-TFVE再经历开环易位聚合反应(ROMP)可得到聚合物(PNBE-TFVE),PNBE-TFVE具有较高的分子量和成膜能力。在加热条件下,PNBE-TFVE可进一步可转变为具有交联网络结构的聚合物(PNBE-TFCB),并表现出优异的透光率、较好的热稳定性(T5%为412℃)、低Dk(2.65)以及良好的疏水性。CHEN X等[42]设计合成了一种含3个TFVE基团的降冰片烯单体,经过降冰片烯的ROMP以及TFVE基团相互反应后形成交联树脂。与FANG L等制备的PNBE-TFCB相比,该交联树脂表现出更好的热稳定性(T5%为473℃)和介电性能(Dk为2.39)。
同时含PFCB以及两个反应性基团的化合物与另外一个含两个反应性基团的化合物之间反应得到的聚合物一般是线型聚合物(见图3(d))。JIA M等[43]以含有PFCB联苯醚的二胺与6FDA为原料,通过两步反应合成了一种水溶性聚酰亚胺(PFCBBPPI)。PFCBBPPI具有优异的热稳定性(T5%为510.5℃)和耐水性(吸水率为0.065%)。得益于其优异的耐水性以及较小的自由体积分数,PFCBBPPI在潮湿的环境中长时间放置后其Dk的提高不到2%(从2.42提高到2.47)。此外,他们还合成了一系列具有精确控制拓扑结构的PFCB芳基醚基聚酰亚胺。在低F含量(23.8%)和适中的自由体积(FFV为2.31%)的情况下,可以获得具有非常低的Dk(2.31±0.02)的聚合物材料[44]。该研究还表明,适当长度和含量的侧链会增大聚酰亚胺的FFV,而无效的侧链片段则会导致FFV减小。此外,若想获得低Dk,聚合物的FFV不能过大,因为在FFV增大的同时也伴随着耐水性的丧失,进而导致聚合物材料在使用过程中Dk提高。
苯并噁嗪类衍生物通常可由廉价的酚类化合物、伯胺类化合物以及甲醛(或多聚甲醛)通过曼尼希缩合反应得到,如图4所示。含两个以上苯并噁嗪单元的前驱体可以在加热条件下发生开环聚合反应,从而形成具有交联网络结构的苯并噁嗪类聚合物(polybenzoxazines,PBOs),由于其分子结构中存在曼尼希桥联结构,可形成分子内/分子间的氢键,而且可选择的功能单体种类也极为丰富,因此,PBOs在较低的交联密度下即可具备异常高的机械强度和模量,此外还具有高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、低的吸湿性、优良的热稳定性、耐溶剂性和阻燃性等优点,从而使其在电子封装以及航天航空领域都有着潜在的应用前景。然而,典型的双酚A型PBOs的Dk为3.7,不能满足高度集成电路介质材料的要求,因此,往往需要通过选择合适的化合物来合成苯并噁嗪单元的前驱体,以减弱PBOs的极性或者增大聚合物分子的自由体积,进而降低PBOs的Dk
在PBOs中引入F元素或者其他低极性的基团,是降低其Dk的常用手段,此类型PBOs的化学结构以及Dk表3所示。Y L KOBZAR等[45]先合成了含1,4-二氧苯基-四氟苯中心单元的双苯并噁嗪前驱体,然后通过热开环聚合得到了交联氟化的聚合物FPBO。得益于芳环的刚性、核氟化作用以及低极化率碳氧键的引入,该FPBO薄膜表现出较低的Dk(2.30)和Df(3.7×10-3)以及较低的吸水率。P PATTHARASIRIWONG等[46]将中心为六氟异丙基的苯并噁嗪衍生物与6FDA反应得到交联共聚物。三氟甲基的存在,一方面可通过氟原子的强拉电子效应降低分子极性,另一方面可抑制聚合物链的有效堆积从而增大聚合物的自由体积。因此,随着6FDA含量的增加,共聚物的Dk持续下降(最低可至2.61),而共聚物的储存模量和Tg均先增大后减小。ZHANG K等[47]以邻位三氟乙酰胺基取代的苯酚、4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷和多聚甲醛为原料,制备了邻三氟乙酰胺双功能化的苯并噁嗪单体,然后在200℃下经过开环聚合反应形成具有交联网络结构的聚苯并噁嗪poly(oTFA-ddm),最后在260℃下poly(oTFA-ddm)的酚羟基与邻位的三氟乙酰胺反应重新成环得到交联的聚苯并噁唑(cFPBO)。三氟甲基的存在使poly(oTFA-ddm)与cFPBO都具有低的Dk,而由于苯并噁唑基团的极化率远低于邻羟基乙酰胺,因此cFPBO的Dk(2.19,1 MHz)明显低于poly(oTFA-ddm)的Dk(2.84,1 MHz)。
通过分子设计,将其他反应性功能基团引入苯并噁嗪前驱体中,可进一步拓展PBOs的结构。ZHANG K等[48]利用曼尼希缩合反应合成了一种含乙炔基与降冰片烯基的苯并噁嗪单体(oHPNI-ac)。oHPNI-ac在较低的加工温度(200~240℃)下即可形成热膨胀系数极低(19.6×10-6/℃)、热稳定性好且具有较低Dk(2.82~2.98)的热固性聚合物(poly(oHPNI-ac)),其低Dk主要归因于乙炔基团在热处理过程中发生环三聚或者与降冰片烯基团共聚,从而增大了聚合物的自由体积。
近年来,以可再生天然化合物为原料合成低介电材料的技术也引起了研究者的广泛兴趣。ZENG M等[49]以蓖麻油、端羟基苯并噁嗪和二异氰酸酯为原料,通过一锅法合成了星型结构的苯并噁嗪-聚氨酯预聚物,然后通过预聚体的噁嗪基团开环聚合得到固化的苯并噁嗪共聚物。与使用芳香族二异氰酸酯共聚相比,利用脂肪族二异氰酸酯共聚不仅降低了共聚物极性,而且增强了共聚物中蓖麻油链段与苯并噁嗪链段之间的缠绕以及相互作用,进而增大了其自由体积。因此,脂肪族二异氰酸酯基苯并噁嗪-脲烷共聚物具有较低的高频Dk(2.94,5 GHz;2.96,10 GHz)和相对较高的Tg(220℃)。
除了通过分子设计改变苯并噁嗪前驱体的化学结构来调节PBOs的介电性能外,聚合过程中溶剂极性以及前驱体的分子量也会对PBOs的介电性能产生影响。ZENG M等[50]发现提高溶剂的极性或者提高极性溶剂的比例,可以促使形成的三嗪网络(由二胺和多聚甲醛反应得到)解离,提高噁嗪基团的形成率,从而获得具备较小多分散系数(PDI为2.63)的PBOs。此类低PDI的苯并噁嗪共聚物薄膜表现出较高的Tg(195℃)和较低的高频Dk(2.65, 5 GHz)。而WANG M W等[51]研究表明,基于较高分子量前驱体制备得到的PBOs具有更高的Tg、更低的Dk(3.14~3.25)以及更好的力学性能。
苯并噁嗪类衍生物除了可以直接聚合得到PBOs外,还能利用苯并噁嗪基团的刚性以及可交联性对其他化合物进行改性。ZHANG S等[52]将苯并噁嗪修饰的POSS(BZPOSS)进行热交联后再与双酚氰酸酯(BADCy)共混形成纳米复合材料。一方面得益于刚性大体积的苯并噁嗪基团的阻隔作用及其与氰酸酯基团反应形成的三嗪环交联网络结构,BZPOSS在BADCy中可均匀分布;另一方面POSS笼状结构中纳米孔的存在,使得BZPOSS/BADCy共混物获得很低的Dk(2.01)及Df。但是过多BZPOSS的加入不仅会使复合材料的Dk出现反弹,还会导致其热稳定性和耐热性下降,这可能是由于过多的BZPOSS会改变共混物的交联结构。
苯并环丁烯(benzocyclobutene,BCB)树脂的合成路线如图5所示,在加热条件下(>200℃),BCB的四元环结构会经历开环反应从而形成高活性的共轭二烯类中间体。该中间体彼此之间可以反应生成螺环中间体,再发生系列重排,得到聚合物或者低聚体;而存在亲二烯类单体的情况下,共轭二烯类中间体则优先与亲二烯类单体发生Diels-Alder加成反应。此类型的反应既不需要催化剂,也不会生成气体副产物,而且所获得的BCB树脂还具有优异的介电性能、热稳定性能、成膜性能以及粘结性能等,因此,BCB树脂在微电子工业中被广泛用作电气绝缘材料和电子封装材料。然而,BCB树脂的脆性在一定程度上限制了其在超大规模集成电路和多芯片组件中的应用。此外,有机硅氧烷树脂是以Si-O-Si键为骨架的半无机聚合物,具有优异的耐老化性、热稳定性和电绝缘性等特性,特别地,其良好的韧性刚好可以弥补BCB树脂的脆性。现今在电子封装等领域应用非常广泛的层间介质低介电材料二乙烯基硅氧烷-双苯并环丁烯(DVS-bis-BCB)树脂(Dk为2.65)即是BCB与有机硅氧烷相结合得到的产品。因此,近年来将BCB与有机硅氧烷相结合的方案成为低介电材料研究的热点。
由于Si-O-Si键与Si-C键本身具有较低的极性,因此对于低介电BCB基硅氧烷树脂的设计主要集中在提高其分子自由体积上。CHENG Y等[53]采用3种不同的硅烷醇对BCB功能化的氯硅烷进行醇解得到含BCB的有机硅氧烷树脂,然后再通过热固化制备了高交联度的、高热稳定性且低Dk(2.69~2.87)的聚合物。其中,通过较大体积的联苯结构隔开Si-O-Si键的聚合物由于具有更小的偶极矩,其Dk更低,但是力学性能和热性能略有不足。HU H等[54]以二甲基硅氧烷为软段结构单元,以双层结构的体型倍半硅氧烷(DDSQ)为硬段结构单元,并加入BCB作为交联单元,在铂催化剂作用下经过氢化硅烷化反应得到了软-硬无规共聚物。该无规共聚物具有较高的分子量,在无催化剂的情况下即可热固化,固化后的共聚物表现出高柔韧性(断裂伸长率为15.6%~31.2%)、高热稳定性和低Dk(2.31~2.51)。且随着共聚物中具有较大体积的DDSQ含量的增加,其Dk和断裂伸长率均逐渐减小,而拉伸强度则有所增大。LI J等[55]通过Piers-Rubinsztajn反应得到两种分别含3个、4个BCB基团的硅氧烷单体,两种单体在加热条件下可分别交联固化形成透明的热固性聚硅氧烷(cured TriBS、cured TetraBS)。由于两种交联聚合物上没有极性基团,并且多臂交联结构赋予了聚合物大的自由体积,因此两种交联聚硅氧烷均表现出优异的介电性能。相比之下,由cured TriBS热固化后得到的交联聚硅氧烷由于密度较小,换而言之具有较大的分子自由体积,因此具有较低的Dk(2.42),而由cured TetraBS热固化后得到的交联聚硅氧烷由于交联度更高,则具有较好的热稳定性(T5%=518℃)、热力学性能以及较低的Df
BCB基硅氧烷树脂在热环境中易于形成交联网络结构,而聚合物最终的交联度也会对其介电性能产生影响。CHEN X等[56]先合成含BCB基团的二甲基硅烷衍生物,然后与乙烯基硅氧烷衍生物反应得到两种聚合单体,最后在加热条件下分别形成交联聚合物(cured-M1、cured-M2)。所制备的两种交联聚合物均表现出良好的热稳定性、低Dk(2.62、2.52)、高透明度、低吸水率(0.15%、0.19%)以及优异的成膜能力。特别地,cured-M2由于具备更高的交联密度,其各项性能均优于cured-M1。
除了与有机硅氧烷结合外,BCB还可以与其他功能基团结合形成高性能的低介电聚合物材料。WANG J等[57]报道了一种利用ROMP技术合成的聚合物侧基含BCB基团的线型含硅聚降冰片烯。该聚合物具有良好的溶解性和成膜能力,且在高温环境中很容易转化为交联网络结构,从而表现出较低的Dk(2.60,40 Hz~30 MHz)和很高的Tg(400℃)。部分BCB树脂的化学结构及其介电常数如表4所示。
其他聚合物如聚芳醚[58-62]、聚酰胺[63]、聚砜/聚醚砜[64-66]、环氧树脂[67-69]、液晶聚合物[70-72]等也可用来制备低介电材料,并表现出不同的特性。I TKACHENKO等[58]将三乙氧基硅烷与烯丙基功能化的氟化芳醚(FPAE)通过硅氢化反应合成了聚醚基前体,再进一步通过溶胶-凝胶法设计合成了两种氟化聚芳醚/二氧化硅交联材料(FPAE/SiO1.5)。以四氢呋喃为溶剂制备得到的复合材料中,无机硅可以均匀地分布在聚合物基体中,而以甲苯为溶剂制备得到的复合材料则形成了微观纳米孔结构。无机硅的引入显著提高了聚合物膜表面的润湿耐水性,结合纳米孔结构可有效降低了材料的Dk(1.86)。LUO K等[63]设计了一种马来酰亚胺功能化的POSS(mPOSS),并将其与呋喃环功能化的芳香聚酰胺(POF)组成可逆交联复合物。马来酰亚胺与呋喃之间的Diels-Alder反应可促使POF与mPOSS形成交联网络,从而显著提高mPOSS/POF复合材料的热性能和力学性能。而Diels-Alder反应的可逆特性也赋予了mPOSS/POF复合材料良好的可回收性。即使经过多次再加工,复合材料仍能保持80%以上的力学性能。此外,POSS分子的多孔性质和交联聚合物链的运动受限显著降低了复合材料的Dk(由4.25降低至2.25)和Df,但是POSS的含量过多(马来酰亚胺基团数/呋喃环数>0.20)时,悬于mPOSS上的烷基链会提高复合材料的极化率和聚合物链的流动性,反而会对复合材料介电性能产生不良影响。
综合上文对不同低介电聚合物材料的分类阐述,可以发现不同聚合物的改性方法可以归纳为4类:①降低分子极性;②增大聚合物分子的自由体积;③引入多孔结构;④引入可交联基团(如TFVE、苯并噁嗪基、BCB等)后进行交联。
降低分子极性最常用的方法是在聚合物分子或者添加物中引入F原子(以下简称氟化),一方面F原子具有强烈的吸电子诱导效应,另一方面氟化还能提供额外的自由体积,增强聚合物材料的耐水性,但是通过氟化降低分子极性需要F原子的比例达到一定程度才能真正起作用,并且氟化过程相对比较复杂,能使用的试剂较少且较为昂贵,还有可能带来一定的环境问题。因此,对于该方面的研究工作以后应集中在如何使用更为廉价的原料和更简单、环保的方法来扩大生产规模。在聚合物分子中引入柔性的脂肪链结构也能降低聚合物分子的极性,但效果比氟化略差。此外,通过分子结构设计来抑制聚合物中偶极子或极性基团的运动、减小分子偶极矩或者通过化学反应减少聚合物中极性基团的含量,同样可以达到降低分子极性的目的。
通过聚合物分子结构设计增大其自由体积是制备无孔低介电材料最有效的方法之一,因为增大聚合物分子的自由体积可以降低单位体积内极化基团的数目,从而达到降低Dk的目的。而若想获得具有较大自由体积的聚合物,可以在聚合物分子结构中引入大体积的、刚性非平面结构的或者可转动的基团、合适长度的柔性段(主链)或者侧基、超支化基团或者多臂结构,从而抑制聚合物链的有效堆积,增大分子链之间的距离。值得注意的是,在聚合物分子中引入柔性链或者侧基有时非但不能增大聚合物的自由体积,反而会起到相反的作用[44]
在聚合物材料中引入多孔结构从而容纳空气来降低材料的Dk,是已有文献报道中唯一可以得到Dk<2.0的聚合物材料的策略,但多孔结构的存在往往会降低聚合物材料的力学性能[59]和热稳定性[58]。一般情况下,孔隙率越大,聚合物材料的力学性能和热稳定性下降越明显。多孔聚合物材料的Dk主要取决于其孔隙率,受孔径尺寸的影响不明显[73],但过多、过大的孔隙除影响材料的力学性能和热稳定性外还会降低材料的疏水性[74]。因此,在聚合物材料中引入多孔结构的过程中需要对孔隙尺寸与孔隙率进行优化设计,从而使其综合性能达到最佳。多孔结构的引入方法包括静电纺丝、相分离、热分解不稳定组分、加入多孔无机材料、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法、模板法等。此外,利用体型小分子构筑得到的聚合物交联网络可以原位形成孔径小于1 nm的超微孔,所获得的聚合物材料仍能保持较好的力学性能和热稳定性,但由于孔隙率的限制,该方法获得的聚合物材料Dk仍高于2.0,可能需要进一步优化分子结构设计来增大超微孔的尺寸,才能获得Dk更低的聚合物材料。
在聚合物分子结构中引入可交联基团并在合适的条件下形成交联网络结构可以提高聚合物材料的力学性能、热稳定性与疏水性,但是对Dk的影响较为复杂,不同文献报道得到的结论不一致。因此,对于交联网络结构对介电性能的影响机理仍需深入研究。一般而言,交联网络结构的形成可提高材料的综合性能,但值得注意的是,在聚合物分子结构中引入可交联基团所经历的合成过程相对复杂,且所用试剂较为昂贵。此外,聚合物分子交联后会形成永久的共价键网络,一旦合成失败材料无法进行回收或者再处理,这将会导致额外的经济损失以及环境问题。
对于不同类型的聚合物,其改性的方法、实施手段以及效果有所差异,单一改性方法往往会在提高某方面性能的同时降低其他性能;此外,某些能够降低聚合物材料Dk的改性方法存在添加量的限制,当添加量过高时反而会起负作用[44,52]。因此,对聚合物材料进行改性的过程中经常需要同时采用多种改性方法,并关注添加量的影响以及不同改性方法的协同作用,这样才能使改性后的聚合物材料综合性能达到最优。
5G通讯时代的到来为低介电聚合物材料的发展提供了宝贵的契机,国外已经实现了多种低介电材料的商业化,并形成了较为严密的知识产权保护网。我国的科技工作者在开发低介电材料方面已做了大量的工作,也颇见成效,但总体而言还是处于起步阶段,离最终产业化的要求可能还存在一定的距离。在未来我国低介电聚合物材料的研发工作中,以下3个方向上的课题仍有待深入研究:①在提高聚合物材料低介电性能的同时维持甚至提高其他各项性能。微乳液法可以选择性地在特定部位引入多孔结构,从而在保障聚合物材料力学性能的条件下降低多孔材料的介电性能,是一种很有价值的制备方法,但需要寻找更好的致孔剂或者优化工艺以进一步提高孔隙率,使材料的Dk降到2.0以下;②降低介电聚合物材料的生产成本,如使用廉价的四氟乙烯取代昂贵的四氟二溴乙烷作为起始材料来制备TFVE单体;③制备同时具有低介电、高导热特性的聚合物材料。低介电材料一般情况下都是绝缘材料,而绝缘材料的导热性往往不佳,使用散热不佳的介质材料不仅会严重影响信号的稳定性与设备的使用寿命,还会导致材料的Dk提高。若想解决介质材料低介电与高导热之间的矛盾,可在本身具备低Dk、低Df的聚合物基质中加入导热性良好的多孔无机材料,并控制多孔无机材料在聚合物基质中的分布,促进导热路径的形成,从而有望获得兼具低介电、高导热特性的复合介质材料。
此外,在我国愈发重视科技创新的新国情以及严峻的国际技术封锁的形势下,希望广大科技工作者能对低介电材料开展新的理论研究以及产业化研究,形成自主的知识产权,以更好地协助我国的半导体工业以及通讯行业重新占据主动权。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51803039)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2019]2845号)
  • 贵州省科学技术基金项目(黔科合基础[2019]1419号)
  • 五邑大学博士/教授科研启动项目(JSQD2001)
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2021年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.09.003
  • 接收时间:2021-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-11
  • 修回日期:2021-03-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51803039)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2019]2845号)
贵州省科学技术基金项目(黔科合基础[2019]1419号)
五邑大学博士/教授科研启动项目(JSQD2001)
作者信息
    1中山大学 化学学院,广东 广州 510275
    2江门市阪桥电子材料有限公司, 广东 江门 529000
    3五邑大学 纺织材料与工程学院,广东 江门 529020
    4中山大学 材料科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510275
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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