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The thermal ageing behavior of insulating paper and the evolution of refractive index of cellulose fiber during thermal ageing process were explored. Accelerated thermal ageing experiments were carried out on the oil-paper samples at 120℃ and 130℃, respectively. The degree of polymerization, furfural content, and carbon and oxygen gas content were measured at different ageing periods, and their changing laws were explored. According to the change trend of the crystallinity of insulating paper in the test, a reasonable inference was made about the change of its refractive index, and further analysis was carried out by the Abbe refractometer. On the basis of dispersion staining color method, the evolution rule of refractive index of the oil-paper cellulose fiber during thermal ageing was explored. The results show that as the ageing progresses, the degree of polymerization decreases, while the furfural content and the carbon oxygen gas content increase, the refractive index and crystallinity of the insulating paper increases, and the refractive index of the oil-paper cellulose fiber increases also. The refractive index of cellulose can be considered as a new type of ageing characteristic of insulating paper.

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对绝缘纸热老化行为及其纤维素纤维折射率在热老化过程的演变规律进行了探究。分别在120℃和130℃下对油纸试样进行加速热老化试验,测得了不同老化时期的聚合度、糠醛含量、碳氧气体含量等特征量,探究其变化规律。根据试验中绝缘纸结晶度的变化趋势,对其折射率变化情况做出合理推论,并通过阿贝折光仪进行进一步分析。最后基于色散染色法,探究热老化时油纸纤维素纤维折射率的演变规律。结果表明:随着老化的进行,聚合度下降,糠醛含量、碳氧气体含量上升,绝缘纸的折射率和结晶度均变大,油纸纤维素纤维折射率也变大。可以考虑将纤维素折射率作为评估绝缘纸老化的新特征量。

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姚伟(1989-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,高级工程师,主要从事变电设备状态评价领域的研究。

王飞鹏(1976-),男(汉族),河南沈丘人,教授,主要从事先进电工材料领域的研究。

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姚伟(1989-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,高级工程师,主要从事变电设备状态评价领域的研究。

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姚伟(1989-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,高级工程师,主要从事变电设备状态评价领域的研究。

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王飞鹏(1976-),男(汉族),河南沈丘人,教授,主要从事先进电工材料领域的研究。

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王飞鹏(1976-),男(汉族),河南沈丘人,教授,主要从事先进电工材料领域的研究。

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性能参数数值
密度(20℃)/(g·cm3)884.6
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)9.652
倾点/℃<-22
闪点/℃>140
酸值/(mgKOH/g)<0.01
表面张力/(mN/m)47
介质损耗因数(90℃)/%≤0.01
绝缘击穿电压(2.5 mm间隙)/kV38
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绝缘油的基本性能

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性能参数数值
密度(20℃)/(g·cm3)884.6
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)9.652
倾点/℃<-22
闪点/℃>140
酸值/(mgKOH/g)<0.01
表面张力/(mN/m)47
介质损耗因数(90℃)/%≤0.01
绝缘击穿电压(2.5 mm间隙)/kV38
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性能参数数值
厚度/μm130±7.0
表面密度/(g/cm3)0.90±0.05
聚合度≥1 200
抗张强度(纵向)/(kN/m)≥10
抗张强度(横向)/(kN/m)≥4.7
透气度/(μm/(Pa·s))≤0.510
工频击穿电压/(kV/mm)≥8
灰分/%≤0.7
水分含量/%6~9
干纸介质损耗因数(100℃)/%≤0.5
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绝缘纸的参数

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性能参数数值
厚度/μm130±7.0
表面密度/(g/cm3)0.90±0.05
聚合度≥1 200
抗张强度(纵向)/(kN/m)≥10
抗张强度(横向)/(kN/m)≥4.7
透气度/(μm/(Pa·s))≤0.510
工频击穿电压/(kV/mm)≥8
灰分/%≤0.7
水分含量/%6~9
干纸介质损耗因数(100℃)/%≤0.5
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老化温度/℃120130
老化时间/d7、10、22、35、60、120、1804、7、10、22、35、60、90
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老化温度及老化时间

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老化温度/℃120130
老化时间/d7、10、22、35、60、120、1804、7、10、22、35、60、90
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油纸绝缘热老化行为及纤维折射率演变规律
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姚伟 1 , 姚德贵 1 , 王飞鹏 2 , 宋超 2 , 庞锴 1 , 熊化化 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021,54(7): 81-87
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2021, 54(7): 81-87
油纸绝缘热老化行为及纤维折射率演变规律
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姚伟1, 姚德贵1, 王飞鹏2, 宋超2, 庞锴1, 熊化化3
作者信息
  • 1国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院,河南 郑州 450000
  • 2重庆大学 电气工程学院 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 3国网河南省电力公司郑州供电公司,河南 郑州 450000
  • 姚伟(1989-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,高级工程师,主要从事变电设备状态评价领域的研究。

    王飞鹏(1976-),男(汉族),河南沈丘人,教授,主要从事先进电工材料领域的研究。

Thermal Ageing Behavior of Oil-paper Insulation and Evolution of Fiber Refractive Index
Wei YAO1, Degui YAO1, Feipeng WANG2, Chao SONG2, Kai PANG1, Huahua XIONG3
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 3Zhengzhou Power Supply Company, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China
出版时间: 2021-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.012
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对绝缘纸热老化行为及其纤维素纤维折射率在热老化过程的演变规律进行了探究。分别在120℃和130℃下对油纸试样进行加速热老化试验,测得了不同老化时期的聚合度、糠醛含量、碳氧气体含量等特征量,探究其变化规律。根据试验中绝缘纸结晶度的变化趋势,对其折射率变化情况做出合理推论,并通过阿贝折光仪进行进一步分析。最后基于色散染色法,探究热老化时油纸纤维素纤维折射率的演变规律。结果表明:随着老化的进行,聚合度下降,糠醛含量、碳氧气体含量上升,绝缘纸的折射率和结晶度均变大,油纸纤维素纤维折射率也变大。可以考虑将纤维素折射率作为评估绝缘纸老化的新特征量。

绝缘纸  /  特征量  /  色散染色  /  纤维  /  折射率

The thermal ageing behavior of insulating paper and the evolution of refractive index of cellulose fiber during thermal ageing process were explored. Accelerated thermal ageing experiments were carried out on the oil-paper samples at 120℃ and 130℃, respectively. The degree of polymerization, furfural content, and carbon and oxygen gas content were measured at different ageing periods, and their changing laws were explored. According to the change trend of the crystallinity of insulating paper in the test, a reasonable inference was made about the change of its refractive index, and further analysis was carried out by the Abbe refractometer. On the basis of dispersion staining color method, the evolution rule of refractive index of the oil-paper cellulose fiber during thermal ageing was explored. The results show that as the ageing progresses, the degree of polymerization decreases, while the furfural content and the carbon oxygen gas content increase, the refractive index and crystallinity of the insulating paper increases, and the refractive index of the oil-paper cellulose fiber increases also. The refractive index of cellulose can be considered as a new type of ageing characteristic of insulating paper.

insulating paper  /  characteristic quantity  /  dispersion staining color  /  fiber  /  refractive index
姚伟, 姚德贵, 王飞鹏, 宋超, 庞锴, 熊化化. 油纸绝缘热老化行为及纤维折射率演变规律. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (7) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.012
Wei YAO, Degui YAO, Feipeng WANG, Chao SONG, Kai PANG, Huahua XIONG. Thermal Ageing Behavior of Oil-paper Insulation and Evolution of Fiber Refractive Index[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (7) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.012
电力变压器在电力系统中起着重要的作用[1]。绝缘纸作为电力变压器的绝缘介质,在温度、水分、氧气和酸的相互作用下会发生降解,降解会导致绝缘纸在运行过程中失去力学性能[2-3],从而使其丧失机械强度。绝缘纸机械强度的丧失是限制变压器寿命的重要因素[4-5]。因此,绝缘纸老化评估[6]对变压器的安全运行、计划维护和更换具有重要意义。
目前有多种用于评估绝缘纸老化的特征量[6-8],其中绝缘纸的聚合度[9-10]是目前普遍认可的老化特征量,然而,测量聚合度需要拆卸变压器,因此该方法几乎不具备现场应用意义。抗拉强度[11-12]与聚合度有很紧密的关系,然而其测量困难且测量结果分散性较大,故实际运用也较少。在过去的几十年里,许多新的绝缘纸老化特征量被提出,其中最常见的是碳氧化物含量[13-16]和糠醛含量[17-19]。碳氧气体含量与绝缘纸老化密切相关,目前普遍认为碳氧气体含量变化能在一定程度上反映绝缘纸聚合度的变化,然而,变压器的滤油和换油操作会影响油中气体含量[20],故将油中碳氧气体用于绝缘纸的老化评估具有一定的局限性。糠醛仅由绝缘纸老化降解产生,其含量作为绝缘纸老化评估特征量得到了广泛的认可,但是目前研究也表明油中糠醛含量受温度、含水率、纸与油的距离、换油[21-24]等因素的影响,故以油中糠醛含量来评估绝缘纸老化程度也有不足。近年来,甲醇含量[25]作为一种新的老化特征量得到了越来越多的关注,其在绝缘纸的早期老化检测方面比糠醛更有效[26-29]
从绝缘纸中分离出来的纤维素纤维携带着绝缘纸的老化信息,且利用滤膜可以很容易地从油中提取纤维素纤维,而且油的取样也很容易完成,说明纤维素纤维在绝缘纸老化表征中具有良好的应用潜力。本研究在120℃、130℃对油纸样品进行热老化试验,得到聚合度、糠醛含量、碳氧化物含量随老化时间的变化规律;然后测量绝缘纸在不同老化时间下的结晶度和折射率,分析这两个值随着老化程度加深的变化情况;最后采用色散染色法,对老化过程绝缘油中的纤维素纤维折射率的变化规律进行研究,为将纤维素纤维折射率作为评估绝缘纸老化的新特征量作为参考。
选用中国石油天然气股份有限公司的克拉玛依25#矿物绝缘油以及泰州新源电工器材有限公司提供的绝缘纸用作加速热老化试验材料。表1表2分别为矿物绝缘油和绝缘纸的基本性质。
加速热老化试验程序如下:首先,将绝缘油和直径为80 mm的圆形绝缘纸在50 Pa和80℃的真空热室中分别脱气和脱水48 h,以此模拟变压器中油纸的实际处理过程并且控制样品的初始状态;然后将经过处理的绝缘油和纸混合,在50 Pa和60℃的条件下浸渍48 h,再放入不锈钢容器中,绝缘油和绝缘纸的质量比为10∶1;接着将尺寸为50 cm×1.5 cm×0.1 cm的铜片浸入各容器的油中,模拟在役变压器的绕组;最后,将容器密封并放入老化室进行加速热老化试验。
表3列出了热老化温度和相应的老化时间。按IEC 60450:2007、IEC 61198:1993和IEC 60567:2012分别测定绝缘纸的聚合度和溶解在油中的糠醛、碳氧化物的含量。
用德国Bruker公司生产的D8 Advance型X射线衍射(XRD)仪对绝缘纸的结晶度进行分析,在衍射仪上记录X射线衍射图,用Cu靶Kα1射线(λ=1.540 6Å),扫描速率为0.1 s/步,步长为30°/min,电压为40 kV,电流为30 mA,扫描角度为10°~90°。
用上海光学仪器五厂生产的阿贝折光仪对绝缘纸老化过程的折射率进行测量。
对于从纸上分离出来的纤维素纤维,其折射率不能用阿贝折光仪测量,故采用色散染色法来研究老化过程中纤维折射率的变化规律。
图1(a)为色散染色观察的原理。当白光照射在折射率液体和纤维素纤维的界面时,白光会发生色散现象。满足“纤维素和折射率液体的折射率相等”条件的光波波长被称为匹配波长。处于匹配波长的光波在折射率液体和纤维素纤维表面不会发生折射。物镜后焦平面有一个不透明的中心挡板,该挡板将挡住垂直入射于物镜的光波,即挡住处于匹配波长的光波,故而,人眼将通过显微镜观察到没有被截获的光复合形成的与白色不同的颜色。
不同折射率物质浸入同一折射率液体时,通过显微镜将观察到不同颜色,如图1(b)所示,折射率液体的色散曲线a与其余两条曲线有不同的交点,该交点即为匹配波长,由于不同物质的色散曲线不同,其与曲线a的交点不同。对于b物质,匹配波长λP附近的光波将被不透明中心挡板截获。对于c物质,匹配波长λQ附近的光波将被不透明中心挡板截获。因此,显微镜观察时,由于这两种测量物质具有不同的可见光波,这些光波复合后进入目镜,人眼将观察到不同的颜色。假定纤维素纤维的折射率随绝缘纸老化时间的变化而变化,则不同老化阶段的油纸纤维素纤维色散染色颜色将不同。为了使得折射率液体的色散曲线和测量物质的色散曲线在可见光范围内有交点,折射率液体的色散曲线应该比测量物质的色散曲线有更大的下降速率。
用中心屏蔽型偏光显微镜进行色散染色观察。折射率液体由Cargille实验室提供,其折射率为(1.590 0±0.000 5),波长为589 nm。具体纤维采集观察过程如图2所示。
光的偏振方向和入射方向不同时,纤维素纤维的折射率不同,故在观测时要保证纤维的延展方向与起偏器的偏振方向平行,且显微镜光源采用单偏光光源,并在之后的实验观察中严格遵循这一设置。
图3(a)描述了绝缘纸的聚合度随老化时间的变化,可以看到相同老化时间下,温度越高聚合度下降越快,且聚合度的下降速率随着老化时间的增加而减小。
图3(b)显示了糠醛含量随老化时间的变化,可以看出两种温度下的糠醛含量随老化时间的增加呈相似的增长趋势。糠醛含量在老化初期相当小,在老化后期急剧增加,这与文献[29]结果相符。值得注意的是,在120℃条件下,老化后期糠醛含量有所下降,这可能是由于油中一部分糠醛在长期高温下发生氧化反应并分解。
图3(c)显示了油中溶解的碳氧化物在120℃和130℃下随老化时间的变化情况,可以看出,随着老化时间的延长,碳氧化物浓度增加,说明绝缘纸和油的降解程度越来越高。
绝缘纸的90%均为纤维素,其他10%包括半纤维素和木质素[2],纤维素是由长链葡萄糖环组成的聚合物。聚合物的相对介电常数与折射率有式(1)所示关系[30]
nεε0=εr
式(1)中:εrε分别是聚合物的相对介电常数和介电常数;n为折射率;ε0是真空介电常数。由式(1)可以看出,相对介电常数越大,折射率越大。为了探究折射率和相对介电常数之间的关系,应该在相同的频率上对其分别进行测量,而折射率n通常在可见光范围内测量,由于测量装置的限制,无法实现在可见光频率[30]处测量相对介电常数εr。故想通过直接测量相对介电常数的变化来表征折射率的变化是不现实的。
直接测量相对介电常数有困难,需要通过间接法测量。对于结晶聚合物,较大的结晶度通常伴随较大的相对介电常数。因此可以推断,较大的结晶度可能伴随较大的折射率。
在本研究中,采用Segal公式计算结晶度指数[31]。结晶度指数Cr定义如式(2)所示。
Cr=I002-IamI002×100%
式(2)中:I002Iam分别为绝缘纸典型XRD图谱中002峰的衍射强度和2θ为18°时的衍射强度。
图4显示了在两种热老化温度下绝缘纸结晶度指数随着老化时间增加的变化情况。在老化初期,结晶度指数随老化时间的增加而迅速增加,在老化后期则增加相对缓慢。
先前的推论需要通过测量绝缘纸老化过程的折射率来证实。采用阿贝折光仪进行老化绝缘纸的折射率测量,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看到,绝缘纸的折射率随热老化时间的延长而增大,与上节中的推论相符。利用阿贝折光仪测量折射率时,要求被测量的固体样品必须是平坦和光滑的,而老化绝缘纸的表面相对粗糙,因此,这种测量只能粗略地描述老化绝缘纸的折射率随老化时间的变化趋势,测量结果并不精确。
色散染色颜色的主要变化是从蓝色到紫色,然后再到红色或橙色,对应着越来越高的折射率[32]。从未老化的绝缘纸中提取250个色散染色样本,在各种老化状态下分别提取115个纤维素纤维的色散染色样本。图6(a)(b)显示了不同老化状态的纤维素纤维分别在120℃和130℃下的色散染色颜色。从图6可以看到,未开始老化时油纸纤维素纤维的色散染色颜色主要是蓝色,这表明折射率很低[32]。在两种热老化温度下,随着老化程度的增加,纤维素纤维的色散染色图像中开始出现更多的紫色区域,蓝色区域逐渐减少。随着进一步老化,部分红色或橙色区域开始出现,蓝色区域进一步减少。然而,应该指出的是,在相同的老化时间里,纤维素纤维的色散染色颜色分布并不均匀。
(1)相同老化时间下,温度越高聚合度下降越快,且聚合度的下降速率随着老化时间的增加而减小;糠醛含量在前中期对绝缘纸老化状态有较好的表征,老化后期糠醛含量略微下降,因此采用糠醛含量对绝缘纸老化评估有局限性;相同老化时间下,温度越高,碳氧化物含量越高,且随着老化程度的加深,油中碳氧化物的含量增加。
(2)绝缘纸的结晶度和折射率随着油纸老化程度加深而增大。但是绝缘纸的折射率测量并不准确,无法用其表征绝缘纸的老化程度。
(3)纤维的色散染色颜色从蓝色到紫色,再到红色或橙色的变化表明,随着老化程度的加深,与绝缘纸分离的纤维素纤维的折射率增加。可以考虑将纤维素纤维折射率作为评估绝缘纸老化的新特征量。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377176)
  • 国家电网公司科技项目(5217021900V)
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2021年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.012
  • 接收时间:2020-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-16
  • 修回日期:2020-10-31
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377176)
国家电网公司科技项目(5217021900V)
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    1国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院,河南 郑州 450000
    2重庆大学 电气工程学院 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室,重庆 400044
    3国网河南省电力公司郑州供电公司,河南 郑州 450000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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