Article(id=1241765095756337590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241765084528181978, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1596038400000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-30, revisedDate=1598544000000, revisedDateStr=2020-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773989469708, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1626710400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773989469708, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773989469708, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989469708, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241765084528181978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773989467027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989590112, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765600834421400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241765084528181978, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765600834421401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1241765084528181978, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241765096825885127, articleId=1241765095756337590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Electrical Properties of Rubber-based Reinforced Insulation for High Voltage Cable Accessories, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High voltage power cables demand stable and reliable connections with the power system through cable accessories, and silicone rubber (SIR) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) are the main reinforced insulation materials for cable accessory due to their excellent dielectric properties and mechanical properties. However, with the continuous improvement of high voltage transmission level, the electrical properties of cable accessories also need further development. In this paper, the research status inside and out of China was summarized, then the factors affecting the electrical properties of SIR and EPDM for high voltage cable accessories were discussed. The research progress in improving method of electrical properties were analyzed, and the research progress in the interfacial electrical properties of double-layer dielectric was introduced. At last, the research difficulties of electrical properties modification of rubber reinforced insulation for high voltage cable accessories were summarized, and the research trends of the rubber insulating materials for high voltage cable accessories were prospected.

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高压电缆需要通过电缆附件与输电系统进行稳定可靠的连接,电缆附件增强绝缘主要采用硅橡胶(SIR)和三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM),SIR和EPDM具有良好的介电性能和力学性能,但随着高压输电等级的不断提高,电缆附件电学性能的发展也需紧跟时代的步伐。为此,本文综合国内外研究现状,论述了高压电缆附件增强绝缘用SIR和EPDM电学性能的影响因素,分析了改善电学性能的研究进展,阐述了双层绝缘介质界面电学性能研究进展,最后总结了高压电缆附件用橡胶基增强绝缘电学性能改性的难点,并对高压电缆附件用橡胶绝缘材料的未来研究趋势进行了展望。

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李春阳(1991-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,讲师,研究方向为高压电力电缆及其附件用聚合物绝缘材料。
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胡巍(1996-),男(汉族),江西抚州人,硕士生,研究方向为高压电缆附件用聚合物绝缘材料。

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胡巍(1996-),男(汉族),江西抚州人,硕士生,研究方向为高压电缆附件用聚合物绝缘材料。

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胡巍(1996-),男(汉族),江西抚州人,硕士生,研究方向为高压电缆附件用聚合物绝缘材料。

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高压电缆附件用橡胶基增强绝缘电学性能研究进展
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胡巍 1, 2 , 赵洪 1 , 牛越 1 , 李春阳 1 , 马宇航 3 , 韩宝忠 3
绝缘材料 | 综述 2021,54(7): 1-9
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2021, 54(7): 1-9
高压电缆附件用橡胶基增强绝缘电学性能研究进展
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胡巍1, 2, 赵洪1, 牛越1, 李春阳1, 马宇航3, 韩宝忠3
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用技术教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2国网江西省电力有限公司南昌供电分公司,江西 南昌 330069
  • 3上海起帆电缆股份有限公司,上海 201514
  • 胡巍(1996-),男(汉族),江西抚州人,硕士生,研究方向为高压电缆附件用聚合物绝缘材料。

通讯作者:

李春阳(1991-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,讲师,研究方向为高压电力电缆及其附件用聚合物绝缘材料。
Research Progress on Electrical Properties of Rubber-based Reinforced Insulation for High Voltage Cable Accessories
Wei HU1, 2, Hong ZHAO1, Yue NIU1, Chunyang LI1, Yuhang MA3, Baozhong HAN3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2Nanchang Power Supply Branch, State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330069, China
  • 3Shanghai Qifan Cable Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201514, China
出版时间: 2021-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.001
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高压电缆需要通过电缆附件与输电系统进行稳定可靠的连接,电缆附件增强绝缘主要采用硅橡胶(SIR)和三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM),SIR和EPDM具有良好的介电性能和力学性能,但随着高压输电等级的不断提高,电缆附件电学性能的发展也需紧跟时代的步伐。为此,本文综合国内外研究现状,论述了高压电缆附件增强绝缘用SIR和EPDM电学性能的影响因素,分析了改善电学性能的研究进展,阐述了双层绝缘介质界面电学性能研究进展,最后总结了高压电缆附件用橡胶基增强绝缘电学性能改性的难点,并对高压电缆附件用橡胶绝缘材料的未来研究趋势进行了展望。

电缆附件  /  硅橡胶  /  三元乙丙橡胶  /  纳米添加剂  /  界面电荷

High voltage power cables demand stable and reliable connections with the power system through cable accessories, and silicone rubber (SIR) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) are the main reinforced insulation materials for cable accessory due to their excellent dielectric properties and mechanical properties. However, with the continuous improvement of high voltage transmission level, the electrical properties of cable accessories also need further development. In this paper, the research status inside and out of China was summarized, then the factors affecting the electrical properties of SIR and EPDM for high voltage cable accessories were discussed. The research progress in improving method of electrical properties were analyzed, and the research progress in the interfacial electrical properties of double-layer dielectric was introduced. At last, the research difficulties of electrical properties modification of rubber reinforced insulation for high voltage cable accessories were summarized, and the research trends of the rubber insulating materials for high voltage cable accessories were prospected.

cable accessories  /  silicone rubber  /  ethylene-propylene-diene monomer  /  nano additive  /  interfacial charge
胡巍, 赵洪, 牛越, 李春阳, 马宇航, 韩宝忠. 高压电缆附件用橡胶基增强绝缘电学性能研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (7) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.001
Wei HU, Hong ZHAO, Yue NIU, Chunyang LI, Yuhang MA, Baozhong HAN. Research Progress on Electrical Properties of Rubber-based Reinforced Insulation for High Voltage Cable Accessories[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (7) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.001
随着我国经济社会持续快速发展,电力能源的需求进入了高速增长期,对电力系统的建设也有了更高的要求,因此需要发展更高输电等级、更远传输距离、更大容量、更低损耗的电力系统。目前交联聚乙烯绝缘高压交、直流电力电缆的最高输电等级已经分别达到500 kV和±320 kV[1]。对于更高电压等级输电线路的研究和发展,涉及到一个非常重要的环节就是高压电缆附件的设计和应用。
高压电缆附件主要包括中间接头和终端,二者在高压输电线路中都扮演着不可或缺的角色。中间接头用于长距离线路输电工程中各段电缆的连接,终端用于电缆与电网中其他输变电设备的连接。最早采用的附件是绕包型附件,可追溯到20世纪60年代,由于绕包的绝缘带之间以及绝缘带与半导电带之间存在气隙,随着电压等级提高,逐渐被淘汰。20世纪80年代末出现挤压模塑接头,适用于现场施工,但是工期比较长且施工工艺比较严格,也逐渐被淘汰。目前高压电缆系统中广泛应用的是预制式附件,其制作工艺一般是将混炼好的橡胶材料在模具中经高温、高压硫化成型,集增强绝缘、应力锥、绝缘屏蔽、高压屏蔽等结构于一体,性能稳定可靠,同时现场安装也十分方便。
高压电缆附件是电缆线路的重要组成部分,但同时也是线路中最薄弱的部位,惠宝军等[2]针对2013—2016年间110 kV和220 kV电缆线路的231起故障进行统计,发现电缆附件故障占64.5%。电缆附件由于结构和材料的特殊性,在与电缆的连接处存在多层结构,易产生空间电荷积累和电场畸变,严重时可能导致绝缘老化或击穿,在一定程度上限制了我国高压输电线路的发展。如何最大限度地提高硅橡胶(SIR)和三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)绝缘材料的电学性能以保证电缆附件运行的可靠性和稳定性,是学术和工程领域备受关注和亟待解决的问题。
本文综合国内外专家学者的研究成果,介绍高压电缆附件用橡胶绝缘材料的改性研究现状,对EPDM和SIR绝缘材料电学性能和双层介质界面电学性能的研究进展进行探讨,并对诸多问题和技术难点进行分析总结,最后展望高压电缆附件用橡胶绝缘材料的发展趋势。
SIR和常用的3种EPDM基本分子结构如图1所示[3],SIR以硅氧键为主链,侧基(R)上连接有甲基、苯基、乙烯基、三氟丙甲基等有机基团。EPDM是乙烯、丙烯和少量非共轭二烯烃的共聚物,常用的第三单体有亚甲基降冰片烯(ENB)、双环戊二烯(DCPD)、1,4-己二烯(HD)等。SIR和EPDM二者主链都是由化学稳定的饱和键组成,只在侧链中含有不饱和双键,故其耐臭氧、耐热、耐候等耐老化性能优异,而且二者弹性良好,并具有良好的压缩性[3]
虽然两种材料都具有很突出的耐老化性能,但是用作更高电压等级的电缆附件增强绝缘材料还需非常优异的电学性能和双层介质界面电学性能,才能最大程度地保证输电线路运行的可靠性。如何抑制电树枝生长、抑制空间电荷积累、提升非线性电导率、抑制界面电荷积累和提高界面耐电强度是目前电缆附件用橡胶材料面临的几大难题。同时由于电缆附件特殊的运用场景,橡胶材料的电学性能影响因素也需要重点考察。
同一种材料由于试样制备过程处理方式和运行环境不同,也可能导致电学性能发生改变。综合国内外相关研究,分析了二次硫化、机械应力、老化对橡胶材料电学性能的影响,可以为电缆附件的生产制备和安装提供参考。
我国电线电缆行业生产橡胶绝缘电缆和橡胶电缆附件时,硫化过程一般包括一次硫化和二次硫化两个阶段。这是因为一方面采用过氧化物进行硫化时,过氧化物分解引发高聚物反应,生成低分子化合物,橡胶材料在一次硫化后,可能会由于交联密度不够而影响其力学性能,故需进行二次硫化,使一次硫化后剩余的未反应交联基团完成反应,同时除去一次硫化产生的副产物,以达到改善材料力学性能的目的;另一方面随着交联密度的增加,聚合物中自由体积减小,需要破坏更多的交联键才能击穿,同时电子的自由行程缩短,导致电子的破坏能量减小,需要更高的电压以及更多的能量才能使试样击穿,从而使得电气强度增大,故二次硫化对于电气强度也有一定的提升作用。工业橡胶制品的二次硫化一般可用空气循环烘箱加热、热水煮沸、溶剂抽提、高温液浴等方法[4]
硅橡胶的二次硫化通常使用空气循环烘箱加热,尚南强等[5]将双组份加成型液体硅橡胶(LSR,A组分胶含有乙烯基封端硅油和催化剂铂及其化合物,B组分胶含有聚甲基乙烯基硅氧烷和交联剂含氢硅油)和纳米TiO2粉末充分混合并真空处理,再将其放置在平板硫化机上,设置一次硫化温度为120℃,硫化10 min,然后将其放置在空气循环烘箱中进行二次硫化4 h,设置温度为200℃,最后干燥24 h,得到纳米TiO2/LSR复合材料;祝孝天[6]研究了EPDM在不同二次硫化温度和不同硫化时间下的力学性能,推荐EPDM二次硫化条件为150℃、24 h。
二次硫化能很好地改善硅橡胶的力学性能,但是对于抑制电树枝性能可能会有一定的消极影响。Y KAMIYA等[7]研究了二次硫化对SIR中电树枝起始电压的影响,发现材料在一次硫化后生成了一系列低分子量的交联副产物,二次硫化很大程度地减少了这类低分子化合物的含量,带电离子的自由行程增加,从而降低了SIR电树枝的起始电压。
二次硫化这项工序在硅橡胶电缆和电缆附件的生产过程中是不可或缺的,虽然国内外相关电缆附件制造厂商关于二次硫化的流程和方法都很成熟,但综合国内外相关研究,基本都围绕二次硫化对材料力学性能的影响进行讨论,关于二次硫化对橡胶材料电学性能影响的研究却屈指可数。随着电压等级的不断提升,二次硫化对橡胶材料电学性能的影响更不容忽视,合理地控制二次硫化的条件,在力学性能得到改善的前提下避免电学性能劣化,将对高压电缆附件的发展起到重要的推动作用。
电缆附件在安装过程中,不可避免会产生机械应力分布不均匀的问题,而在电缆附件运行过程中,由于电-热的共同作用促使橡胶分子链段发生松弛,导致机械应力发生改变,此时橡胶材料将同时承受拉伸和压缩的作用,所以在实验条件下,测试不同拉伸率和压缩率下EPDM和SIR的介电性能是十分必要的。
何华琴等[8]研究发现在弹性形变内,一定的拉伸可以减少EPDM材料中空间电荷的注入,而非弹性拉伸则会导致深陷阱增加,使空间电荷积累量增加。惠宝军等[9]研究了拉伸对SIR击穿特性的影响,测试得到当拉伸率从0增大到125%时,厚度为 1 mm和2 mm的SIR试样交流击穿场强分别提高了35.4%和51.0%。周远翔等[10]研究了不同压缩应力(0~0.5 MPa)下SIR电树枝的起始特性,发现随外施压力增加,电树枝的起始电压呈下降的趋势。DU B X等[11-12]研究了不同拉伸率和压缩率下EPDM电树枝的生长特性,发现电树枝长度和累计损伤破坏面积随拉伸率增大而增大,随压缩率增大而减小。在较高的拉伸率下,自由体积增大,热电子的自由行程增大,增强了电树枝生长过程中热电子与分子链的碰撞,电树枝长度增加,而压缩过程正好相反。
绝缘材料的老化一般包括热老化、电老化、机械老化,长时间运行过程中,三者都对材料的性能有消极影响。电缆绝缘材料一般经受电老化和热老化二者的共同作用,而电缆附件由于界面处需提供一定的机械应力,还受到机械老化作用,表现为电-热-机械联合老化。国内外学者主要针对SIR和EPDM绝缘在温度、电场、机械应力单因素作用下的老化进行研究,而对于多因素共同作用下的绝缘老化研究相对较少。
输电线路运行过程中,电缆附件处导体的发热量大于电缆线路其他导体处的发热量,故在电缆接头长期运行过程中,SIR或EPDM复合材料长期处于高温环境下,材料的化学组成和结构会发生一系列的变化,导致绝缘性能下降,甚至会出现绝缘失效的问题。2019年,吕鸿等[13]和严玉婷等[14]都曾对实际服役的220 kV高压电缆附件用SIR材料进行加速热老化试验。吕鸿等在175℃和225℃下进加速热老化试验,发现随着热老化时间的增加,试样的相对介电常数逐渐增大,低频损耗和松弛损耗随着老化时间的增加和温度的升高而逐渐增大,高频损耗几乎不受影响。严玉婷等在180℃下进行热老化试验,发现随着热老化时间的增加,试样的交流击穿场强先增大后减小,电荷迁移率先减小后增大。陈庆国等[15]在120℃老化温度下对液体硅橡胶(LSR)进行热老化试验,发现随着老化时间的增加,电气强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,结合交联密度测试结果(如图2所示[15]),发现交联密度也呈现同样的趋势,分析认为热老化初期交联密度增大,使得击穿时需要破坏更多的交联键,而且缩短了电子的自由行程,故需要更高的能量才能形成击穿通道,从而导致电气强度增大,而后随着老化程度的加深,交联密度逐渐减小,电气强度下降。寇昭强[16]对硅橡胶复合材料的电老化进行研究,发现随着老化时间增加,试样的电导率呈现上升趋势,电气强度呈现下降趋势。
实际运行过程中,电缆附件绝缘受热老化、电老化、机械老化三者的共同作用,故研究多种因素共同作用下的老化对于高压电缆附件的发展具有重要的现实意义,但目前对于电缆附件材料电-热-机械联合老化的相关研究还较少。刘忠奇[17]对SIR试样进行压力-热联合老化,对SIR试样均匀施加一定的压力并放入热老化箱中处理,随着时间的增加,SIR电气强度先上升后下降,随着老化温度的升高,SIR电气强度呈现下降趋势,在老化温度不变的情况下,SIR电气强度随着压力的增大而逐渐下降。
王鑫[18]研究发现加入纳米蒙脱土提高了SIR的耐热老化性能,与纯SIR相比,纳米复合材料老化后的强度保持率较高,这是由于纳米蒙脱土可防止SIR分子链断裂以及直接氧化,从而显著延缓了降解过程。文献[16]研究表明,纳米石墨、纳米炭黑的掺杂对于硅橡胶的耐电老化性能有很好的提升,经历不同的老化时间后,硅橡胶纳米复合材料试样内部积聚的空间电荷量都比纯硅橡胶低。电缆附件的机械老化主要是由界面压力太大造成,王佩龙[19]建议主绝缘与增强绝缘之间界面压力设置为0.1~0.3 MPa。
国内外学者对于SIR和EPDM绝缘电学性能的改性大多使用纳米添加剂法,常见的纳米添加剂有纳米氧化铝(Al2O3)、纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)、纳米碳化硅(SiC)、纳米炭黑(CB)、纳米石墨、纳米氮化硼(BN)等,这类添加剂的少量填充会对复合材料的电学性能产生较大的影响,主要体现在抑制电树枝、抑制空间电荷、提高电气强度、提高电导率等。
由于高压电缆附件是电缆运行系统中的薄弱点,长期运行过程中,电树枝对材料的危害不容忽视。聚合物绝缘材料电树枝特性主要包含引发和生长两个方面,这两个方面共同决定了绝缘材料的耐电性能。无论是引发还是生长过程都极其复杂,包含了电荷的注入-抽出、局部放电、电-机械应力、局部高温等多种作用。对于电树枝引发特性的优劣,一般通过对比电树枝引发电压的大小或者引发时间的长短进行分析;对于电树枝生长特性的优劣,可以通过对比电树枝长度、分形维数、占空比等指标来进行分析[20]
国内外对于绝缘材料电树枝特性的研究最早专注于聚乙烯和交联聚乙烯[21-22],近年来硅橡胶和三元乙丙橡胶电树枝特性的研究也逐渐成为热点。周远翔等较为系统地研究了针尖曲率半径[23]、热老化时间[24]、温度[25]、机械应力[10]、电压频率[26]等因素对SIR电树枝特性的影响。DU B X等[27]研究发现将笼形倍半硅氧烷(POSS)添加到EPDM中能很好地抑制电树枝。马宗乐等[28]将质量分数为0~3%的纳米SiO2添加到SIR中,发现随着纳米SiO2含量的增加,相同时间内电树枝的累积起始概率明显呈下降趋势,树枝通道宽度明显减小。纳米颗粒的添加会使SIR吸收电子的能力大幅增强,更容易捕获由针尖注入的电子,且不容易脱陷,大幅减弱了针电极附近电子的注入-抽出过程,针尖附近的电-机械应力也得到减弱,使得电树枝起始时间延长,电树枝生长得到很好的抑制。
除了纳米颗粒添加剂之外,以电压稳定剂为代表的一类小分子有机化合物添加剂对于聚合物绝缘材料的电树枝行为也具有突出的抑制作用,SU J G等[29]研究表明,主抗氧剂和辅助抗氧剂通过合理的配合使用,能够产生抑制EPDM电树枝引发的协同效应,量子化学计算结果表明,酚类主抗氧剂和磷类辅助抗氧剂的复配使用产生了俘获电荷的协同效应,从而显著降低了强电场下电荷对聚合物的冲击破坏作用。
高压直流作用下,聚合物绝缘材料内部容易积聚大量的空间电荷,引起局部电场的严重畸变,从而加速绝缘老化与破坏过程,严重时会引起绝缘击穿。聚合物绝缘材料内部空间电荷的积聚会直接影响绝缘材料的性能和使用寿命,有研究[30-32]表明直流电缆线路发生故障最主要的原因之一是空间电荷的积累,故不论是针对电缆还是电缆附件,抑制空间电荷积累的研究都是必不可少的。
周远翔等[33]测试了不同质量分数的纳米Al2O3对SIR空间电荷特性的影响规律,研究发现随着纳米Al2O3含量的增加,SIR试样的空间电荷迁移率相应增大,陷阱深度逐渐减小,这是因为纳米Al2O3加入后,纳米材料的界面效应导致陷阱能级分裂,引入大量的浅陷阱,使得橡胶材料内空间电荷积聚减少,而且消散也更加迅速。郑钰彤等[34]研究发现,纳米Al2O3分散性越好,对SIR中空间电荷的抑制效果越好。孙略等[35]在EPDM基体中通过多种纳米粒子的单一掺杂、共同掺杂,测试了不同复合材料的空间电荷特性,发现纳米SiC、纳米石墨、纳米CB的掺杂都能抑制空间电荷积聚,2份石墨/5份CB的掺杂效果最好,少量纳米SiO2也可以改善空间电荷积聚特性,但当纳米SiO2掺杂量增多后,试样内空间电荷衰减速度变慢且不易消散。周福文等[36]制备了掺杂不同质量分数纳米SiO2粒子的SIR复合试样,通过电位衰减测试表明无纳米掺杂的试样中空穴陷阱多为浅陷阱,电子陷阱多为深陷阱;对比纯SIR试样,掺杂质量分数为5%的纳米SiO2粒子时,试样中空穴深陷阱增多,并且空穴陷阱和电子陷阱均以深陷阱为主;而当复合材料中纳米SiO2粒子质量分数增大至10%和20%时,电子陷阱和空穴深陷阱密度显著下降,浅陷阱增多,有助于电荷的消散。
电缆附件内主绝缘材料一般为交联聚乙烯(XLPE),增强绝缘材料为EPDM或SIR,EPDM和SIR电导率一般要比XLPE低,导致在高压直流作用下附件内电场分布不均匀,极易引发电场畸变,进而造成局部放电甚至绝缘击穿。L VIRSBERG[37]最早提出采用具有非线性特性的添加剂来改善复合材料电场分布的设想。文献[38-40]中较早对采用多种聚合物基体和无机添加剂的非线性电导复合材料的特性进行了较为深入的研究。李忠华等[41-42]研究了多种非线性复合材料以及相关的非线性测试系统。
目前有两类无机填料可用于改善聚合物基材料的非线性电导率。一类是半导体填料,例如SiC、ZnO等;另一类是导体填料,例如石墨、炭黑等。通过将半导体填料和导体填料添加到EPDM和SIR聚合物基体中,制备出电导率随电场强度变化而变化的非线性复合材料,可以起到缓解局部电场集中、均化电场的作用,但与此同时,此类添加剂会引入更多的载流子,很大程度上会减小EPDM或SIR的电气强度。
近年来,有相关学者针对这个问题,研究了在赋予复合材料非线性电导的同时,如何避免复合材料电气强度的下降。CHI Q G等[43]研究了Ag/EPDM复合材料的非线性电导特性,发现随着复合材料中Ag含量的增加,载流子浓度和迁移率都逐渐增加,电导率非线性特性越发明显,当Ag添加量为0.5%时,最大非线性系数达到2.45。但是随着Ag添加量的增加,严重降低了复合材料的电气强度,之后将具有优异绝缘性能的六方氮化硼(BN)添加到EPDM复合材料中,发现0.5%Ag/10%BN/EPDM具有较高的电气强度,如图3所示[43],达到了赋予复合材料非线性电导的同时,尽量避免电气强度下降的要求。
将单一的纳米半导体填料添加到绝缘材料中,会在界面引入大量陷阱,相邻纳米粒子间的界面可能发生重叠现象,形成局部的导电通道。在电场作用下,载流子获得能量并沿着导电通道传输,当获得的能量足够大时,载流子越过势垒参与导电,复合材料的电导率上升。但由于此类添加剂会引入更多的载流子,对复合材料的电气强度产生消极的影响。通过在具有非线性电导特性的复合材料中掺杂其他半导体或绝缘体,能在改善非线性电导的同时有效缓解电气强度的劣化,这为以后非线性电导材料的研究提供了很好的思路。
在高压直流作用下,电缆附件面临的一个主要问题是绝缘介质中空间电荷的积聚,而多层介质复合绝缘结构的界面往往比介质本体更容易积聚空间电荷,如果空间电荷密度足够高,引起局部电场畸变,严重情况下可能导致绝缘介质击穿,并产生严重的后果[40]。双层介质中界面空间电荷的产生来自于两个方面:①介质电导率和介电常数不连续导致自由电荷积累;②当电场高于空间电荷形成的阈值场强,介质内部由于注入或者杂质解离形成的电荷在外施电场作用下迁移到界面附近,也会形成界面空间电荷[44]
对于界面空间电荷的测试,大多采用电声脉冲法。王霞等[45]在不同的直流电场、不同温度梯度(0~40℃)下测量了SIR与XLPE构成的双层介质中的空间电荷分布,发现在6 MV/m场强下,随着温度梯度的增加,SIR介质中出现了明显的负电荷注入,使得界面空间电荷增加;在同一温度梯度下,随着场强的增加,由于XLPE电极注入同极性电荷,使得界面电荷减少。张宇巍等[46]测量了正交电场下XLPE/SIR界面的空间电荷分布情况,发现试样加压20 min后,界面贴覆针-板电极,且针电极为负时,界面空间电荷峰值随电场强度的增加先增大后减小;当针电极为正时,界面空间电荷峰值随电场强度增加而减小,加剧了SIR侧的正电荷注入;界面贴覆板-板电极,界面电荷峰值变化不大,但仍有所下降。LI J等[47]将碳化硅(SiC)颗粒分别以质量分数为0、10%、30%和50%的比例分散到EPDM中,在15 kV/mm、30 kV/mm下测量了低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和SiC/EPDM复合材料界面处的空间电荷行为,得益于SiC/EPDM复合材料的非线性电导特性和更浅的陷阱,SiC掺杂可以有效地抑制不同应力下的界面电荷积累。C STANCU等[48]利用PEA法研究了双层XLPE/EPDM介质在电场和温度下的空间电荷行为,结果表明随着电压施加时间增加,空间电荷密度有所增加,但随着温度升高,空间电荷密度有下降趋势。
目前普遍采用马克斯韦尔-瓦格纳(Maxwell-Wagner)的界面极化理论对界面空间电荷进行数值模拟[49]。该理论认为若能使得不同温度和不同电场条件下,增强绝缘材料的电导率和介电常数之比与电缆主绝缘材料的电导率和介电常数之比相近,就能有效抑制界面上的空间电荷,这一理论已被国内外大量学者[50-51]通过试验反复证实。然而Maxwell-Wagner理论和模型只在温度和电场不太高时,模拟结果与实验结果才比较接近[52]
目前对于双层介质界面空间电荷较为科学的模拟方法是采用双极性电荷输运模型,该模型不仅可以模拟双层介质中电荷的注入和抽出,还能对电子和空穴的迁移、受陷脱陷等参数进行定义[52]。兰莉[53]采用双极性电荷输运模型对XLPE/EPDM双层介质进行模拟计算,与实际结果对比发现造成绝缘界面空间电荷积累的主要原因是界面两侧电场强度和载流子迁移率的差异,界面势垒阻挡和陷阱俘获的影响不明显。李进等[54]也利用双极性载流子输运模型对高压直流电缆附件绝缘EPDM/LDPE界面的空间电荷进行数值模拟,结果发现材料表层的深陷阱能级、较高的界面势垒以及两种介质载流子迁移率的较大差异均能造成界面空间电荷密度的增大,使电场畸变更加严重。
为改善电缆附件的双层介质界面特性和提高安装便利性,往往会在主绝缘与电缆附件增强绝缘的界面上涂覆硅脂或者对界面进行氟化处理。目前常用普通硅脂和氟化硅脂进行界面涂覆,氟化硅脂由于含有强极性氟键,能保证长期稳定性[55],但相关研究[56]表明氟化硅脂具有较强的电负性,在直流场下更容易吸引电荷,其界面电荷量要多于界面涂覆普通硅脂的试样。LI J等[57]测试了直接氟化对LDPE和EPDM复合绝缘材料之间界面空间电荷分布的影响。结果表明,氟化30 min可以有效地抑制LDPE和EPDM之间的界面电荷积聚,过长时间的氟化会导致大量界面电荷积聚。另外,J C PANDEY等[58]在纳米Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料与纯环氧树脂组成的双层介质界面空间电荷的研究中,发现对纳米颗粒进行表面处理也会降低界面空间电荷密度,该方法是否适用于电缆附件双层介质界面空间电荷的改善值得探究。
高压直流输电系统中换流站的功率电子阀不可避免地会产生纹波电压,对靠近换流站的电缆接头会产生消极的影响,A A MULLA等[59]在双层聚合物试样上施加纯直流电压和在直流电压上叠加10%交流纹波电压,对比二者的空间电荷积累情况,发现交流纹波电压会导致双层介质的界面空间电荷积累增加,此类不可避免的问题更加值得相关研究者的重视。从源头解决不了纹波电压的产生,可以有针对性地研究更好的复合材料将纹波电压对电缆接头的消极影响降到最低。
据近年来国内多起电缆接头故障[60-62]分析,界面击穿问题也非常值得重视。界面击穿电压的大小涉及多方面的影响因素,如界面压力、界面粗糙度、涂覆条件等。综合相关研究得出各影响因素与击穿电压的关系如图4所示[21,63-65],界面压力越大、越光滑、无明显缺陷、越干燥以及涂覆硅脂,都能提高界面的击穿电压,在实际工艺生产以及安装过程中,综合考虑这些因素,可以避免因界面耐电强度较低而引起电缆附件出现故障。
目前,对于界面击穿电压的测试多采用铝箔针板电极,如图5所示[65],针电极尖端角度为30°,针电极为高压极,板电极为地电极,针-板电极距离一般小于5 mm。双层介质上方可以设置一个可精确施加压力的装置,以探究压强对界面击穿电压的影响,该装置也可以用来研究体预压对界面击穿电压的影响,在介质上方增加一个高压电极,下方增加一个地电极,实验前对双层试样上、下电极施加一定时间的电压,而铝箔针板电极均接地,之后撤去上、下电极接线,将铝箔针电极接高压端,板电极接地,进行界面击穿电压实验。
王霞等[65]通过体预压和界面击穿试验,发现界面残余正电荷的衰减速率远高于界面残余负电荷,且当界面针电极极性与界面残余电荷极性一致时,有利于提高界面击穿电压,二者极性相反会降低界面击穿电压。对于针电极为正极的情况下,当界面残余正电荷时,正电荷的存在有助于均化针-板电极间的电荷以及削弱针尖电场,导致界面击穿电压随界面残余正电荷的提高而增加;界面残余负电荷的情况正好相反。
随着高压输电技术的发展,对高压电缆附件绝缘材料的电学性能、力学性能提出了更高的要求。具有饱和分子主链的硅橡胶和三元乙丙橡胶都具有优异的耐候性、耐臭氧性及耐热老化性。其中硅橡胶发展较早,应用十分广泛。相比硅橡胶,三元乙丙橡胶力学性能更好,抗撕裂能力更强,在安装中不易受损。这两种材料同时也具有良好的电学性能,但要想保证高压电缆附件的安全可靠运行,还需进行性能改善,以获得更加优异的电学性能和界面电学性能。不同类型的添加剂对提升两种橡胶材料的电学性能具有一定的作用,如耐电树枝老化、提高电气强度、抑制空间电荷积聚、调控电导率等。在电缆附件的生产制造和施工安装过程中,界面的问题需额外注意,保持界面无明显缺陷、界面光滑、涂覆硅脂、保持一定的压力都有助于提升界面的电学性能。
随着社会不断进步,输电等级的不断提高,对高压电缆附件用橡胶绝缘材料有了更高的要求,目前在很多方面的研究和应用还不成熟,还有以下问题需要深入研究:
(1)二次硫化是电缆附件生产过程中必不可少的一道工序,目前关于二次硫化对橡胶材料各种电学性能的影响还缺乏比较全面的研究。合理控制二次硫化的条件,在力学性能得到改善的前提下避免电学性能劣化,将对高压电缆附件的发展起到重要的推动作用。
(2)长期运行过程中,高压电缆附件绝缘材料还受机械应力、电场、磁场、温度场的共同作用,对此种复杂情况下硅橡胶和三元乙丙橡胶的电学性能还缺乏足够的认识,尤其电-热-机械多应力作用下橡胶增强绝缘材料的电学性能以及改善方法需要广泛深入地研究。
(3)目前运用电声脉冲法对橡胶材料进行空间电荷测试,特别是对双层绝缘材料的测试,还存在橡胶材料形变和材料参数不好设置的问题,未来对于双层绝缘材料的空间电荷测试还需引入更为科学且相对准确的方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51337002)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.001
  • 接收时间:2020-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2021-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-30
  • 修回日期:2020-08-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51337002)
作者信息
    1哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用技术教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2国网江西省电力有限公司南昌供电分公司,江西 南昌 330069
    3上海起帆电缆股份有限公司,上海 201514

通讯作者:

李春阳(1991-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,讲师,研究方向为高压电力电缆及其附件用聚合物绝缘材料。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.07.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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