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Article(id=1241765092686107040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241765084528181978, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1610812800000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-17, revisedDate=1615651200000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773989468976, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1626710400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773989468976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773989468976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989468976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241765084528181978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773989467027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989590112, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765600834421400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241765084528181978, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765600834421401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241765084528181978, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241765093470441895, articleId=1241765092686107040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Impact of Impulse Voltage Frequency on Partial Discharge Characteristic of Electric Vehicles Motor Insulation, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A detection platform of insulation partial discharge (PD) under pulse voltage was constructed by using electromagnetic detection method with the help of a high-voltage pulse power source with adjustable voltage parameters of repetitive pulse. The influence law of frequency variation of repetitive square wave voltage on the PD statistical characteristics of single point and multipoint interturn insulation discharge model for inverter-fed motor was studied. The results show that with the increase of frequency, the amplitude of both insulation single point and multipoint discharge decrease significantly. This may be caused by composite factors such as the change of residual charge distribution on insulation surface, the increase of the excitation probability of initial electron, and the increase of surface temperature after discharge. According to the research results, the influence of square wave pulse voltage frequency on the PD pulse should be carefully considered in the PD detection of motor insulation, and the appropriate voltage frequency should be selected to improve the sensitivity and test accuracy.

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采用电磁检测方法借助重复脉冲电压参数可调的高压脉冲电源构建脉冲电压下的绝缘局部放电检测平台，研究重复方波电压的频率变化对变频电机单点和多点匝间绝缘放电模型局部放电统计特性的影响规律。结果表明：随着频率增加，绝缘单点和多点放电幅值均显著减小，这可能是由放电后绝缘表面残留电荷分布特性发生改变、激发初始电子概率增加及表面温升增加等综合因素引起。根据研究结果，在进行电机绝缘放电检测时应仔细考虑方波脉冲电压频率对局部放电脉冲的影响，选择合适的电压频率以提升测试灵敏度和准确性。

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周进（1988-），男（汉族），湖北安陆人，工程师，主要从事电机绝缘技术的研究。

王鹏(1982-)，男（汉族），山东菏泽人，副教授，博士，主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术的研究。

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周进（1988-），男（汉族），湖北安陆人，工程师，主要从事电机绝缘技术的研究。

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周进（1988-），男（汉族），湖北安陆人，工程师，主要从事电机绝缘技术的研究。

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王鹏(1982-)，男（汉族），山东菏泽人，副教授，博士，主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术的研究。

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王鹏(1982-)，男（汉族），山东菏泽人，副教授，博士，主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术的研究。

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电压参数取值
上升-下降时间500 ns
占空比50%
频率2、20、200 Hz, 2 kHz
电压峰峰值3.5 kV
电压极性双极性
), ArticleFig(id=1245055689425531525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241765092686107040, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重复方波脉冲电压参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压参数取值
上升-下降时间500 ns
占空比50%
频率2、20、200 Hz, 2 kHz
电压峰峰值3.5 kV
电压极性双极性
), ArticleFig(id=1245055689505223304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241765092686107040, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Parameters of repetitive square wave impulsive voltage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压参数取值
上升-下降时间16 µs
占空比50%
频率2 Hz、200 Hz，2 kHz、5 kHz
电压峰峰值3.5 kV
电压极性双极性
), ArticleFig(id=1245055689568137867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1241765092686107040, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重复方波脉冲电压参数

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电压参数取值
上升-下降时间16 µs
占空比50%
频率2 Hz、200 Hz，2 kHz、5 kHz
电压峰峰值3.5 kV
电压极性双极性
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重复方波电压频率对变频电机匝间绝缘放电的统计特性影响
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周进 1 , 王鹏 2 , 马世金 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(7): 88-94
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(7): 88-94
重复方波电压频率对变频电机匝间绝缘放电的统计特性影响
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周进1, 王鹏2, 马世金2
作者信息
  • 1东方电气集团东方电机有限公司，四川 德阳 618000
  • 2四川大学 电气工程学院，四川 成都 610065

    • 周进（1988-），男（汉族），湖北安陆人，工程师，主要从事电机绝缘技术的研究。

    王鹏(1982-)，男（汉族），山东菏泽人，副教授，博士，主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术的研究。

Impact of Impulse Voltage Frequency on Partial Discharge Characteristic of Electric Vehicles Motor Insulation
Jin ZHOU1, Peng WANG2, Shijin MA2
Affiliations
  • 1Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China
  • 2College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2021-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.013
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摘要
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采用电磁检测方法借助重复脉冲电压参数可调的高压脉冲电源构建脉冲电压下的绝缘局部放电检测平台，研究重复方波电压的频率变化对变频电机单点和多点匝间绝缘放电模型局部放电统计特性的影响规律。结果表明：随着频率增加，绝缘单点和多点放电幅值均显著减小，这可能是由放电后绝缘表面残留电荷分布特性发生改变、激发初始电子概率增加及表面温升增加等综合因素引起。根据研究结果，在进行电机绝缘放电检测时应仔细考虑方波脉冲电压频率对局部放电脉冲的影响，选择合适的电压频率以提升测试灵敏度和准确性。

变频电机  /  匝间绝缘  /  局部放电  /  重复方波  /  频率

A detection platform of insulation partial discharge (PD) under pulse voltage was constructed by using electromagnetic detection method with the help of a high-voltage pulse power source with adjustable voltage parameters of repetitive pulse. The influence law of frequency variation of repetitive square wave voltage on the PD statistical characteristics of single point and multipoint interturn insulation discharge model for inverter-fed motor was studied. The results show that with the increase of frequency, the amplitude of both insulation single point and multipoint discharge decrease significantly. This may be caused by composite factors such as the change of residual charge distribution on insulation surface, the increase of the excitation probability of initial electron, and the increase of surface temperature after discharge. According to the research results, the influence of square wave pulse voltage frequency on the PD pulse should be carefully considered in the PD detection of motor insulation, and the appropriate voltage frequency should be selected to improve the sensitivity and test accuracy.

variable frequency motor  /  interturn insulation  /  partial discharge  /  repetitive square wave  /  frequency
周进, 王鹏, 马世金. 重复方波电压频率对变频电机匝间绝缘放电的统计特性影响. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (7) : 88 -94 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.013
Jin ZHOU, Peng WANG, Shijin MA. Impact of Impulse Voltage Frequency on Partial Discharge Characteristic of Electric Vehicles Motor Insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (7) : 88 -94 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.013
正文
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0 引言
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变频电机是高速铁路、船舶驱动、工业生产、新能源汽车等领域的动力源，其绝缘系统性能对驱动系统的可靠性至关重要。逆变器（变频器）的引入使变频电机工作在脉宽调制（PWM）技术输出的高频方波电压下，实现了交流电机的灵活调速、简便启动。不同于正弦工作电压，PWM输出的高频方波电压上升沿、下降沿极短，快速的dU/dt特性将在电机匝间绝缘产生较高的冲击电应力，不可避免地给绝缘系统安全运行带来较多挑战，电机绝缘失效问题时有发生[1-3]。随着第三代宽禁带电力电子器件的出现，变频电机将工作在更高频率、更高变换速度的PWM电压下，变频电机绝缘的运行环境更加严酷[4-7]，因此研究电力电子频率对相关绝缘检测与评价技术的影响，对于变频电机绝缘尤为重要。
为评估变频技术对电机绝缘系统带来的影响，依据国际电工委员会（IEC）相关标准[8]，对变频电机绝缘系统，应模拟逆变器在工作中所产生的重复方波电应力，对变频电机绝缘进行局部放电起始电压（PDIV）或者绝缘耐电寿命测试。IEC 60034-18-41:2014和IEC 60034-18-42:2017分别为低压（I型绝缘<700 V）和高压（II型绝缘> 700 V）电动机的评估鉴定标准[8-9]。其中，低压散绕电机绝缘系统（I型绝缘）一般用于额定电压小于1 000 V的变频电机，绝缘主要由有机材料构成，局部放电的存在会严重腐蚀绝缘最终导致击穿故障。因此，必须对低压散绕电机绝缘系统进行PDIV评估，要求其PDIV高于电机额定运行电压，从而避免运行期间存在的局部放电引起绝缘早期失效现象。
重复方波电压频率的改变可能会影响PDIV准确度，若放电幅值随方波电压频率的增加而减小，局部放电信号易淹没于背景噪声中，系统检测灵敏度将随之降低。特别地，在具有快速上升和下降时间的脉冲电压下进行放电测试时，由于电力电子器件快速开断产生的噪声耦合在放电脉冲检测信号中，可能会导致放电检测信噪比大幅降低，因此，在选择合适的电压波形以获得高信噪比的同时，需要考虑重复方波电压频率对局部放电统计特性的影响，以选择合适的测试频率，提升PDIV测试灵敏度和准确性[8-9]。
本研究借助300～3 000 MHz的特高频（UHF）传感器，在2 Hz～5 kHz重复方波电压频率下，针对变频电机绝缘典型的单点和多点放电模型，通过试验研究重复方波电压频率对绝缘局部放电统计特性的影响，并给出相应机理分析，以期为变频电机绝缘PDIV的测试、重复方波电应力参数的选择以及测试灵敏度的提升提供参考。
1 试验
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1.1 测试系统搭建
重复方波电压下放电测试平台主要由重复方波发生器、特高频（UHF）天线、高频示波器、高压探头、数据采集控制系统组成，如图1所示。为抑制电力电子开断的干扰噪声，设计了专用于重复方波电压强电磁干扰下放电测试、频段为0.5～2.0 GHz并在0.9～2.0 GHz内增益大于6.0 dB的特高频天线。重复方波电压发生器可产生峰峰值为0～8 kV的重复方波电压，固定占空比为50%，频率范围为1 Hz～20 kHz，上升时间为70 ns～16 µs。
高压探头在1 000∶1分压下同步采集高压输出方波信号并接入示波器的通道2（CH2）。图1中Cx试样一端与高压相连，另一端接地。UHF天线耦合空间中的放电高频电磁波能量通过高通滤波器连接到示波器1通道（CH1），示波器数据同步传输到PC端，一次测试至少记录200个方波周期以获得放电统计特性。
1.2 测试试样
本研究采用变频电机匝间绝缘中存在的单点和多点放电绝缘模型。第1类绝缘试样如图2所示，单点交叉试样（图2(a)）由直径为1.5 mm、绝缘厚度为35 μm的两根聚酰亚胺漆包线呈60°单点交叉制成，模拟变频电机匝间绝缘中单点交叉放电位置；绞线对试样（图2(b)）由两根与上述同类型的绝缘漆包线绕制而成，绞线对的长度和绕制圈数分别为20 cm和14圈，用于研究变频电机中多点放电统计特性。第2类绝缘试样如图3所示，由两根带绝缘电磁线并行组成，电磁线中部长度约为90 mm，端部夹角约为45°。
2 重复方波电压下PD特征统计
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为得到局部放电统计特性，定义放电激发电压为放电开始的瞬时电压，定义放电延迟为一个周期放电发生后距离0电压点的最短时间，如图4所示。放电常发生在脉冲电压的极性翻转处[12-16]，当控制脉冲电压的上升时间和下降时间一致，占空比为50%时，上升沿和下降沿处的放电特性（放电幅值、放电相位）基本保持一致，因此，本研究仅分析双极性方波电压上升沿处的放电特性，同时为分析电压频率参数的改变对放电统计特性的影响，需排除电压上升时间对放电幅值及放电相位的影响，同一类型绝缘试样下的试验电压的上升时间应保持不变。
2.1 交叉漆包线试样
对同类型多组单点交叉试样进行放电检测，获得不同重复方波电压频率下的单点放电统计特性。已知聚酰亚胺单点交叉试样的局部放电起始放电电压在2.1 kV左右，为保证每组试样在周期性脉冲方波电压下均有放电发生，本试验的试验电压设置为3.5 kV，具体的试验电压参数设置如表1所示。
图5为局部放电次数-时间-幅值的三维统计图。从图5可以看出，对于低压电机单点交叉绝缘试样而言，在相同的占空比、上升-下降时间和电压峰峰值条件下，电压频率由2 Hz到2 kHz的变化过程中，局部放电幅值和放电延迟时间逐渐降低。
2.2 II型电机匝间绝缘试样
对图3的高压电机匝间绝缘试样进行重复方波电压频率在2 Hz、200 Hz以及2 kHz、5 kHz下的局部放电测试，研究电压频率对局部放电特征的影响。已知选取的脉冲电压上升时间越短放电幅值越大，为避免电力电子器件高速开断产生的高频干扰对放电检测造成困难，实验采用上升时间为16 μs的方波脉冲电压。
本试验的重复方波电压参数选取如表2所示，三维放电统计图如图6所示。
由图6可以看出，当频率为2 Hz、200 Hz时（如图6(a)、6(b)），放电延迟时间在30 μs时的放电量最大，放电延迟时间在0～30 μs内均有放电存在但放电量较小，且随电压频率的增加，放电幅值逐渐减小。当脉冲电压频率增加到2 kHz时（如图6(c)所示），放电幅值继续降低，放电延迟时间也有所减小。当方波电压频率为5 kHz时（如图6(d)所示），放电主要分布在0～20 μs，放电延迟时间进一步
缩短。与电压频率由2 Hz增加到200 Hz过程中放电幅值的变化不同，在电压频率由2 kHz增加到5 kHz的过程中，放电延迟时间在0～10 μs内的放电幅值有所增加。
3 单点放电统计特性分析
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3.1 放电延迟时间
局部放电的放电量取决于绝缘表面的电荷积累，当前局部放电所产生的表面电荷总量Nsc受到上次放电的影响。研究表明，正弦电压下的局部放电受电压频率的影响较大。在方波脉冲电压条件下，由于电压极性的翻转，局部放电产生的位置在电压的上升沿和下降沿附近。两次放电的时间间隔tinter可用式（1）表示。
tinter=12f
式（1）中：f为方波电压频率。放电发生后放电点表面电荷衰减的表征如式（2）所示。
Nsc=Nsc0e-tinterτ=Nsc0e-12τf
式（2）中：Nsc0为上次放电后产生的表面电荷量；τ为衰减时间。为衡量表面电荷随时间的衰减特性，两次放电间的表面电荷衰减速率kdecay定义如式（3）所示。
kdecay=NscNsc0=e-12τf
图7为不同电压频率下表面电荷衰减速率随τ值的变化。
由图7可以看出，随方波脉冲电压频率的增加，表面电荷衰减速率减小，τ值越小时，这种影响作用越大。①在较高电压频率下，表面电荷衰减速率减小，脉冲电压极性翻转时，外部电场与表面电荷电场叠加，进一步增加绝缘所承受的场强，较小的外部施加电场即可导致局部放电的产生，增加放电概率。②在较高电压频率下，表面电荷不易消散，表面电荷的累积更易产生局部放电所需的初始电子，初始电子的产生概率λ如式（4）所示。
λ=Nscν0e-ψ-qeE4πε0KT
式（4）中：E为绝缘产生放电时的瞬时场强；ν0为光电离常数；Ψ为脱陷功函数，表示电子产生所需能量；qe为单位电荷量；ε0为真空中介电常数；K是波尔兹曼常数；T表示温度。
可见，随方波脉冲电压频率的增加，以上两因素都将导致放电延迟时间的缩短。
3.2 放电幅值
放电幅值与放电前后的电场强度变化有直接关系，就理想球形气隙放电而言，放电时产生的视在放电量q可以表示为式（5）。
±q=ε0π21+εr(K(ab)-1)(Ei-Eres)
式（5）中：K(a/b)是气隙形状参数；ε0为真空中的介电常数；εr为气隙中的相对介电常数；Ei为放电前气隙中的电场强度；Eres为放电后残余电场强度。
从式（5）中可以推断，局部放电的视在放电量与气隙中的瞬时电场成正相关，取决于局部放电发生时的外施电压和绝缘表面残余累计电荷，在相同的外施电压下，随着频率的增加，绝缘表面残余累计电荷增多，导致在较小的外部电场作用下出现脉冲放电，导致最终视在放电量q减小。
图8为2 Hz～2 kHz脉冲电压频率和电压幅值变化过程中所激发局部放电的幅值变化图。由图8可以看出，局部放电幅值随激发电压的增加而增加，而在随频率增加的过程中，局部放电幅值非线性减小。
4 多点放电统计特性分析
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4.1 放电幅值
电力电子驱动下的变频电机绝缘受电压频率影响较大，多点放电模型的试验分析更加接近电机绝缘中的实际放电情况[17-18]，而局部放电的统计特性很大程度上取决于放电幅值。
在第i个脉冲电压周期的上升沿处，假设局部放电的放电总量为Qi，最大放电幅值为Qmax，最小放电幅值为Qmin，定义如式（6）～（8）所示。
Qi=∑1niqij
Qmax=max(qij)
Qmin=min(qij)
式（6）～（7）中：ni是在第i个周期中脉冲电压上升时间处局部放电发生的总次数；qij是第i个周期中上升时间处第j个局部放电脉冲幅值。
根据式（6）～（8）总结出总放电幅值随脉冲电压频率变化箱线图如图9所示。由图9可以看出，随电压频率的增加，总放电幅值明显下降。
4.2 温度影响
脉冲电压频率的变化会引起绝缘表面温度的变化，而温度的变化会影响绝缘材料介电常数、电导率及激发初始电子崩的能量及概率，进而引起局部放电特性的改变。为获得绝缘表面温升变化及温度分布，试验中使用高精度红外相机捕获绝缘表面发生放电时的温度，得到随方波脉冲电压频率变化的放电点温度变化情况。
当设置试验环境温度为30℃和60℃时，获得电压频率在50 Hz和10 kHz条件下发生局部放电时绝缘表面的红外温度分布如图10～11所示。从图10～11可以看出，在两种环境温度下，绝缘放电点处的温度均随频率的增加有不同程度的升高。可见，绝缘表面的温度变化受电压频率影响较大，在电机实际运行过程中应考虑变频器输出电压频率对绝缘热老化的影响，加强耐热等级绝缘设计。
4.3 放电重复率
对于高压电机匝间绝缘放电模型，每个方波脉冲电压上升沿处可检测到不止一次放电，电压频率和局部放电重复率的对数关系如图12所示。
由图12可知，频率越高，局部放电重复率越低。从图6可以看出，电压频率越高，局部放电发生的概率越低。此外，施加到绝缘上的电压频率越高，在受到电力电子高频开断干扰的影响下，局部放电的检测难度越大。可见，重复方波电压频率增加，降低了在线和离线放电检测的灵敏度。
5 结论
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（1）双极性重复脉冲电压占空比为50%时，放电幅值随频率的增加而显著降低。因此，在高频方波脉冲电压下进行PDIV测试时，较低幅值的局部放电脉冲信号可能会淹没于电力电子器件快速开断所引起的干扰之中。
（2）随着方波频率增加，绝缘的单点和多点放电幅值均显著减小，这可能是由于放电后绝缘表面残留电荷分布特性发生改变、激发初始电子概率增加及表面温升增加等综合因素引起。
（3）根据IEC标准对电力电子驱动下的变频电机绝缘性能研究时，应认真考虑电压频率对放电检测时的影响，选择合适的电压频率进行放电试验和绝缘性能评估。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
文献
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2021年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.013
  • 接收时间：2021-01-17
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2021-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-01-17
  • 修回日期：2021-03-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
作者信息
    1东方电气集团东方电机有限公司，四川 德阳 618000
    2四川大学 电气工程学院，四川 成都 610065
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