Article(id=1241795756567364573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241795749348967189, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1615219200000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-09, revisedDate=1618761600000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996779815, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1629388800000, pubDateStr=2021-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996779815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996779815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996779815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241795749348967189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996778094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997690758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241799577397953390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241795749348967189, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241799577397953391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241795749348967189, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241795756907103207, articleId=1241795756567364573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Repetitive Impulsive Voltage Rise time on PDIV of Turn to Turn Insulation for Low-voltage Random-wound Inverter-fed Motor, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) under repetitive pulse voltage is an important parameter to evaluate the insulation performance of low-voltage random-wound inverter-fed motors. Different from the traditional sinusoidal voltage, the rise time and polarity of the impulse are critical parameters to be considered when PDIV test is carried out on the turn to turn insulation of the winding for inverter-fed motor at repetitive impulsive voltages. In this paper, the influence of repetitive impulsive voltage rise time on the PDIV and energy distribution features of turn to turn insulation for inverter-fed motors with three specification were investigated at repetitive impulse voltages with different impulse rise times (50 ns, 75 ns, 100 ns, and 200 ns), and the mechanism of variation of PDIV with different rise times was discussed. The results show that with the decrease of rise time, the PDIV of three motors decreases, and the maximum decline rate reaches 28.1%. The influence of repetitive pulse polarity on the PDIV test results of low-voltage random-wound inverter-fed motor is limited, indicating that both positive and negative can objectively reflect the PDIV performance of motor. With the increase of impulse rise time, the discharge energy in frequency domain moves from high frequency to low frequency. The research results are expected to provide reference for PDIV test of low voltage inverter-fed motor insulation and the revision of related standards.

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重复脉冲电压下的局部放电起始电压(PDIV)是评估低压散绕变频电机绝缘性能的重要参数。不同于传统正弦电压,采用重复脉冲对变频电机散绕绕组感性负载匝间绝缘进行PDIV测试时,脉冲上升时间和极性是重点考虑的参数。本文在50、75、100、200 ns 4种脉冲上升时间的重复脉冲电压下,研究脉冲上升时间对3台不同规格的低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘PDIV及放电能量分布的影响规律,并解释了PDIV随脉冲上升时间变化的机理。结果表明:随着脉冲上升时间的减少,3种电机的PDIV值均呈减小趋势,最大下降率达到28.1%。重复脉冲极性对低压散绕变频电机PDIV测试结果的影响有限,表明正、负极性均可客观反映电机的PDIV性能。随着脉冲上升时间的增加,正、负极性下放电频域能量均呈由高频向低频移动的趋势。研究结果有望为低压散绕变频电机的PDIV测试和相关标准的修订提供参考。

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王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事可再生能源及电力电子系统中的电气绝缘关键技术的研究。
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程驰宙(2000-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备在线监测、故障诊断与状态评估的研究。

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程驰宙(2000-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备在线监测、故障诊断与状态评估的研究。

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程驰宙(2000-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备在线监测、故障诊断与状态评估的研究。

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名称型号相数额定功率/W额定电压/V绝缘等级
AY801-43550380B
BYS71123370380E
CSP175B39 200380F
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3种电机的参数

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名称型号相数额定功率/W额定电压/V绝缘等级
AY801-43550380B
BYS71123370380E
CSP175B39 200380F
), ArticleFig(id=1245062200554009251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795756567364573, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Positive PDIV measured results of motor A, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
上升时间/nsU相-地/kVV相-地/kVW相-地/kV
503.273.824.06
753.313.864.15
1003.404.074.37
2004.094.364.61
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电机A正极性PDIV测试结果

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上升时间/nsU相-地/kVV相-地/kVW相-地/kV
503.273.824.06
753.313.864.15
1003.404.074.37
2004.094.364.61
), ArticleFig(id=1245062200746947252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795756567364573, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Negative PDIV measured results of motor A, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
上升时间/nsU相-地/kVV相-地/kVW相-地/kV
503.503.554.04
753.603.954.21
1003.674.154.40
2003.994.524.61
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电机A负极性PDIV测试结果

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上升时间/nsU相-地/kVV相-地/kVW相-地/kV
503.503.554.04
753.603.954.21
1003.674.154.40
2003.994.524.61
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重复脉冲上升时间对低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘PDIV影响研究
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程驰宙 , 王鹏 , 李想
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(8): 67-73
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(8): 67-73
重复脉冲上升时间对低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘PDIV影响研究
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程驰宙, 王鹏, 李想
作者信息
  • 四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 程驰宙(2000-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备在线监测、故障诊断与状态评估的研究。

通讯作者:

王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事可再生能源及电力电子系统中的电气绝缘关键技术的研究。
Effect of Repetitive Impulsive Voltage Rise time on PDIV of Turn to Turn Insulation for Low-voltage Random-wound Inverter-fed Motor
Chizhou CHENG, Peng WANG, Xiang LI
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2021-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.011
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重复脉冲电压下的局部放电起始电压(PDIV)是评估低压散绕变频电机绝缘性能的重要参数。不同于传统正弦电压,采用重复脉冲对变频电机散绕绕组感性负载匝间绝缘进行PDIV测试时,脉冲上升时间和极性是重点考虑的参数。本文在50、75、100、200 ns 4种脉冲上升时间的重复脉冲电压下,研究脉冲上升时间对3台不同规格的低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘PDIV及放电能量分布的影响规律,并解释了PDIV随脉冲上升时间变化的机理。结果表明:随着脉冲上升时间的减少,3种电机的PDIV值均呈减小趋势,最大下降率达到28.1%。重复脉冲极性对低压散绕变频电机PDIV测试结果的影响有限,表明正、负极性均可客观反映电机的PDIV性能。随着脉冲上升时间的增加,正、负极性下放电频域能量均呈由高频向低频移动的趋势。研究结果有望为低压散绕变频电机的PDIV测试和相关标准的修订提供参考。

变频电机  /  绝缘系统  /  局部放电  /  局部放电起始放电电压  /  频域特性

Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) under repetitive pulse voltage is an important parameter to evaluate the insulation performance of low-voltage random-wound inverter-fed motors. Different from the traditional sinusoidal voltage, the rise time and polarity of the impulse are critical parameters to be considered when PDIV test is carried out on the turn to turn insulation of the winding for inverter-fed motor at repetitive impulsive voltages. In this paper, the influence of repetitive impulsive voltage rise time on the PDIV and energy distribution features of turn to turn insulation for inverter-fed motors with three specification were investigated at repetitive impulse voltages with different impulse rise times (50 ns, 75 ns, 100 ns, and 200 ns), and the mechanism of variation of PDIV with different rise times was discussed. The results show that with the decrease of rise time, the PDIV of three motors decreases, and the maximum decline rate reaches 28.1%. The influence of repetitive pulse polarity on the PDIV test results of low-voltage random-wound inverter-fed motor is limited, indicating that both positive and negative can objectively reflect the PDIV performance of motor. With the increase of impulse rise time, the discharge energy in frequency domain moves from high frequency to low frequency. The research results are expected to provide reference for PDIV test of low voltage inverter-fed motor insulation and the revision of related standards.

inverter-fed motors  /  insulation systems  /  partial discharge  /  PDIV  /  frequency domain characteristics
程驰宙, 王鹏, 李想. 重复脉冲上升时间对低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘PDIV影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (8) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.011
Chizhou CHENG, Peng WANG, Xiang LI. Effect of Repetitive Impulsive Voltage Rise time on PDIV of Turn to Turn Insulation for Low-voltage Random-wound Inverter-fed Motor[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (8) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.011
在工业领域广泛使用的低压散绕变频电机比例超过所有变频电机的80%[1]。与传统正弦电压直接驱动的交流电机不同,变频电机承受高频脉宽调制电压,端部过电压和绕组内部匝间电压分布不均易造成绝缘内部发生局部放电,加速电机老化,被认为是变频电机绝缘早期失效的主要原因[1-2]
低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘主要由有机物组成,放电可导致绝缘快速失效。为提升绝缘裕度,具有耐电晕性能的匝间绝缘材料被大量使用。然而,从绝缘设计考虑,避免匝间绝缘在长期运行中发生放电,是绝缘系统设计的重点。因此,在绝缘系统设计和生产阶段,应控制额定电压小于局部放电起始电压(PDIV),同时留有一定裕度,以保证电机的安全运行[3]。可见,匝间绝缘PDIV是评估低压散绕变频电机绝缘性能的重要参数,因此也是国际标准IEC 60034-18-41:2014、IEC TS 60034-27-5-2021、IEC TS 61934:2011中重点阐述部分。
受分布感性和容性参数的影响,端部带有过电压的重复方波电压在变频电机绕组内部不均匀分布。一般认为,脉冲电压在定子绕组传播时,由于绕组分布参数的存在,重复脉冲上升时间越短,脉冲电压在绕组内分布越不均匀,更易引起匝间场强局部集中。当匝间场强大于局部放电起始场强时,局部放电将高概率出现[2,4-5]。为模拟以上现象,匝间绝缘PDIV测试必须采用模拟脉宽调制电压的重复脉冲,才能引发匝间场强集中,从而激发绝缘薄弱处放电。
当脉宽调制产生的方波脉冲电压施加于电机端部相-地间时,绕组匝间实际承受电压为持续时间较短(小于1 000 ns)的重复短脉冲电压[6]。IEC 60034-18-41:2014指出,在重复脉冲电压下,需要对低压散绕变频电机绝缘系统匝间绝缘进行PDIV测试,以判断电机额定电压是否高于PDIV,从而改进或优化绝缘系统设计,避免电机在服役期间出现放电乃至绝缘失效的问题。
低压散绕变频电机的匝间绝缘PDIV研究表明,脉冲电压参数、绝缘尺寸均会影响匝间绝缘的PDIV。重复脉冲电压下的PDIV是正弦电压下的1.6~2.7倍,在短脉冲上升时间下过电压可能引发PDIV随重复脉冲上升时间的增加而升高。然而,上述研究大部分在重复方波或正弦电压下进行,研究对象也大多为绞线对容性试样,不能真正模拟具有感性负载特性的变频电机结构。另外,持续时间较短的重复脉冲电压下PDIV的研究以及脉冲上升时间对PDIV影响规律的研究报道较少[7]
本文以低压散绕变频电机为研究对象,依据IEC TS 60034-27-5-2021标准,在4种重复脉冲上升时间下对3种额定功率为370、550、9 200 W的鼠笼低压散绕变频电机定子进行大量PDIV测试,总结重复脉冲上升时间和电压极性对低压散绕变频电机匝间绝缘PDIV及放电能量分布的影响规律和机理,研究结果有望为低压散绕变频电机的PDIV测试和相关标准的修订提供参考。
重复短脉冲发生装置如图1所示。电路由低压方波发生器、高压开关模块、高压直流电源及高压电阻组成。通过改变高压RC电路参数充电电阻值可实现50、75、100、200 ns的脉冲上升时间、重复脉冲频率为50 Hz的正负极性重复短脉冲[8]。电压波形如图2所示,其中图2(a)为脉冲上升时间为50 ns时的重复脉冲和局部放电波形,图2(b)为正极性重复短脉冲电压的波形,频率为50 Hz,周期T为0.02 s。
重复短脉冲输出纳秒级变化电压[9],电源中固态开关的高速开断会产生严重的高频干扰,高频电流传感器、检测阻抗直接耦合法等方法不能满足实验需要。因此,本研究PDIV测试使用特高频(UHF)方法,图3为特高频传感器示意图。传感器采用特制的阿基米德平面螺旋天线,能够有效地抑制开关高速开断带来的高频干扰[10]
重复脉冲PDIV测试平台如图4所示。测试平台主要由高压脉冲发生器、高速数字示波器(Waverunner 8254)和高增益特高频天线组成。通过改变高压电路参数,电源可产生频率、占空比和脉冲上升时间可调的重复脉冲电压。测量时输入定子的电压,经带宽为50 MHz的高压探头1 000∶1分压后由通道1输入到示波器。特高频天线通过500 MHz高通滤波器滤除低频干扰和提取0.5~2.5 GHz的电磁波信号后,将放电时域信号接入通道2。数字示波器带宽为2.5 GHz,采样频率最高为20 Gs/s,依据奈奎斯特采样定理及采样裕度,数字示波器采样率设置为10 Gs/s。为实现电磁波的近场检测,固定特高频天线和待测定子的距离约为8 cm。为防止环境变化对测试结果的影响,控制测试温度为19℃,相对湿度为53%[11]
进行PDIV测试时,固定脉冲上升时间和电压上升速率,缓慢升高直流母线电压直至出现第一次放电现象,记录此时的PDIV值。
试样为3种不同额定电压的低压散绕变频电机,3种电机参数如表1所示,同一实验条件下测试3组数据,以减小随机因素的影响,3组数据测试间隔约为20 min,以防止定子绕组中电荷积累对实验结果的影响[12]
实验中的测试电压上升速率会影响测试结果,测试结果的准确性与电压变化速率呈负相关[13]。为控制电压上升速率,以20 V/s的升压速率将电压提升至1.2 kV,然后以5 V/s的速度缓慢升高至直流母线电压,直到示波器出现局部放电信号时停止升高电压,记录PDIV值。
在正极性重复短脉冲电压下,改变电压上升时间,得到3种电机的PDIV测试结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,在正极性重复短脉冲电压下,3种电机的PDIV值都随着上升时间的减少而减小。其中电机A在上升时间从200 ns减少到50 ns时,PDIV下降率达到20.1%;电机B在上升时间从200 ns减少到50 ns时,PDIV下降率达到18.7%;电机C在上升时间从200 ns减少到50 ns时,PDIV下降率达到22.9%。
对3种电机的PDIV测试值进行曲线拟合,拟合结果如图6所示。从图6和函数表达式可以看出,3种电机的PDIV值随着上升时间的增加而增大,拟合结果进一步说明,当上升时间增加到150 ns之后,PDIV的增长速率逐渐下降,说明上升时间的增加对电机的PDIV值的影响逐渐下降。
负极性重复短脉冲电压下3种电机不同上升时间的PDIV测试结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,在负极性重复短脉冲电压下,PDIV值随上升时间的减少而减小,其中电机A在上升时间从200 ns减少到50 ns时,PDIV下降率达到21.4%;电机B在上升时间从200 ns减少到50ns时,PDIV下降率达到28.1%;电机C在上升时间从200 ns减少到50 ns时,PDIV下降率达到10.7%。
在上升时间相等的情况下,正、负极性的对比(以电机A的PDIV值为例)结果如表2表3所示。从表2表3可以看出,在上升时间和电机相位相同的条件下,电机A的PDIV值在正、负极性下,最大相差为8.10%,平均相差约为3.34%。可以认为正、负极性下同一电机的PDIV测试值基本相等。所以在后续的低压散绕变频电机PDIV测试中,采用正、负极性的方波脉冲均可以得到客观可信的实验结果。
在不同电压上升时间下,对电机A在正极性50 Hz频率下得到的局部放电脉冲进行频谱分析,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,在50 ns上升时间的正极性脉冲电压下,放电脉冲在0.7~1.6 GHz的频率范围能量分布较为集中。在200 ns上升时间的正极性脉冲电压下,放电能量主要分布在0.3~0.8 GHz。当上升时间从50 ns向200 ns变化时,放电能量的分布呈现由高频向低频变化的明显趋势。
在不同上升时间下,进一步分析负极性电压下电机A的局部放电脉冲和频谱,如图9所示。结合图89分析可知,在负极性脉冲下,电机A的局部放电特性和正极性脉冲基本一致,放电能量的分布随着上升时间的增加都呈现由高频向低频移动的特性。
传输线理论[14-15]指出,当重复脉冲到达电机定子端部时,由于电缆与电机特性阻抗不匹配,脉冲波将发生折反射,脉冲电压在电机端部最大将产生约2倍的过电压。短上升时间对应更高的过电压系数,相同电压幅值下,较短的上升时间的脉冲会使电机端部承受更高的过电压[16-18]
此外,由于电机为感性负载,脉冲电压在电机定子中分布不均匀。通过仿真,得到当施加在绕组上的电压为正极性1 kV时,不同脉冲上升时间下绕组的电压分布情况如图10所示。从图10可以看出,上升时间越短,绕组内部电压的分布越不均匀,首匝承受的电压更大。尤其在50 ns和100 ns上升时间下,首匝几乎承受了绝大部分的过电压。这种随着上升时间减小而趋于不均匀的电压分布使得局部场强更为集中,局部放电更易发生。
综上所述,匝间绝缘的PDIV值随上升时间减少而减小的原因如下:①较短的上升时间对应更高的过电压系数,电机端部会产生更高的过电压;②越短的上升时间使匝间电压分布越不均匀,特别是首匝将承受较高的过电压,更易导致放电发生。
根据已有报道,在具有不同上升时间的重复方波电压下,单点交叉匝间绝缘模型放电能量分布为:上升时间增加,放电幅值增加,1.0~1.8 GHz高频成分增加[19]。这是由于电压上升速率随上升时间的减少而增加,在放电出现时得到的过电压增加;并且上升时间可能改变电子崩至流注发展的过程及放电区域,最终导致放电更加强烈,放电能量发生改变。
本研究采用整机定子感性样品,与文献[19]采用的容性试样具有较大差别。然而,得到的放电频域能量变化具有相似规律,说明无论对感性绕组,还是容性绝缘模型,上升时间减少都会增加放电过程激发的高频能量。在进行高频脉冲电压下PDIV测试时,必须充分考虑此能量分布特性,以优化设计传感器,排除高频电力电子器件干扰的影响,得到较高的信噪比。
(1)随着上升时间的减少,3种电机的PDIV值均显著下降,其中电机B、负极性下降率最高,达到28.1%,说明电机运行时必须关注上升时间对电机匝间绝缘性能的影响,并且电机设计时,应充分考虑实际工况下上升时间的改变对电机绝缘性能的要求。
(2)由于正、负极性下的PDIV测试结果相差不大,所以采用正、负极性都可以客观反映电机绝缘的PDIV性能。
(3)在4种电压上升时间下,放电的频域能量绝大部分分布在0.3~1.6 GHz。在正极性和负极性下,随着电压上升时间的增加,放电的频域能量均呈现由高频向低频移动的趋势。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.011
  • 接收时间:2021-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-09
  • 修回日期:2021-04-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
作者信息
    四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事可再生能源及电力电子系统中的电气绝缘关键技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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