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Article(id=1235576344126477200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1599667200000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772513956338, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1624118400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772513956338, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772513956338, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772513956338, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235576335565902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772513954297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989561930, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765482630546068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765482634740373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235576344487187364, articleId=1235576344126477200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on DC Electrical Tree and Partial Discharge Characteristics of Epoxy/Al2O3 Nanocomposites, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effect of nano Al2O3 on the DC electrical tree of epoxy resin, epoxy and epoxy/Al2O3 nanocomposites were prepared. The samples were conducted electrical tree test and partial discharge detection by using needle-plane electrode, and the inception, growth, and ageing of DC electrical tree and corresponding partial discharge characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the addition of nano-Al2O3 particles can decrease the initiation probability and growth rate of DC electrical tree in epoxy resin. When the mass fraction of Al2O3 is less than 3%, the higher the content of Al2O3, the stronger the ability to suppress the electrical tree. In addition, the faster the voltage rise rate, the higher the initiation probability of DC tree in epoxy resin. When the voltage applying time is about 1 800 s, the DC electrical tree stops growing, and the electrical trees are all branch trees. Partial discharge is an important reason for DC electrical tree ageing of epoxy resin, and the partial discharge pulse clusters appear in the voltage rise and fall phases in each cycle mainly, which is due to that the electrical trees grow faster at these two phases. By comparing the partial discharge test results of pure epoxy resin and the nanocomposites with 1% Al2O3, it is found that nano-Al2O3 can suppress the partial discharge in the electrical tree developing process, which leads to the decrease of discharge pulse amplitude and appearing of more sparse partial discharge areas, indicating that the nano particles can suppress the development of electrical tree by suppressing partial discharge.

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为了研究纳米Al2O3对环氧树脂直流电树枝的影响，制备了环氧树脂及环氧树脂/Al2O3纳米复合材料，采用针-板电极对试样进行电树枝试验及局部放电检测，分析了直流电树枝的起树、生长及老化对应的局部放电情况。结果表明：添加纳米Al2O3颗粒能够降低环氧树脂中直流电树枝的起树概率和生长速度，当Al2O3的质量分数小于3.0%时，其含量越高，抑制电树枝的能力越强。此外，电压上升速度越快，环氧树脂直流电树枝的引发概率越高。试样中的电树在加压时间约为1 800 s时会出现滞长现象，且电树枝均为枝状电树。局部放电是环氧树脂直流电树枝老化的一个重要原因，局部放电脉冲簇主要出现在每个周期电压上升和下降的阶段，推测原因是在这两个阶段电树枝快速生长。通过对比纯环氧树脂和Al2O3质量分数为1.0%的环氧复合材料试样的局部放电测试结果，发现纳米Al2O3能够抑制电树枝发展过程中的局部放电，导致放电脉冲幅值降低并且出现更多局部放电稀疏的区域，说明纳米颗粒可以通过抑制局部放电来抑制电树枝的发展。

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杨敏（1971-），女（汉族），浙江海宁人，高级工程师，主要从事发电厂电气设备的故障分析及诊断工作。

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杨敏（1971-），女（汉族），浙江海宁人，高级工程师，主要从事发电厂电气设备的故障分析及诊断工作。

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杨敏（1971-），女（汉族），浙江海宁人，高级工程师，主要从事发电厂电气设备的故障分析及诊断工作。

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环氧树脂/Al2O3纳米复合材料直流电树枝及局部放电特性研究
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杨敏 1 , 王新 1 , 童小忠 1 , 江铁 2 , 戴超 2 , 陈向荣 2 , 金泱 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(6): 49-55
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(6): 49-55
环氧树脂/Al2O3纳米复合材料直流电树枝及局部放电特性研究
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杨敏1, 王新1, 童小忠1, 江铁2, 戴超2, 陈向荣2, 金泱1
作者信息
  • 1浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 浙江省火力发电高效节能与污染物控制技术研究重点实验室， 浙江 杭州 311121
  • 2浙江大学 电气工程学院 浙江省电机系统智能控制与变流技术重点实验室， 浙江 杭州 310027

    • 杨敏（1971-），女（汉族），浙江海宁人，高级工程师，主要从事发电厂电气设备的故障分析及诊断工作。

Study on DC Electrical Tree and Partial Discharge Characteristics of Epoxy/Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Min YANG1, Xin WANG1, Xiaozhong TONG1, Tie JIANG2, Chao DAI2, Xiangrong CHEN2, Yang JIN1
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Energy-saving and Pollutant Control Technology for Thermal Power Generation, Zhejiang Energy Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311121, China
  • 2Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrical Machine Systems, College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2021-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.008
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摘要
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为了研究纳米Al2O3对环氧树脂直流电树枝的影响，制备了环氧树脂及环氧树脂/Al2O3纳米复合材料，采用针-板电极对试样进行电树枝试验及局部放电检测，分析了直流电树枝的起树、生长及老化对应的局部放电情况。结果表明：添加纳米Al2O3颗粒能够降低环氧树脂中直流电树枝的起树概率和生长速度，当Al2O3的质量分数小于3.0%时，其含量越高，抑制电树枝的能力越强。此外，电压上升速度越快，环氧树脂直流电树枝的引发概率越高。试样中的电树在加压时间约为1 800 s时会出现滞长现象，且电树枝均为枝状电树。局部放电是环氧树脂直流电树枝老化的一个重要原因，局部放电脉冲簇主要出现在每个周期电压上升和下降的阶段，推测原因是在这两个阶段电树枝快速生长。通过对比纯环氧树脂和Al2O3质量分数为1.0%的环氧复合材料试样的局部放电测试结果，发现纳米Al2O3能够抑制电树枝发展过程中的局部放电，导致放电脉冲幅值降低并且出现更多局部放电稀疏的区域，说明纳米颗粒可以通过抑制局部放电来抑制电树枝的发展。

环氧树脂  /  纳米复合材料  /  直流电树枝  /  局部放电

In order to study the effect of nano Al2O3 on the DC electrical tree of epoxy resin, epoxy and epoxy/Al2O3 nanocomposites were prepared. The samples were conducted electrical tree test and partial discharge detection by using needle-plane electrode, and the inception, growth, and ageing of DC electrical tree and corresponding partial discharge characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the addition of nano-Al2O3 particles can decrease the initiation probability and growth rate of DC electrical tree in epoxy resin. When the mass fraction of Al2O3 is less than 3%, the higher the content of Al2O3, the stronger the ability to suppress the electrical tree. In addition, the faster the voltage rise rate, the higher the initiation probability of DC tree in epoxy resin. When the voltage applying time is about 1 800 s, the DC electrical tree stops growing, and the electrical trees are all branch trees. Partial discharge is an important reason for DC electrical tree ageing of epoxy resin, and the partial discharge pulse clusters appear in the voltage rise and fall phases in each cycle mainly, which is due to that the electrical trees grow faster at these two phases. By comparing the partial discharge test results of pure epoxy resin and the nanocomposites with 1% Al2O3, it is found that nano-Al2O3 can suppress the partial discharge in the electrical tree developing process, which leads to the decrease of discharge pulse amplitude and appearing of more sparse partial discharge areas, indicating that the nano particles can suppress the development of electrical tree by suppressing partial discharge.

epoxy resin  /  nanocomposites  /  DC electrical tree  /  partial discharge
杨敏, 王新, 童小忠, 江铁, 戴超, 陈向荣, 金泱. 环氧树脂/Al2O3纳米复合材料直流电树枝及局部放电特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (6) : 49 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.008
Min YANG, Xin WANG, Xiaozhong TONG, Tie JIANG, Chao DAI, Xiangrong CHEN, Yang JIN. Study on DC Electrical Tree and Partial Discharge Characteristics of Epoxy/Al2O3 Nanocomposites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (6) : 49 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.008
正文
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0 引言
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环氧树脂（EP）因具有较强的绝缘性能和耐腐蚀性能以及易于加工成型等被广泛用在电力设备和电力电子器件领域[1]。然而在设备和器件的生产、运输与安装过程中，环氧树脂内部不可避免地引入杂质、灰尘以及气隙等缺陷，在投入运行时会在局部产生较强的电场，同时在热场和机械应力等多物理场耦合作用下会引发电树枝，造成绝缘的劣化甚至击穿，严重影响设备和器件的安全稳定运行。研究表明[2-3]，电树枝发展过程中常常伴随着局部放电（PD）现象，局部放电是表征电树枝生长特性的一个重要参数。CHEN X R等[4]研究发现电树枝的形状与局部放电有关，非导电电树中较强的局部放电促进树枝生长，导致电树枝多为枝状，而导电电树中的局部放电现象受到抑制，电树枝往往发展成为丛状。周远翔等[5]研究发现电树枝的生长或者变密集过程都对应着很大的局部放电量，因此认为局部放电是电树枝发展的主要能量来源。
自从1994年Lewis提出纳米电介质的理论后[6]，在聚合物中引入微量的纳米颗粒能够提高聚合物绝缘强度、抑制电树枝发展的现象得到了国内外的广泛关注[7-8]。王旗等[9]研究发现，随着纳米氧化铝含量的增加，环氧树脂复合材料抑制交流电树枝的能力逐渐增强，并且当氧化铝的粒径增大到微米尺度时，对电树枝的抑制效果更明显。彭苏蔓等[10]通过对不同温度下MgO/XLPE纳米复合材料交流电树枝生长过程以及局部放电的研究，发现纳米氧化镁能够抑制局部放电且不受温度影响，但是由于聚合物在高温时电气强度变低，促进了高温下MgO/XLPE材料中电树枝的生长，因此纳米颗粒对高温下的电树枝并没有明显的抑制作用。HUANG S等[11]研究发现合理设计纳米颗粒的形状、在基体中的分布等能够增加聚合物链断裂的时间，从而延长绝缘的寿命。目前，学术界普遍认为纳米颗粒对聚合物电树枝特性的影响与界面区的形成有关，界面区不仅能改变聚合物链的强度、阻挡电荷的移动，同时引入的陷阱还能够降低电子的能量，从而抑制局部放电，提高电树枝老化的耐受性能[8,12-14]。
直流电压下由于空间电荷积聚形成屏蔽层，会削弱试样的内部电场，因此与交流电压相比电树枝的引发难度更大，同时过高的外施电压会导致电树枝试验中出现电泳现象影响电树枝的观察，因此目前研究直流电树枝特性时多采用混合电压类型。LIU H等[15]通过研究交直流混合电压下电树枝的生长与局部放电特性，发现直流偏置电压能够促进电树枝的发展，并且当交流分量减少时，电树枝逐渐发展成为丛状的导通树。唐锴等[16]采用直流叠加高频谐波电压的方式研究了电树枝的引发特性，发现谐波分量幅值和频率的增加都会促进电树枝的产生和生长。LIU Y等[17]研究发现直流预压一段时间后，施加脉冲电压能够使大量的空间电荷脱陷从而释放能量，引发电树枝。
随着高压直流输电技术的不断发展，研究电力设备及电力电子器件绝缘的直流电树枝特性能够为高压直流输电系统的绝缘设计及检测提供相关的理论依据。然而，对于环氧树脂绝缘，尤其是环氧树脂纳米复合材料，目前仍然缺乏对单一直流电压下电树枝特性以及电树枝老化过程中局部放电的系统研究，且纳米复合材料直流电树枝产生和发展机理与局部放电的关系尚不明确。因此，本研究制备不同纳米Al2O3含量的环氧树脂复合材料，并采用针-板电极对试样的直流电树枝及局部放电特性进行研究。
1 试验
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1.1 主要原材料
双酚A型环氧树脂（E51），杭州五会港胶粘剂有限公司；固化剂甲基六氢苯酐（MHHPA）和促进剂2,4,6-三（二甲胺基甲基）苯酚（DMP-30），江苏常州润翔化工有限公司；纳米Al2O3颗粒（平均粒径为20 nm，纯度为99.99%），上海肴弋合金材料有限公司；环氧硅烷偶联剂（KH560），南通飞宇生物科技有限公司；脱模剂，东莞佳丹润滑油有限公司；无水乙醇溶剂（纯度为99.5%），杭州方平化工有限公司。
1.2 试样制备
试样制备流程如图1所示，首先将干燥后的纳米颗粒和偶联剂加入无水乙醇中并进行超声分散20 min，然后将Al2O3离心、干燥、研磨，得到偶联剂表面修饰的纳米Al2O3颗粒；之后将Al2O3与环氧树脂按照一定比例混合，并进行超声分散30 min；随后在均匀的混合液中加入固化剂和促进剂，以3 000 r/min的转速机械搅拌15 min，再将混合液置于50℃中真空脱气30 min；最后将混合液倒入预先喷涂脱模剂的模具中，先在80℃固化1 h然后在130℃固化5 h，最终得到针-板电极试样。
需要说明的是，本研究采用电极预埋入的方式，为了避免针电极插入后形成气隙和残留机械应力，埋入之前需对针电极进行清洁并预涂环氧树脂，固化过程中做好温度控制、退火处理等措施[18]。
针-板电极试样的结构如图2所示，试样尺寸为30 mm×15 mm×3 mm，针尖的曲率半径R=(3±1)μm，针尖角度θ=30°，针尖到试样底部的距离d=2 mm。为了保证试样底部与板电极良好接触，在试样底部贴有导电胶。
1.3 试验系统与试验方案
电树枝观察与局部放电同步检测试验电路如图3所示，测试电路符合IEC 60270:2000规定。其中T1是220 V的调压器，额定容量为25 kVA；T2是100 kV/50 Hz的升压变压器；C0是100 kV/1.5 nF滤波电容，和高压硅堆D组成一个半波整流器；R1和R2组成一个1 000∶1的电阻式分压器；R0是一个10 kΩ的保护电阻；C1是一个100 kV/1000 pF的耦合电容，用于耦合试样局部放电测量过程中产生的脉冲电流信号；Z是检测阻抗，连接着MPD 600型局部放电检测系统。试验过程中将试样浸入硅油中，一方面可以提高试样透明度，另一方面可以抑制高压沿面闪络的发生。另外通过CCD相机和一台显微镜与计算机连接，记录电树枝的起树和生长过程。
研究表明，直流电树枝具有明显的极性效应，与负极性电压相比，正极性电压下具有更低的起树电压及更快的生长速度[19-20]。因此，为了观察到更明显的实验现象，本研究选择正极性电压进行电树枝老化试验。首先利用如图4(a)所示的三角波电压研究环氧树脂/Al2O3复合材料的起树特性。电压以速度v0（本研究选取0.1 kV/s和1 kV/s）从0 kV上升到40 kV，并以相同的速度下降到0 kV，观察试样是否起树，统计试样的起树概率。为消除由于针尖等引起的试验误差，保证试验结果的可重复性，每个试验条件下测试20个试样。随后从升压速度为 1 kV/s时得到的起树试样中选择起始树枝长度为250 μm左右的试样，使用如图4(b)所示的周期性梯形波电压研究电树枝的生长特性，电压以速度vrise=1 kV/s上升至40 kV后保持ton=8 min，再以速度vfall=5 kV/s下降到0 kV，保持toff=1 min。在toff期间记录电树枝的长度。
2 试验结果
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2.1 电树枝起树特性
本研究中，电树枝的长度定义为沿着针电极方向从针尖到电树枝尖端的最大长度，当电树枝长度超过10 μm时，认为试样起树（试验过程中发生击穿的试样同样被认为起树）。
当升压速度v0=1 kV/s时，不同纳米Al2O3含量的复合试样起树概率随着施加电压周期数的变化如图5所示。从图5可以看出，随着施加电压周期数增加，起树概率不断提高，直至全部起树。在相同的电压周期下，试样的起树概率随着纳米Al2O3含量的增加而降低，例如经过3个电压周期后，纯环氧树脂的起树概率最高，为80%，然而添加质量分数3.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样起树概率仅为20%。另外，纯环氧树脂以及含0.5%纳米Al2O3的复合试样在10个电压周期内全部起树，而含1.0%和3.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样在15个电压周期时才全部起树。说明当纳米Al2O3质量分数在3.0%以内时，添加纳米Al2O3能够提高环氧树脂电树枝引发的阈值，增强环氧树脂耐电树枝老化的能力。
不同升压速度下，试样经历5个电压周期后的起树概率如图6所示。从图6可以看出，不同纳米Al2O3含量的复合试样，在1 kV/s升压速度下的起树概率均远大于0.1 kV/s升压速度下的起树概率。所有试样在升压速度为0.1 kV/s时，起树概率均不超过50%，但是在1 kV/s升压速度下试样的起树概率最低为60%，这说明升压速度是影响直流电树枝起树特性的重要因素，升压速度越快，电树枝越容易引发。
2.2 电树枝生长特性
不同纳米Al2O3含量复合试样典型的电树枝生长曲线如图7所示。
从图7可以看出，除了纯环氧树脂试样的电树枝在前3个加压周期内沿着电场方向出现明显生长外，其余添加纳米Al2O3的试样电树枝生长只发生在前2个加压周期，试样在加压时间达到1 800 s左右时均会出现滞长现象。电树枝经过一段时间后生长变慢或者停滞的现象在交流电压[10]和重复脉冲电压[21]等电压下均出现过，因此分析认为造成这一现象的原因与电压类型无关。此外，5个加压周期后纯环氧树脂试样的电树枝长度最大为856 μm，含3.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样电树枝长度仅为550 μm，缩短了35.75%，而含0.5%和1.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样电树枝长度分别为740 μm、698 μm。这说明在直流电树枝的发展过程中，纳米颗粒能够抑制电树枝的生长，并且当质量分数在3.0%以内时，其抑制电树枝的能力与纳米Al2O3的含量呈正相关。此外，在施加电压的前2个周期，加入0.5%和1.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样电树枝长度和纯环氧的电树枝长度相差不大，之后随着施加电压时间的增加，抑制电树枝生长的特性逐渐表现明显。然而和纯环氧相比，含3%纳米Al2O3的复合试样电树枝在第一个电压周期内就明显被抑制，且最终得到的电树枝长度最短。
本研究中出现的两种典型电树枝形态如图8所示。从图8可以看出，与交流电压下环氧树脂中的电树枝[22]相比，直流条件下的电树枝表现为枝状电树，电树通道较细且颜色较浅，树枝稀疏，很少出现重叠。图8(a)所示为多枝干电树，电树枝有许多主枝干生出，而图8(b)所示的单枝干电树只有一条主枝干，在主枝干生出一些细小的次枝，与多枝干电树相比，单枝干电树的电老化损伤面积更小[20]。需要指出的是，统计这两种电树在不同试样中出现的概率后发现，电树枝的形态与纳米Al2O3的含量没有直接关系。
2.3 电树枝发展过程中的局部放电特性
纯环氧树脂及含1%纳米Al2O3的复合试样电树枝的生长过程及在此过程中的局部放电特性如图9～10所示。
从图9～10可以看出，直流电树枝的引发和伸长过程都伴随着大量的局部放电现象，在起树过程中局部放电脉冲幅值最大。当施加周期性梯形电压时，在电压升高和下降的过程中可以观察到类似起树时的高幅值集中局部放电脉冲簇，这与文献[23]观察到的现象类似，考虑到电力工业中绝缘失效多发生在电压接通或断开时，推测电树枝生长主要发生在电压变化阶段。另外，在电树枝滞长阶段，检测到的集中局部放电脉冲低于电树枝快速发展阶段，证明局部放电是电树枝发展的重要原因。对比纯环氧树脂和含1.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样，可以看到，尽管图9(a)和图9(b)所示的电树枝形状分别为单枝干状和多枝干状，但是对应的局部放电图谱十分相似，说明直流电树枝对应的局部放电图谱并不像交流电树枝对应的局部放电图谱那样随着电树枝形态不同而变化。对比纯环氧树脂的局部放电，含1.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样局部放电幅值明显减小，并且出现更多的稀疏局部放电区域，说明纳米Al2O3是通过抑制局部放电来抑制电树枝的。
3 讨 论
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3.1 环氧树脂直流电树枝引发机理
当忽略材料内部空间电荷的影响时，40 kV下针尖电场最大值（Emax）可以通过Mason公式估算[24]，如式（1）所示。
Emax=2URln(1+4d/R)
式（1）中：U为外施电压；R为针尖曲率半径；d为针板电极的距离。结合本研究相关参数，经过计算，得到Emax＝3.38×103 kV/mm。根据文献[25]，对于环氧树脂来说，空间电荷注入的临界场强为300 kV/mm，因此本研究中针尖场强足以使得金属电极的电荷通过肖特基发射和场致发射注入材料内部。通常来说，材料内部由于物理或化学缺陷、杂质等存在着大量电荷陷阱，注入电荷经过一次或多次散射后进入陷阱形成空间电荷。被捕获的电荷在受到外部刺激时会脱陷，电荷在入陷、脱陷的过程中会释放能量，一旦能量被导带中的电子以辐射或非辐射的方式吸收，就会形成热电子。热电子在高场下与聚合物分子链碰撞导致分子链断裂，形成低密度区，促进电树枝的引发[26]。随后，低密度区的裂纹和孔洞在高场麦克斯韦应力作用下发展成为气隙缺陷，并产生局部放电，放电导致气隙缺陷进一步增大和延伸，形成电树枝通道[27]。同时，大量局部放电产生的能量又可能会引发电子崩，聚合物进一步降解，导致电树枝快速生长。
需要说明的是，低密度区的形成会导致介质内部陷阱深度增大并引入大量新的陷阱，使得入陷电荷增多。由于本研究中电压的上升时间远大于空间电荷均匀分布所需要的时间[17]，考虑到针尖附近形成的稳定分布的同极性空间电荷层会屏蔽针尖电场从而削弱内部电场，当电树发展到一定阶段时，如果电树尖端电场不能满足大量局部放电和电子崩的建立，则电树枝进入滞长期，滞长期的电树可能会在已有枝干上生长出一些细小的侧枝，虽然对电树枝长度没有影响，但是会增大绝缘材料的累积老化面积，对材料的绝缘能力造成不可逆的损伤。现有研究表明[26,28]，在滞长期后如果出现突然接地，可能会导致电树枝的再次快速生长甚至绝缘的突然击穿，这主要和陷阱电荷脱陷时积聚的热机械能的突然释放有关。
由图6可知，电压上升速度增大能够提高直流电树枝的引发概率，一方面是因为电压上升时间越短，单位时间注入的电荷越多，入陷电荷的数量随之增加，电荷入陷和脱陷时释放的能量增大，热电子对分子链的破坏作用增强，导致电树枝更容易引发[29]。另一方面，随着电压上升时间缩短，局部放电起始电压由于统计时延而提高，一旦引发局部放电，就会产生剧烈的长放电通道，局部放电产生的空间电荷增多，从而使得局部放电产生更多的热量和较高的机械应力[17,30-31]，进一步破坏分子链，导致电树枝通道的产生。
3.2 纳米颗粒对直流电树枝的影响
研究表明[32]，纳米粒子掺杂到聚合物中可以作为深陷阱中心，引入新的陷阱，同时当添加少量纳米颗粒时，聚合物基体中陷阱深度也会由于界面区和分子链的复杂相互作用过程而增大。这些深陷阱可以捕获载流子，一方面能够增强针尖附近的同极性电荷层，削弱针尖电场及抑制电荷的继续注入；另一方面，陷阱捕获作用的增强使得载流子迁移受阻，平均自由程缩短，从而获得的能量减少，对分子链造成的影响减弱，低密度区的形成受到抑制，最终表现为电树枝的生长变慢。此外，由于环氧树脂和针电极的收缩率不同，固化过程中针尖附近会出现应力集中区域，这些区域自由体积较大，是电树枝容易发展的薄弱点[33]，纳米颗粒的加入不仅能够作为物理阻挡抑制电树枝通道的发展，还可以覆盖一部分自由体积，减少电树枝容易发展的区域。本研究中，当纳米Al2O3的质量分数在3.0%以内时，从试验结果来看，均体现出对电树枝老化的抑制作用，说明3.0%并未达到环氧树脂的逾渗阈值。但当纳米颗粒含量过高而超过渗透阈值时，界面过渡区会相互重叠，形成载流子容易流动的通路，造成载流子能量增大，碰撞电离频率提高，导致材料更容易降解。另外，过渡区的重叠也会导致材料内部产生较多的浅陷阱，不同于深陷阱能够抑制空间电荷的产生，浅陷阱由于能级较低，入陷电荷容易脱陷，因此浅陷阱会使电荷的注入速度加快[34]，从而导致电荷入陷、脱陷释放的能量增大，进而使得材料的耐电树枝能力降低。
从局部放电的角度分析，纳米颗粒加入后，由于同极性空间电荷形成的电场与电树枝通道内的电场相反，局部放电的起始电压增大，从而导致局部放电减弱。同时，纳米Al2O3较强的耐电腐蚀性能可以抑制局部放电，使电树枝不能像在纯环氧树脂分子中一样建立电树枝通道。另外随着纳米颗粒含量的增加，载流子与纳米颗粒碰撞的概率增大，从而影响在环氧树脂基体中电荷的移动[14]，导致局部放电活动强度降低，电树枝生长受到抑制。
4 结论
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（1）添加纳米Al2O3颗粒能够降低环氧树脂中直流电树枝的引发概率，当施加三角波电压周期数小于10时，纳米Al2O3的含量越高，起树概率越低。另外起树概率随着施加电压周期数的增加而增大，加压15个周期后所有试样均能引发电树枝。电压幅值一定时，电压上升时间越短，直流电树枝越容易引发。
（2）所有试样中的电树枝在加压时间约为1 800 s时均会出现滞长，纳米颗粒的加入能够抑制电树枝的生长，纳米Al2O3的含量越高，环氧树脂中直流电树枝的生长速度越慢。环氧树脂及其纳米复合材料的直流电树枝为枝状电树，有多枝干和单一枝干电树两种类型。
（3）电树枝生长过程伴随着大量的局部放电现象，对于环氧树脂及其纳米复合材料，当施加电压为梯形波时，在电压上升和下降阶段会出现幅值较高的局部放电脉冲簇。与纯环氧树脂相比，含1.0%纳米Al2O3的复合试样局部放电强度较低，说明纳米Al2O3是通过抑制局部放电来抑制电树枝的发展。
基金
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  • 浙江省火力发电高效节能与污染物控制技术研究重点实验室开放基金项目(JSYJY-JS-2019-026)
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2021年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.008
  • 接收时间：2020-09-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-03
  • 出版时间：2021-06-20
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  • 收稿日期：2020-09-10
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浙江省火力发电高效节能与污染物控制技术研究重点实验室开放基金项目(JSYJY-JS-2019-026)
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    1浙江浙能技术研究院有限公司 浙江省火力发电高效节能与污染物控制技术研究重点实验室， 浙江 杭州 311121
    2浙江大学 电气工程学院 浙江省电机系统智能控制与变流技术重点实验室， 浙江 杭州 310027
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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