Article(id=1241795750267519767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241795749348967189, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1596988800000, receivedDateStr=2020-08-10, revisedDate=1603987200000, revisedDateStr=2020-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996778313, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1629388800000, pubDateStr=2021-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996778313, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996778313, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996778313, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241795749348967189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996778094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997690758, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241799577397953390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241795749348967189, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241799577397953391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241795749348967189, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241795750565315355, articleId=1241795750267519767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Natural Ester Insulating Liquid Transformer, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared with mineral oil transformer, vegetable oil transformer has the characteristics of strong overload capacity, high fire safety, and good environmental performance. At the same time, its noise generated during operation is smaller than that of dry-type transformer, and the loss is lower, the size is smaller, the price is lower. So more and more power grid and industrial users began to use vegetable oil transformer. The current research progress of vegetable oil transformer from the aspects of design, material application and research, production and operation maintenance was summarized in this paper, and the research direction and prospect of vegetable oil transformer were prospected.

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与矿物油变压器相比,植物油变压器具有过载能力强、防火安全性高以及环保性能好等特点,同时,在工作时产生的噪声比干式变压器小,并且损耗更低,体积更小,价格更低,电网及工业用户开始越来越多地使用植物油变压器。本文从植物油变压器的设计、材料的应用及研究、生产以及运行维护等方面,概述了植物油变压器目前的研究进展,并展望了植物油变压器的研究方向以及前景。

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李松江(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,工程师,主要从事变压器及绝缘液的研究。

胡婷(1985-),女(汉族),湖北黄石人,高级工程师,主要从事电力绝缘材料的研究。

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李松江(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,工程师,主要从事变压器及绝缘液的研究。

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李松江(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,工程师,主要从事变压器及绝缘液的研究。

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胡婷(1985-),女(汉族),湖北黄石人,高级工程师,主要从事电力绝缘材料的研究。

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胡婷(1985-),女(汉族),湖北黄石人,高级工程师,主要从事电力绝缘材料的研究。

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pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=24, issue=6, pageStart=22, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=DUVAL M, journalName=IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUVAL M. The duval triangle for load tap changers, non-mineral oils and low temperature faults in transformers[J]. 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相容性原材料/组部件名称
相容性好电磁线、硅钢片、钢板、绝缘纸板、DDP、无纬带、硅胶、环氧板、纸管、纸包线、器身紧固件、总装紧固件、油位计浮球、尼龙螺杆、发黑螺栓、镀锌螺栓、尼龙螺母、热缩管、蜡线、棉线、涤纶带、绿绑带、油道扣、氧化铝瓷片、丹尼森纸、电缆纸、铝箔皱纹纸、普通皱纹纸、碳黑纸、平纹碳纸、双面上胶纸(与纸板配合)、铝箔屏蔽纸、聚酯薄膜、双H胶(与钢板配合)、镀锡铜片、酚醛管、清漆、硅橡胶、硅氟橡胶、氢化丁腈、耐植物油丙烯酸酯、耐植物油丁腈、铝合金电磁线、芳纶纸
相容性差丁腈(含量低)橡胶、白乳胶漆、天然橡胶
), ArticleFig(id=1245062198310060311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795750267519767, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

与植物油相容性较好和较差的材料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相容性原材料/组部件名称
相容性好电磁线、硅钢片、钢板、绝缘纸板、DDP、无纬带、硅胶、环氧板、纸管、纸包线、器身紧固件、总装紧固件、油位计浮球、尼龙螺杆、发黑螺栓、镀锌螺栓、尼龙螺母、热缩管、蜡线、棉线、涤纶带、绿绑带、油道扣、氧化铝瓷片、丹尼森纸、电缆纸、铝箔皱纹纸、普通皱纹纸、碳黑纸、平纹碳纸、双面上胶纸(与纸板配合)、铝箔屏蔽纸、聚酯薄膜、双H胶(与钢板配合)、镀锡铜片、酚醛管、清漆、硅橡胶、硅氟橡胶、氢化丁腈、耐植物油丙烯酸酯、耐植物油丁腈、铝合金电磁线、芳纶纸
相容性差丁腈(含量低)橡胶、白乳胶漆、天然橡胶
), ArticleFig(id=1245062198414917914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795750267519767, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Withstand voltage test results of vegetable oil at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃击穿电压/kV平均值/kV
2555.8、55.6、66.2、63.2、62.2、63.061.0
-1067.3、55.6、57.4、65.8、63.0、59.761.5
-1574.1、28.3、67.5、66.8、63.4、62.160.4
-2573.4、27.5、61.4、60.1、53.5、70.757.8
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不同温度下植物油耐压测试结果

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温度/℃击穿电压/kV平均值/kV
2555.8、55.6、66.2、63.2、62.2、63.061.0
-1067.3、55.6、57.4、65.8、63.0、59.761.5
-1574.1、28.3、67.5、66.8、63.4、62.160.4
-2573.4、27.5、61.4、60.1、53.5、70.757.8
), ArticleFig(id=1245062198582690086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795750267519767, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Withstand voltage test results of vegetable oil-paper insulation at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃击穿电压/kV平均值/kV
2551.2、48.5、45.4、40.9、34.2、30.542.3
-2573.4、27.5、61.4、60.1、53.5、70.743.3
), ArticleFig(id=1245062198662381871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795750267519767, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度下植物油纸绝缘组合耐压测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃击穿电压/kV平均值/kV
2551.2、48.5、45.4、40.9、34.2、30.542.3
-2573.4、27.5、61.4、60.1、53.5、70.743.3
), ArticleFig(id=1245062198733685041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795750267519767, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Basic fire protection characteristics of typical transformer insulating oil, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标名称矿物油硅油合成酯植物油
闪点/℃147300270326
燃点/℃165343306362
), ArticleFig(id=1245062198834348342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241795750267519767, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

典型变压器绝缘油的基本防火特性参数

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指标名称矿物油硅油合成酯植物油
闪点/℃147300270326
燃点/℃165343306362
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植物绝缘油变压器的研究进展
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李松江 1, 2 , 胡婷 1, 2 , 曾四秀 1, 2 , 张晓晶 3 , 周竹君 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2021,54(8): 18-23
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2021, 54(8): 18-23
植物绝缘油变压器的研究进展
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李松江1, 2, 胡婷1, 2, 曾四秀1, 2, 张晓晶3, 周竹君1, 2
作者信息
  • 1武汉泽电新材料有限公司,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2湖北泽电新能源科技有限公司, 湖北 天门 431700
  • 3西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
  • 李松江(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,工程师,主要从事变压器及绝缘液的研究。

    胡婷(1985-),女(汉族),湖北黄石人,高级工程师,主要从事电力绝缘材料的研究。

Research Progress of Natural Ester Insulating Liquid Transformer
Songjiang LI1, 2, Ting HU1, 2, Sixiu ZENG1, 2, Xiaojing ZHANG3, Zhujun ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Wuhan ZD New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2Hubei ZD New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Tianmen 431700, China
  • 3Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2021-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.003
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与矿物油变压器相比,植物油变压器具有过载能力强、防火安全性高以及环保性能好等特点,同时,在工作时产生的噪声比干式变压器小,并且损耗更低,体积更小,价格更低,电网及工业用户开始越来越多地使用植物油变压器。本文从植物油变压器的设计、材料的应用及研究、生产以及运行维护等方面,概述了植物油变压器目前的研究进展,并展望了植物油变压器的研究方向以及前景。

变压器  /  天然酯  /  绝缘液  /  植物油

Compared with mineral oil transformer, vegetable oil transformer has the characteristics of strong overload capacity, high fire safety, and good environmental performance. At the same time, its noise generated during operation is smaller than that of dry-type transformer, and the loss is lower, the size is smaller, the price is lower. So more and more power grid and industrial users began to use vegetable oil transformer. The current research progress of vegetable oil transformer from the aspects of design, material application and research, production and operation maintenance was summarized in this paper, and the research direction and prospect of vegetable oil transformer were prospected.

transformer  /  natural ester  /  insulating fluid  /  vegetable oil
李松江, 胡婷, 曾四秀, 张晓晶, 周竹君. 植物绝缘油变压器的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (8) : 18 -23 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.003
Songjiang LI, Ting HU, Sixiu ZENG, Xiaojing ZHANG, Zhujun ZHOU. Research Progress of Natural Ester Insulating Liquid Transformer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (8) : 18 -23 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.003
天然酯绝缘液也称植物绝缘油,其具有良好的防火、环保和延寿特性[1-4],目前最主要的应用是作为变压器的冷却绝缘介质。天然酯绝缘液变压器(以下称为“植物油变压器”)是采用植物绝缘油作为绝缘介质的变压器,其性能相比矿物油变压器得到明显的提升。随着植物油及植物油变压器基础研究的深入和应用的推广,电网及工业用户开始越来越多地使用植物油变压器。
20世纪60年代,在一些绝缘介质应用上已经采用植物油来代替矿物油。F M CLARK[5]在1962年提出将蓖麻油和棉花籽油应用于电容器中,使得高介电常数的绝缘油与纤维纸板匹配度更好,二者组成的系统使电场分布更均匀。K M KAMATH等[6]在1971年将椰子油、氢化蓖麻油和花生油应用于电力设备中,并于1974提出蓖麻油更适用于电容器中。1985年一项美国专利描述了含有添加剂的大豆油应用于电容器的可能性[7]。90年代开始出现植物油变压器,美国于1996年完成第一台采用植物油的225 kVA美式箱式变压器样机。ABB公司于1999年生产出第一台名为“BIOTEMP”的植物油变压器,并于1999年9月在美国申请了专利,目前已在世界多个国家投入运行。2000年美国库柏公司研发以大豆油为原料的FR3植物绝缘油,成功应用于众多变压器中。2002年日本富士电机研发出小型、轻便、环保性能优异的植物油配电变压器。2008年7月,西门子能源集团(Siemens Energy)为德国电力公司En BW研发出107 kV/21 kV、40 MVA植物油变压器。2009年日本AE帕瓦株式会社研发出世界第一台使用棕榈油的环保型变压器并上市销售。2013年,德国西门子公司首台420 kV植物绝缘油变压器调试成功并投入运行。2017年湖北泽电建成年产1 500吨植物油生产线,率先在工矿企业开展矿物油变压器更换为植物油变压器的服务。2017年10月,广州供电局牵头研发的国内首台110 kV植物绝缘油电力变压器宣告研制成功,实现了国内植物油变压器从配电变压器到主变压器的跨越。2018年,国内多个变压器厂家开始研制110 kV植物油变压器,其中江苏华鹏变压器有限公司、山东电工电气集团、西电集团、正泰电气股份有限公司等企业都取得了成功。2019年至2020年,武汉泽电和西电集团、特变电工、东芝合作的110 kV植物油变压器顺利通过第三方测试。目前,全球的植物油变压器已经突破200万台,使用植物油的变压器最高电压等级为420 kV,相比20年前进步明显,这些进步离不开相关的植物油变压器研究工作。虽然目前关于植物油变压器应用的研究越来越多并且可以指导实际应用,但与矿物油变压器研究相比仍有较大的差距,仍需要进一步深入研究。
植物油的绝缘特性与矿物油有所不同,目前已经有大量的研究报道[8-14]。研究结果表明,植物油与矿物油绝缘特性主要存在两点不同:①介电常数不同,植物油的介电常数为2.8~3.2,而矿物油的介电常数只有2.2左右,这种差异会让传统的矿物油变压器的绝缘模型发生变化。如果使用植物油作为绝缘介质,相比矿物油作为绝缘介质的电场分布将显著不同,固体绝缘承受的压力会显著增大。②在极不均匀电场条件下的雷电冲击耐受强度不同,植物油在极不均匀电场条件下的雷电冲击耐受水平只有矿物油雷电冲击耐受水平的60%~70%。在变压器当中,极不均匀电场是需要避免的,一般由设计、材料和生产等阶段出现的质量问题导致。
目前研究重点还是主要集中在植物油绝缘特性的探讨上,对实际的植物油变压器绝缘数据及模型设计研究相对较少,主要有两个原因:①目前的植物油变压器电压等级主要是35 kV及以下,涉及复杂绝缘模型的高电压等级变压器较少,初步估算目前全球110 kV电力变压器数量不超过1 000台,因此复杂绝缘模型的研究数据和验证都相对较少。②目前植物油变压器还属于新产品序列,变压器工厂设计裕度较大,不利于植物油变压器绝缘数据及模型设计的研究。
矿物油变压器经历了100多年的优化才达到今天的程度,植物油变压器的研究和优化也需要一定的周期。随着植物油变压器市场的扩大和应用的增多,其绝缘特性的研究会更加成熟。期望更多的变压器生产厂家积极开发植物油变压器绝缘模型,依靠绝缘模型验证是优化变压器绝缘设计的快捷方式。
植物油环保、防火、延寿优势明显,但运动黏度较高,是植物油的一个劣势。在40℃条件下,植物油的运动黏度约为32 mm2/s,而矿物油黏度只有其1/4,虽然植物油的热导率和比热容较高,但总体冷却能力不及矿物油。在变压器参数上,同一台变压器分别采用矿物油和植物油作为冷却介质,其温升试验结果不同。针对油顶温升结果,植物油变压器比矿物油变压器高1~4℃,具体的数值主要取决于变压器的容量、电压等级和具体设计。
目前对于变压器冷却系统的设计和计算还不成熟,虽然可以代入运动黏度、热导率、比热容等绝缘液参数进行计算,但理论设计与实际结果仍有较大偏差。因此目前的变压器冷却系统的设计还是依赖于计算、试验和修正这3个传统过程。目前植物油市场还属于刚刚开启阶段,植物油变压器数量有限,计算、试验和修正的传统过程还在继续,相关研究有待进一步加强。
植物油作为新材料应用仅20余年,且大量的应用都集中出现在最近几年,因此植物油变压器材料相容性的研究还在持续。A M MARIA[15]研究了植物油与变压器绝缘纸的相容性。研究结果表明,绝缘纸在植物油中能够耐受更高的温度且耐老化时间更长,表明植物油与绝缘纸具有更好的相容性。
凡勇等[16]将电磁线、绝缘纸板和硅钢片这3种变压器固体绝缘材料与植物油组合,在100℃真空条件下进行热加速老化来研究植物油与不同绝缘材料的相容性。结果表明,精炼得到的植物油与选取的3种固体绝缘材料相容性良好。邱武斌等[17]也对植物油和变压器用固体绝缘材料开展了相容性试验研究。结果表明,大部分绝缘材料和植物油的相容性较好,但是橡胶密封圈和植物油的相容性较差。
胡婷等[18]选取ABB螺杆、尼龙螺杆、发黑螺栓、热镀锌螺栓、尼龙螺母、热缩管、蜡线、棉线、涤纶带、绿绑带与植物油进行相容性研究。结果表明,以大豆为原料的植物油与这10种固体材料的相容性良好。为了探索不同类型植物油和橡胶材料在相容性上的共性和差异性,胡婷等[19]又选取3种植物油和14种型号橡胶材料开展相容性研究。结果表明,硅橡胶、硅氟橡胶、氢化丁腈、耐植物油丙烯酸酯、耐植物油丁腈和植物油的相容性较好,普通丁腈橡胶和植物油的相容性较差,丙烯酸酯橡胶材料虽然对油样的电气性能影响不大,但是部分产品酸值增幅较大,不同厂家的产品差异性较明显。
从目前的研究结果来看,常见的电磁线、硅钢片、绝缘纸等大部分材料和植物油的相容性较好,相容性不好的材料主要集中在橡胶密封圈及内壁漆类材料上。表1总结了相关的相容性较好的材料与相容性较差的材料。
在相容性标准方面,目前植物油与材料的相容性没有独立的标准,相关试验和研究都参考矿物油的相容性标准ASTM D3455-2011《结构材料与石油制电绝缘油的相容性标准试验方法》。植物油与变压器材料的专用相容性标准在国内外受到关注,相关的讨论和起草准备已经进行。但是针对植物油和变压器组成材料的相容性研究还远远不够,还有大量的工作要做。除标准之外,首先是一些非常规的材料需要进行研究,其次是针对不相容材料的替代产品需要研发,比如如何改性丁腈橡胶使其应用于植物油变压器的密封系统。
目前运行的植物油变压器在全球范围内已经超过200万台,但在国内的数量非常少,只有3 000台左右。针对这些变压器如何进行运行和维护工作,是我们面临的一个挑战。
国际上IEEE C57.147-2018《变压器中天然酯绝缘液验收和维护指南》是首个植物油变压器运行和维护的指导标准,标准规定了一般的植物油变压器及其变压器运行的维护要求。中电联团体标准T/CEC 291.4—2020《天然酯绝缘油电力变压器 第4部分:运行和维护导则》是我国第一个天然酯变压器运维相关标准,对国内植物油变压器运行和维护提供了有效的指导。目前IEC也开始起草相关植物油变压器的运维标准,随着植物油变压器的应用推广,其相关运维标准将更加全面,也更加有指导意义。
从运维的角度来说,植物油变压器与矿物油变压器类似,不同点在于变压器中绝缘介质参数的判断标准不同。只要按照相关标准进行测试和判断,运维不复杂。但是因为植物油变压器应用时间太短,应用数量较少,故障出现概率较小,所以可获得的运维数据较少,标准内容还有待完善。因此核心和困难的问题在于积累运维数据和建立标准。
植物油的运动黏度较大、倾点较高,市场普遍对于植物油变压器在低温条件下的运行存在疑虑,但目前北欧和加拿大有上万台植物油变压器在正常运行。低温地区的监测证实了植物油变压器在低温条件下的运行可靠性,但理论研究和数据收集工作还有待加强。
目前已经发表的论文,主要是ABB关于大容量电力变压器低温冷启动和低温运行的研究,以及美国植物油厂商对于植物油低温特性和植物油配电变压器低温冷启动的相关研究,结果表明,大型电力变压器低温冷启动不会产生过热的风险[20]。此外,王珊珊等[21]结合实际运行情况,采用一台10 kV变压器在低温地区进行相关低温耐压特性研究,结果如表23所示(除温度外,其他条件相同)。表2~3中的数据表明,在-25℃条件下植物油及植物油构成的油纸绝缘系统的绝缘强度未发生改变。
在我国部分地区,如果变压器使用的矿物油型号是45号油,则需要考虑冷启动问题。同时,冷启动的步骤和注意事项是实际工作中必需的,也是将来的研究重点。制定冷启动步骤指导或标准只能依靠实际的冷启动试验积累数据以确定冷启动温度、冷启动方法等。实际冷启动试验是指在低温条件下启动变压器,试验应当包含多个温度、多个种类变压器并测试不同冷启动方法(如空载启动、外部加热启动等)的效果和安全性。
国内关于植物油变压器运行噪声的研究较少。文献[22-23]对植物油变压器运行噪声进行了测量及分析,研究了植物油变压器运行噪声频谱衰减特性。植物油的运动黏度比矿物油高,分子结构和成分也和矿物油不同,理论上,铁心和绕组震动声波在植物油介质中传播可能会与矿物油不同。部分变压器制造厂家的数据显示,植物油变压器的运行噪声较相同参数的矿物油变压器运行噪声更低,大约低1~3分贝。但也有变压器工厂报告显示,植物油变压器运行噪声更高,尤其体现在非晶合金变压器上,至于相关原因并无明确研究结论。由于整体样本量较少并且噪声不是重点关注的变压器性能参数,目前对于植物油变压器运行噪声研究还远远不够。但是变压器运行噪声问题是困扰电网选址和电网投诉的焦点之一,因此也是将来可能的研究热点。
由于现场测试噪声较为困难,噪声研究应当依靠变压器厂。变压器厂可以积累相应数据,并针对植物油变压器噪声参数进行优化设计。
燃点和闪点是衡量绝缘液的最重要指标,不同绝缘液的燃点和闪点如表4所示。从表4可知,植物油的闪点和燃点均高于其他典型绝缘液。防火安全性是植物油和植物油变压器最主要的特点之一[24-25]
国外厂商开展了植物油变压器的外部火源燃烧试验、内部放电性故障引起的火灾模拟试验等。国内的学者和工程技术人员也进行了相关的技术讨论和研究,其中中国电科院牵头进行了植物油变压器的燃烧试验,对燃烧试验过程中的现场状况、温度、压力、热辐射等特征参数进行了全程监测。试验表明,植物油具有不易燃、自熄的特点,在极端外部火灾情况下,能够保持30 min不燃不爆[26]
燃烧试验较为复杂并且难以操作。首先是没有现成的标准可供参考,需要自己设计相关试验。同时,燃烧试验的成本较高,同时涉及跨专业跨学科的合作。因此,目前看到的研究成果较少。国外可以参考的成熟资料来自FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-4,国内可以参考中电联团体标准T/CEC 291.4—2020。在上述相关资料和标准中,均根据绝缘液类型和变压器的结构形式和配置对变压器进行了防火分类,并根据不同的分类采取不同的防火措施。最高防火等级的天然酯变压器的防火措施与干式变压器和气体变压器等同。
上述防火应用规程与GB/T 50016—2014《建筑设计防火规范》存在一定的差异。《建筑设计防火规范》并未对绝缘液和变压器进行分级,这可能会对植物油变压器的应用造成一定的影响。
防火安全性是植物油变压器市场崛起的重要原因之一,但目前这方面的研究成果还比较匮乏,还有待更加深入的研究,包含事故模拟、变压器故障模拟等。同时还可以引入矿物油变压器和干式变压器进行对比,研究结果将更具有说服力,同时更具指导意义。
植物油与矿物油在分子结构与化学构成上存在差异,在气体故障判断方面,植物油变压器特征气体的故障判断成熟度与矿物油差别较大。何清等[27]开展了植物油中溶解气体奥斯特瓦尔德系数的研究,测定和计算得到50℃下FR3植物油中溶解气体组分奥斯特瓦尔德系数的平均值。蔡胜伟等[28-29]开展了植物油中特征气体溶解特性及击穿放电故障特征气体分析研究。袁帅等[30]开展了植物油热故障的模拟与产气规律的研究,为植物油的溶解气体故障诊断方法(DGA)构建提供了试验依据。最重要的研究进展是杜瓦尔三角形判断导则被Duval扩展到植物油领域,这样可以依据相关的特征气体类型和量值对故障进行初步的判断[31]
IEEE C57.155-2014《天然酯和合成酯式变压器产气分析指南》是国际上首个可以针对变压器DGA判断进行指导的标准。中电联团体标准T/CEC 291.4—2020是我国第一个天然酯变压器DGA导则,相比IEEE C57.155-2014提供了更为全面的指导。
由于可以收集到的数据较为有限,其指导性仍然有进步空间。标准中只收集了4 000多个植物油样本,而矿物油标准的样本不止百万,因此从研究的深度上二者有本质的区别。DGA相关规则一般依赖于现场运行数据,实验室的数据指导性较差,因此目前DGA标准不健全是由于变压器的应用数量少造成的。将来,随着植物油变压器运行数量的增加,应当有计划地积累更多的DGA运行数据并逐步修订标准,期望在足够的数据支持下将植物油变压器DGA故障判断技术可以达到矿物油变压器的成熟度。
随着植物油变压器的广泛应用,变压器组件厂商也开始关注植物油变压器用组件并对其进行深入研究。相比矿物油,在植物油变压器组件的选择上除了考虑相容性问题之外,还需要关注组件的绝缘特性和耐高温特性,较重要的组件包含有载分接开关和套管等。对于植物油变压器,有载分接开关和套管的选择需要考虑植物油的绝缘特性和耐高温特性。
有载分接开关的主流厂商对植物油进行了研究,并提供了开关选择指导原则,这些原则包含开关类型限制原则(如大多数厂家限制植物油变压器使用的开关类型为真空开关)、开关额定电流电压裕量原则等。因为应用不多,所以指导原则较为保守。对于植物油变压器套管,需要针对具体高温设计选取相应耐热等级的产品,并在设计套管出线时考虑植物油变压器出线的特殊电场分布。
出于成本和使用方便的角度,希望变压器组件厂家考虑推出植物油专用的有载分接开关等变压器组件,这些产品在技术上和成本上将更具竞争力。
植物油目前可以在几乎所有500 kV以下交流变压器上作为绝缘冷却液使用。对于在换流变的应用,部分研究也已经开展。换流变应用还需要考虑直流电场的影响,因此除关注介电常数之外,植物油的电导率也非常重要。相关的研究显示,由于植物油的分子带有极性,其电导率较矿物油和合成酯更高,这点在设计时要尤其注意。此外,植物油在一定程度纤维素颗粒物的污染条件下,其电导率并未受到明显的影响,这一点也值得注意。当然换流变的应用还要考虑交直流复合电场下的油纸绝缘特性等。
植物油在换流变压器上的应用目前还处于基础阶段。当前应当从小容量的变压器样机做起,逐步摸索解决设计、生产问题,然后挂网试验样机,积累相应的运行数据。
植物油变压器由于在防火、长寿和环保等方面的优势明显,被认为是变压器未来的发展方向之一。植物油生产企业、变压器生产企业、电网和工业用户都在植物油和植物油变压器的应用上进行了相应的技术积累。随着市场的发展,相关应用研究明显增多,并且更加深入。到目前为止,植物油被证明已经可以安全地应用于500 kV及以下的交流变压器当中,其设计、生产和运行维护已经具备成熟的理论基础,在部分领域已经形成了相应的标准。
但植物油变压器的应用只有20年的时间,除了在植物油变压器绝缘特性、冷却特性和材料相容性方面研究较多之外,其余如冷启动、噪声、运维、DGA等方面相比矿物油变压器的成熟度明显欠缺。未来应当从细节角度提供更多的研究,积累更多的数据,才能更好地设计、生产和使用植物油变压器。
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2021年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.08.003
  • 接收时间:2020-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-10
  • 修回日期:2020-10-30
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    1武汉泽电新材料有限公司,湖北 武汉 430074
    2湖北泽电新能源科技有限公司, 湖北 天门 431700
    3西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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