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In order to verify the applicability of DGA fault diagnosis methods in oil-filled submarine cable, we chose domestic dodecylbenzene (DDB) insulating oil as research object. First, the decomposition temperature of DDB insulating oil was determined by thermogravimetric test under different heating rates. Subsequently, a test system was built to carry out thermal fault simulation tests of DDB pure oil, oil-paper, and 25# mineral oil at 150, 250, and 350℃. After test, the percentage of five characteristic gases (H2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2) dissolved in the fault oils was measured to study the gas production law of DDB insulating oil under thermal fault. Finally, existing DGA diagnostic methods (classic Duval triangle, quadrilateral graphic method) were selected to analyze the gas data. The results show that the proportion of C2H4 dissolved in DDB insulating oil under thermal fault increase significantly with the increase of fault temperature, and the proportion of C2H4 in mineral oil is at a low level in the whole temperature range. In the thermal fault diagnosis, the classic Duval triangle and quadrilateral graphical method can detect thermal faults by the dissolved gas in DDB insulating oil, but the temperature range of thermal fault cannot be determined accurately, and the fault boundary need to be further modified.

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为了检验现有的DGA故障诊断方法对于充油海缆的适用性,选用国产十二烷基苯绝缘油进行研究。首先采用不同升温速率的热重试验确定十二烷基苯绝缘油的分解温度;随后搭建试验平台,开展十二烷基苯纯油、油纸以及25#矿物油在150、250、350℃下的热故障模拟试验;试验后测量故障油样中溶解的H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C2H2共5种特征气体的百分含量,研究十二烷基苯绝缘油在过热故障下的产气规律;选用现有的DGA故障诊断方法(Duval三角形、四边形图示法)对测得的溶解气体数据进行分析。结果表明:热故障下十二烷基苯绝缘油中溶解的C2H4百分含量占比会随故障温度升高明显增加,矿物油中C2H4百分含量占比在整个故障温度范围内始终处于较低水平;在热故障诊断时,经典Duval三角形以及四边形图示法可以通过十二烷基苯绝缘油中溶解的气体检测出热故障,但不能够准确地判定故障温度范围,需要对方法中的故障边界做进一步修改。

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廖建平(1983-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘油的测试与分析工作的研究。

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廖建平(1983-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘油的测试与分析工作的研究。

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廖建平(1983-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘油的测试与分析工作的研究。

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升温速率/(℃/min)热分解起始温度/℃热分解结束温度/℃最大分解速率温度/℃
5157.75226.75218.14
10177.37246.11242.47
15186.26257.63254.13
20191.12265.17261.51
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十二烷基苯绝缘油的热分解温度

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升温速率/(℃/min)热分解起始温度/℃热分解结束温度/℃最大分解速率温度/℃
5157.75226.75218.14
10177.37246.11242.47
15186.26257.63254.13
20191.12265.17261.51
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温度/℃150250350
加热时间/min30154
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模拟温度及加热时间

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温度/℃150250350
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烷基苯热解产气规律与基于DGA的充油电缆故障诊断
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廖建平 1 , 楚金伟 1 , 高帆 1 , 陈宇飞 1 , 刘星伟 2 , 张晨 2 , 李华强 2 , 钟力生 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(8): 109-114
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(8): 109-114
烷基苯热解产气规律与基于DGA的充油电缆故障诊断
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廖建平1, 楚金伟1, 高帆1, 陈宇飞1, 刘星伟2, 张晨2, 李华强2, 钟力生2
作者信息
  • 1中国南方电网公司超高压输电公司检修试验中心,广东 广州 510405
  • 2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 廖建平(1983-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘油的测试与分析工作的研究。

Pyrolysis Gas Production Law of Dodecylbenzene and Fault Diagnosis of Oil-filled Cable Based on DGA
Jianping LIAO1, Jinwei CHU1, Fan GAO1, Yufei CHEN1, Xingwei LIU2, Chen ZHANG2, Huaqiang LI2, Lisheng ZHONG2
Affiliations
  • 1Maintenance and Test Center of EHV Transmission Company of China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510405, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2021-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.017
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为了检验现有的DGA故障诊断方法对于充油海缆的适用性,选用国产十二烷基苯绝缘油进行研究。首先采用不同升温速率的热重试验确定十二烷基苯绝缘油的分解温度;随后搭建试验平台,开展十二烷基苯纯油、油纸以及25#矿物油在150、250、350℃下的热故障模拟试验;试验后测量故障油样中溶解的H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C2H2共5种特征气体的百分含量,研究十二烷基苯绝缘油在过热故障下的产气规律;选用现有的DGA故障诊断方法(Duval三角形、四边形图示法)对测得的溶解气体数据进行分析。结果表明:热故障下十二烷基苯绝缘油中溶解的C2H4百分含量占比会随故障温度升高明显增加,矿物油中C2H4百分含量占比在整个故障温度范围内始终处于较低水平;在热故障诊断时,经典Duval三角形以及四边形图示法可以通过十二烷基苯绝缘油中溶解的气体检测出热故障,但不能够准确地判定故障温度范围,需要对方法中的故障边界做进一步修改。

油中溶解气体分析  /  烷基苯  /  热重分析  /  热故障

In order to verify the applicability of DGA fault diagnosis methods in oil-filled submarine cable, we chose domestic dodecylbenzene (DDB) insulating oil as research object. First, the decomposition temperature of DDB insulating oil was determined by thermogravimetric test under different heating rates. Subsequently, a test system was built to carry out thermal fault simulation tests of DDB pure oil, oil-paper, and 25# mineral oil at 150, 250, and 350℃. After test, the percentage of five characteristic gases (H2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2) dissolved in the fault oils was measured to study the gas production law of DDB insulating oil under thermal fault. Finally, existing DGA diagnostic methods (classic Duval triangle, quadrilateral graphic method) were selected to analyze the gas data. The results show that the proportion of C2H4 dissolved in DDB insulating oil under thermal fault increase significantly with the increase of fault temperature, and the proportion of C2H4 in mineral oil is at a low level in the whole temperature range. In the thermal fault diagnosis, the classic Duval triangle and quadrilateral graphical method can detect thermal faults by the dissolved gas in DDB insulating oil, but the temperature range of thermal fault cannot be determined accurately, and the fault boundary need to be further modified.

dissolved gas analysis  /  dodecylbenzene  /  thermogravimetric analysis  /  thermal fault
廖建平, 楚金伟, 高帆, 陈宇飞, 刘星伟, 张晨, 李华强, 钟力生. 烷基苯热解产气规律与基于DGA的充油电缆故障诊断. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (8) : 109 -114 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.017
Jianping LIAO, Jinwei CHU, Fan GAO, Yufei CHEN, Xingwei LIU, Chen ZHANG, Huaqiang LI, Lisheng ZHONG. Pyrolysis Gas Production Law of Dodecylbenzene and Fault Diagnosis of Oil-filled Cable Based on DGA[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (8) : 109 -114 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.017
目前陆上电缆大多采用交联聚乙烯电缆[1-2],但在海底电缆领域还是以高压充油电缆为主,这主要由于充油电缆的可靠性[3]。充油电缆发生机械故障时,只需要通过供压系统保持电缆内部压力大于海水压力,海水就无法进入电缆侵蚀内部材料,因此不需要立刻进行停电检修,为维修争取了时间。此外可以利用补充浸渍剂的方法防止充油电缆内部产生气隙[4-5]
在电缆的运行过程中,电缆可能因发生短路、环流以及过负荷,导致发热,进而引发事故[6]。绝缘油在发生热故障时会分解产生一些特征气体溶解于油中,通过检测油中溶解气体的含量变化可对设备进行故障诊断[7],这就是油中溶解气体分析(DGA)诊断方法。原理上,DGA作为一种常用的充油设备故障检测方法同样也可以用于充油电缆。但是,与变压器等设备一般采用矿物油不同的是,电缆油除了要具备散热、灭弧、绝缘等性能,还要能够通过供压系统时刻维持电缆内部的压力稳定,因此充油电缆一般都会选用黏度较低的十二烷基苯(DDB)绝缘油作为浸渍剂[8]。十二烷基苯绝缘油是由烷烃或烯烃与苯直接合成得到的单环芳香烃混合物[9],矿物油主要是由烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃组成的混合物,两者在组成以及产气原理上有一定的相似性。目前基于DGA的故障判定法则都是针对矿物油型设备制定的,对于使用十二烷基苯绝缘油的充油电缆是否适用还有待考证[10],因此研究十二烷基苯绝缘油在过热故障下的产气规律有助于十二烷基苯DGA故障判定法则的制定,同时也对充油电缆的检修具有重要指导意义。
本研究首先对十二烷基苯绝缘油进行不同升温速率下的热重试验,确定十二烷基苯的分解温度,并据此开展十二烷基苯绝缘油纯油和油纸在150、250、350℃下的热故障模拟试验。然后测量十二烷基苯绝缘油中溶解的H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C2H2共5种特征气体的含量,采用矿物油DGA诊断方法(Duval三角形、四边形图示法)对本试验油样中溶解气体的数据进行分析,检验现有的DGA热故障判定法则对于十二烷基苯绝缘油的适用性。
选用国产十二烷基苯绝缘油作为研究对象。试验前对绝缘油进行脱水脱气处理,处理方法如下:采用图1所示的绝缘油脱气脱水处理平台,将十二烷基苯绝缘油倒入真空玻璃瓶中,使用恒温磁力搅拌器将油温控制在60℃并进行搅拌、抽真空处理12 h,处理后的油中水分含量应低于10×10-6
在进行油纸热故障模拟试验前对绝缘纸板进行真空油浸处理,除去纸板中的水分。处理方法如下:将绝缘纸板裁成50 mm×10 mm×3 mm并将纸板边角打磨平滑,放入烘箱中,设置温度为104℃,烘焙4 h,再将纸板转移到真空浸渍罐中,抽真空处理12 h。处理后的绝缘纸板水分含量应低于0.5%。
热重试验仪器选用梅特勒公司生产的TGA/SDTA851型热重分析仪。取经过脱水脱气处理的国产十二烷基苯绝缘油样品20 mg,升温速率分别为5、10、15、20℃/min,升温范围为30~800℃,气体氛围为氮气。
热故障模拟试验装置如图2所示,主要包含油罐、调压器、温度监视器以及超压泄放装置等。油罐上装有压力表以监视罐内压力,当内部压力超过0.4 MPa时,超压泄放装置会自动打开阀门放气,保护设备免受破坏。油罐内部通过铜框将加热片固定在中间,在进行油纸试验时可将纸板置于两加热片之间。调压器用于调节加热片功率以模拟不同温度下的局部过热故障。温度监视器通过热电偶实时监测加热片、油中以及油罐外壁的温度,保证热点能够达到预定温度。为了确保系统在整个试验过程中处于安全状态,在油中温度达到90℃或者油罐外壁达到60℃时停止加热。
具体试验步骤如下:
(1)将预处理后的油样置于油罐中,然后将油罐密封,用氮气洗脱罐内空气。
(2)将试验装置按图2中的方式连接起来。打开电源开关,通过调压器将加热片温度迅速升至预定温度,之后再进行微调使加热片温度稳定在一定范围内。
(3)当油罐内部压力接近0.4 MPa,或者油中温度达到90℃,抑或油罐外壁温度达到60℃时,停止加热,断开调压器开关。将油罐静置冷却直至室温,等待油中溶解气体与罐内气体达到平衡状态。
(4)采用真空玻璃管从油罐底部取样,先用油样将玻璃管润洗两遍,之后取两次试样,每次取样40 mL。
图3为国产十二烷基苯绝缘油的热重/微分热重(TGA/DTG)曲线。从图3可以看出,随着温度的升高,十二烷基苯绝缘油有一个明显的质量减小过程。在此过程中,十二烷基苯绝缘油发生分解产生易挥发的小分子烃,直至质量分数减小为0。升温速率越快,产生的温度滞后越严重,对应的分解温度越高。
依据国际热分析和量热协会ICTAC规定,可将十二烷基苯绝缘油失重10%时的温度作为分解起始温度,失重90%时的温度可作为分解结束温度,表1是由热重曲线得到的十二烷基苯绝缘油热分解温度特性。从表1可以看出,不同升温速率下的十二烷基苯绝缘油的分解起始温度区间为157.75~191.12℃,热分解结束温度区间为226.75~265.17℃,达到最大分解速率时的温度区间为218.14~261.51℃,热分解过程主要集中在中低温。
由热重试验结果可以得到十二烷基苯绝缘油的热分解主要在中低温,而且十二烷基苯绝缘油相对于矿物油黏度较低,加速了加热片表面的对流散热,导致局部热点在十二烷基苯绝缘油中难以达到较高温度。结合前文提到的试验方法并结合实际测试情况,本次热故障模拟试验针对十二烷基苯绝缘油纯油以及油纸,设置表2中的模拟温度及时间,在相同试验条件下选用25#矿物油作为对照。
图4为过热故障下矿物油中溶解气体的百分含量。从图4可以看出,在150℃时,矿物油中主要特征气体为H2和CH4,温度升高时,H2的百分含量减少,而C2H6的百分含量逐渐增加,故障温度为350℃时,主要特征气体为CH4、H2、C2H6,整个温度范围内,C2H4百分含量较小,C2H2的百分含量为0,说明中低温热故障能量不足以产生C2H2
图5(a)为十二烷基苯绝缘油纯油中5种气体的百分含量。从图5(a)可以看出,在整个故障温度范围内,C2H2百分含量始终为0,150℃时的主要特征气体为H2和CH4,温度升高时,H2百分含量减小,C2H6和C2H4百分含量增加,与矿物油不同的是,在350℃时十二烷基苯绝缘油中主要特征气体为C2H6和C2H4,说明相较于H2和CH4,温度升高对C2H6和C2H4生成速率的加速作用更为明显。图5(b)为十二烷基苯油纸在过热故障下油中溶解气体的百分含量。从图5(b)可以看出,随着温度升高,H2百分含量减小,350℃时主要特征气体为C2H4和C2H6,整个温度范围内未产生C2H2。总体上,十二烷基苯油纸热故障下溶解气体百分含量随温度变化趋势与纯油类似,绝缘纸对溶解气体分布有一定影响,导致变化的规律不如纯油明显。
相较于矿物油,十二烷基苯绝缘油中C2H4百分含量随着温度升高明显增加,主要是由于十二烷基苯绝缘油是由不同长度的单支链烷基苯组成,其中烷基支链含碳原子数为10~13个。苯环上的C-H键能比较高,不易发生开环反应,热解氛围下C-H键也需要较高的活化能,苄基位的C-C键能比烷烃C-C键能低[11],因此烷基苯的初始分解反应为苄基位的C-C键发生断裂生成长支链的烷基,烷基易发生β-C-C解离脱氢反应生成大量烯烃[12],随着温度升高进而解离裂解成更小的烯烃,因此烷基苯中C2H4百分含量明显增加。
依据IEC 60599-2015故障温度将绝缘油设备的热故障划分为低温T1(<300℃)、中温T2(300~700℃)、高温T3(>700℃)[13],在此基础上,许多学者基于DGA提出了适用于矿物油型设备的故障类型判定法则。为检验现有判定法则对十二烷基苯绝缘油的适用性,参照矿物油的DGA诊断方法对本次模拟热故障下油样中溶解的气体数据进行分析。
Duval三角形[14]是M DUVAL于1974年提出的一种DGA故障诊断方法,经不断修改后被纳入到IEC 60599-2015标准中。经典Duval三角法是以三角形的三个边为坐标轴,各个轴代表C2H2、C2H4、CH4在这3种气体中所占的百分含量,并在三角形内部划分故障区域。将3种特征气体的百分含量代入三角坐标系后得到对应的数据点,根据数据点在三角形内部的位置即可判定故障类型。图6为结合经典Duval三角形对本次过热故障下油样中的溶解气体数据进行分析的诊断结果。图6T1T2T3区域分别对应IEC 60599-2015标准中的低温热故障(<300℃)、中温热故障(300~700℃)、高温热故障(>700℃),PD区域为局部放电故障。
图6可以看出,对于矿物油,150℃、250℃油样对应的数据点落在T1区域,350℃油样数据点落在T2区域,本次试验矿物油故障油样均被判定为相应的故障类型。十二烷基苯纯油150℃油样相应的数据点落在PD区域,250℃油样数据点落在T2区域,350℃油样数据点落在T3区域,十二烷基苯油纸250℃油样数据点落在T2区域,150℃、350℃油样数据点落在T3区域,除了十二烷基苯纯油150℃油样被误判为局部放电,其余十二烷基苯油样均被判定为热故障,判定结果对十二烷基苯的DGA故障定性方法具有一定的参考价值,但模拟热故障下的十二烷基苯油样均未诊断出相应的故障温度,仍需对故障判定边界进行修改。
S J LEE等学者认为在发生低温热故障时,绝缘油分解产生的CH4、C2H6百分含量是重要依据,而高温热故障中C2H4的百分含量比较具有参考价值。此外H2以及C2H2的百分含量也是区分高低能放电的重要指标,因此提出了基于C2H2、C2H4、CH4和H2共4种气体进行故障诊断的四边形图示法[15-16]。四边形图示法是以正方形的四条边为坐标轴,分别代表每种气体在这4种气体中的占比,并在四边形内部划分故障区域。4种特征气体的百分含量在坐标系中对应的直线可围成一个矩形,将该矩形的形心作为故障点投射在四边形内部,根据数据落点位置即可判断故障类型。图7是结合四变形图示法对本次过热故障下油样中的溶解气体数据进行分析的诊断结果。
图7可以看出,矿物油150℃、250℃油样对应的数据点落在相应的T1区域,350℃油样数据点落在相应的T2区域,采用四边形图示法同样可以准确的判定本次试验中矿物油的故障类型。对于十二烷基苯绝缘油,所有故障油样对应的数据点落在了热故障区域,均被判定为热故障。十二烷基苯纯油150℃、250℃油样数据点落在相应的T1区域,油纸250℃油样数据点落在T2区域,纯油350℃以及油纸150、350℃油样数据点落在T3区域。相较于经典Duval三角形,四边形图示法对于十二烷基苯热故障诊断准确率更高,故障温度范围判定也比较准确,可以用来诊断十二烷基苯纯油的低温故障,对十二烷基苯DGA故障判定法则的制定具有较高的参考价值,但不太适用于十二烷基苯油纸以及较高温度的热故障,存在温度判定过高的现象,还需要在原有故障判定边界的基础上进一步改进。
本文开展十二烷基苯绝缘油的热重测量和模拟热故障下的产气试验,研究热故障下十二烷基苯绝缘油中5种特征气体(H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C2H2)的变化规律,依据试验结果分析基于矿物油的DGA故障判定法则用于烷十二基苯绝缘油的可行性,得到如下结论:
(1)150~350℃的中低温热故障中,相较于H2和CH4,故障温度升高对十二烷基苯绝缘油中C2H6和C2H4生成速率的加速作用更为明显。十二烷基苯绝缘油的产气规律与矿物油有一定的相似性,H2在5种特征气体百分含量随着温度的升高而减小,故障所提供的能量不足以产生C2H2。十二烷基苯绝缘油与矿物油中溶解气体差异主要在于C2H4的百分含量,十二烷基苯绝缘油中C2H4百分含量会随着温度升高明显增加,矿物油中C2H4在整个故障温度范围内百分含量始终处于较低水平。
(2)借助经典Duval三角形可以通过十二烷基苯绝缘油中溶解气体检测出热故障,对十二烷基苯的DGA故障定性方法制定具有一定的参考价值,但是会出现误判为局部放电的情形,故障温度的判定也不准确,仍需对故障判定边界进行修改。
(3)相较于经典Duval三角形,四边形图示法对于十二烷基苯绝缘油热故障诊断准确率更高,故障温度范围判定也相对合理,对十二烷基苯绝缘油的DGA故障判定法则的制定具有较高的参考价值,因此可以在四边形法的基础上对故障温度判定边界进行改进,寻找出适用于十二烷基苯绝缘油的DGA热故障诊断方法。
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2021年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.017
  • 接收时间:2020-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-08-20
补充材料
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作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2020-09-19
  • 修回日期:2020-11-03
基金
南方电网超高压输电公司科技项目(CGYKJXM20180112)
作者信息
    1中国南方电网公司超高压输电公司检修试验中心,广东 广州 510405
    2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.017
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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