Article(id=1235576342423589734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1607961600000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-15, revisedDate=1613923200000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772513955931, onlineDateStr=2026-03-03, pubDate=1624118400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772513955931, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772513955931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772513955931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1235576335565902637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772513954297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773989561930, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241765482630546068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241765482634740373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1235576335565902637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1235576343459582829, articleId=1235576342423589734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Micro/Nano Co-doping on Thermal Conductivity and Breakdown Characteristics of Epoxy/Boron Nitride Composite Insulation, columnId=1222482827711603484, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Thermal Conductive Insulating, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A micro/nano co-doping epoxy/boron nitride (BN) composite was prepared using micro-BN and nano-BN as fillers, and the variations of thermal conductivity and breakdown characteristics of the epoxy composites with the nano-BN doping content were studied when the total doping content of BN was fixed. The results show that when the total mass fraction of BN is 20%, with the increase of nano-BN doping content, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases slightly, the power frequency electric strength increases at first and then decreases, and the endurance time of the sample with thickness of 0.2 mm is shortened under the bipolar square wave voltage of 8 kV and 25 kHz. The thermal conductivity of the epoxy composite doped with pure micro-BN is the largest (0.83 W/(m·K)), and its endurance time is the longest (193 s) under high frequency bipolar square wave voltage, which are 277% and 408% higher than that of pure epoxy resin, respectively. When the mass fraction of nano-BN is 1%, the power frequency electric strength of the epoxy composite is the highest (131 kV/mm), which is 27% higher than that of pure epoxy resin. Therefore, for the micro/nano co-doping epoxy composite system, the addition of nanoparticles can improve the power frequency electric strength of composite, but it will reduce the thermal conductivity of the composites and shorten the withstand time under high frequency bipolar square wave voltage.

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采用微米和纳米氮化硼(BN)为填料,制备了微纳掺杂环氧/BN复合绝缘材料,并对BN掺杂总量一定时,环氧/BN复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性随纳米BN掺杂量的变化进行研究。结果表明:当控制BN掺杂总质量分数为20%时,随着纳米BN含量的增加,复合绝缘的热导率略有下降,工频电气强度先上升后下降,厚度为0.2 mm的试样在8 kV、25 kHz高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间缩短。纯微米BN掺杂的环氧复合材料热导率最大(0.83 W/(m·K)),且在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间最长(193 s),分别比纯环氧树脂提高了277%和408%;当纳米BN的质量分数为1%时,环氧复合绝缘的工频电气强度最高,为131 kV/mm,比纯环氧树脂提高了27%。因此,对于微/纳米共掺杂环氧复合体系而言,纳米颗粒的加入主要有助于提高复合材料的工频电气强度,但会使复合材料的热导率下降,缩短其在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间。

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李建英(1972-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及应用、绝缘材料与电气绝缘技术以及功能电介质的研究。
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张闯(1993-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,博士生,主要从事聚合物基电介质材料及高频双极性方波电压下电介质的老化评估技术研究。

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张闯(1993-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,博士生,主要从事聚合物基电介质材料及高频双极性方波电压下电介质的老化评估技术研究。

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张闯(1993-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,博士生,主要从事聚合物基电介质材料及高频双极性方波电压下电介质的老化评估技术研究。

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试样编号ABCD
样品名称20%-0%环氧/BN复合材料20%-0.6%环氧/BN复合材料20%-1%环氧/BN复合材料20%-2%环氧/BN复合材料
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试样编号

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微纳掺杂对环氧/氮化硼复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性的影响
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张闯 , 程卓林 , 王诗航 , 付航 , 李建英 , 李盛涛
绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021,54(6): 38-43
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绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021, 54(6): 38-43
微纳掺杂对环氧/氮化硼复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性的影响
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张闯, 程卓林, 王诗航, 付航, 李建英, 李盛涛
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 张闯(1993-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,博士生,主要从事聚合物基电介质材料及高频双极性方波电压下电介质的老化评估技术研究。

通讯作者:

李建英(1972-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及应用、绝缘材料与电气绝缘技术以及功能电介质的研究。
Effect of Micro/Nano Co-doping on Thermal Conductivity and Breakdown Characteristics of Epoxy/Boron Nitride Composite Insulation
Chuang ZHANG, Zhuolin CHENG, Shihang WANG, Hang FU, Jianying LI, Shengtao LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2021-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.006
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采用微米和纳米氮化硼(BN)为填料,制备了微纳掺杂环氧/BN复合绝缘材料,并对BN掺杂总量一定时,环氧/BN复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性随纳米BN掺杂量的变化进行研究。结果表明:当控制BN掺杂总质量分数为20%时,随着纳米BN含量的增加,复合绝缘的热导率略有下降,工频电气强度先上升后下降,厚度为0.2 mm的试样在8 kV、25 kHz高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间缩短。纯微米BN掺杂的环氧复合材料热导率最大(0.83 W/(m·K)),且在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间最长(193 s),分别比纯环氧树脂提高了277%和408%;当纳米BN的质量分数为1%时,环氧复合绝缘的工频电气强度最高,为131 kV/mm,比纯环氧树脂提高了27%。因此,对于微/纳米共掺杂环氧复合体系而言,纳米颗粒的加入主要有助于提高复合材料的工频电气强度,但会使复合材料的热导率下降,缩短其在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间。

氮化硼  /  环氧树脂  /  导热绝缘  /  高频双极性方波

A micro/nano co-doping epoxy/boron nitride (BN) composite was prepared using micro-BN and nano-BN as fillers, and the variations of thermal conductivity and breakdown characteristics of the epoxy composites with the nano-BN doping content were studied when the total doping content of BN was fixed. The results show that when the total mass fraction of BN is 20%, with the increase of nano-BN doping content, the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases slightly, the power frequency electric strength increases at first and then decreases, and the endurance time of the sample with thickness of 0.2 mm is shortened under the bipolar square wave voltage of 8 kV and 25 kHz. The thermal conductivity of the epoxy composite doped with pure micro-BN is the largest (0.83 W/(m·K)), and its endurance time is the longest (193 s) under high frequency bipolar square wave voltage, which are 277% and 408% higher than that of pure epoxy resin, respectively. When the mass fraction of nano-BN is 1%, the power frequency electric strength of the epoxy composite is the highest (131 kV/mm), which is 27% higher than that of pure epoxy resin. Therefore, for the micro/nano co-doping epoxy composite system, the addition of nanoparticles can improve the power frequency electric strength of composite, but it will reduce the thermal conductivity of the composites and shorten the withstand time under high frequency bipolar square wave voltage.

boron nitride  /  epoxy resin  /  thermal conductive insulation  /  high frequency bipolar square wave
张闯, 程卓林, 王诗航, 付航, 李建英, 李盛涛. 微纳掺杂对环氧/氮化硼复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (6) : 38 -43 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.006
Chuang ZHANG, Zhuolin CHENG, Shihang WANG, Hang FU, Jianying LI, Shengtao LI. Effect of Micro/Nano Co-doping on Thermal Conductivity and Breakdown Characteristics of Epoxy/Boron Nitride Composite Insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (6) : 38 -43 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.006
固态变压器(solid state transformer,SST)或者电力电子变压器(power electronic transformer,PET)广泛用于智能电网中,可实现电气隔离、功率变换、电压调制等功能,利于新能源电力的接入[1-2]。但是,SST主绝缘材料在承受高频高压双极性方波电压作用的同时,还要求具有较高的热导率,以适应高功率密度、铁芯损耗和介质损耗带来的温升[3]
环氧树脂因具有良好的粘接性能和绝缘特性,常被用作SST的主绝缘材料,但其热导率(约为0.2 W/(m·K))很低,限制了纯环氧树脂在SST中的应用[4]。微/纳米BN因具有较高的热导率和优异的绝缘性能,常被用作填料制备环氧/BN复合材料[5]。研究表明[6],微米填料填充的复合材料具有较小的填料-聚合物界面,导致声子散射减弱,可提高材料的热导率,但是会影响绝缘性能,包括介质损耗的增加和电气强度的降低等,而纳米填料填充的复合材料具有较大的聚合物-填料界面,导致热导率较低,但是适度的纳米掺杂可以抑制电荷注入,通过深陷阱捕获移动电荷,提高材料的电气强度[7-8]。ZOU D等[9]研究表明,掺杂BN纳米片(BNNS)包裹α-Al2O3的环氧树脂复合材料与掺杂Al2O3的复合材料相比具有更高的热导率。LIU X等[10]利用电场诱导纳米BN和碳化硅(SiC)颗粒在环氧树脂中取向,获得的复合材料具有较高的热导率。此外,交流电场的诱导效果大于直流电场,这将影响复合材料的导电性、电荷和陷阱特性。何子海等[11]将合成液晶与BN纳米片通过共混超声制得功能化BN纳米片(BN-LCP),然后采用该功能化BN纳米片制备了环氧树脂/BN-LCP复合材料,结果表明随着BN-LCP填充量的增加,复合材料的线膨胀系数逐渐减小,热导率增大。陈守丽等[12]采用多巴胺盐酸盐对BN进行表面改性,然后在BN表面沉积银纳米粒子得到Ag@BN,并将其与环氧树脂复合制得环氧复合材料。结果表明,当Ag@BN质量分数为50%时,Ag@BN/EP复合材料的热导率达到1.32 W/(m·K),较纯环氧树脂材料提高了275%,同时1 kHz下复合材料的介电常数提高至10.8,介质损耗因数小于0.5。
尽管学者们针对BN掺杂环氧树脂复合材料开展了众多研究,但对于高频双极性方波电压下环氧/BN复合材料的耐压特性研究较少。本研究采用微米和纳米氮化硼(BN)为填料,制备微纳掺杂环氧/BN复合绝缘材料,研究BN掺杂总质量分数为20%时,纳米BN掺杂量对复合材料热导率、介电响应特性、工频电气强度的影响,测试厚度为0.2 mm试样在8 kV、25 kHz双极性方波电压作用下的耐压时间,揭示不同电压形式下绝缘材料击穿的影响机制。
双酚A型环氧树脂(E51),南通星辰合成材料有限公司;固化剂甲基四氢苯酐(MTHPA),嘉兴市东方化工厂;促进剂DMP-30,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;经硅烷偶联剂KH-560修饰后的纳米BN(平均粒径为50 nm),微米BN(平均粒径为 1 μm),北京德科岛金科技有限公司。
制备试样之前,先将原材料放置在60℃烘箱中烘干12 h。按照原料配比称取环氧树脂、固化剂、促进剂、微米BN、纳米BN。其中环氧树脂、固化剂、促进剂的质量比为100∶80∶1。将称取的材料放入搅拌机进行搅拌脱气处理,搅拌分散过程设定转速为2 000 r/min,持续15 min,脱气过程设定为转速为2 200 r/min,持续15 min。然后将分散均匀的混合物浇入模具,放入烘箱中进行固化,固化流程为80℃/ 2 h+105℃/2 h+120℃/4 h,最后缓慢降至室温,制得厚度分别为0.2 mm和1 mm的环氧/BN复合材料试样。
使用日本KEYENCE公司的VE-9800型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察环氧/BN复合材料的微观形貌以及BN粒子在环氧基体内部的分散情况。
使用日本SHIMADZU公司的IR Prestige-21型傅里叶红外光谱仪,测试环氧/BN复合材料的红外光谱,测试波数为4 000~400 cm-1
使用德国耐驰公司的LFA447型闪光热导仪测试环氧/BN复合材料的导热系数,试样厚度为 1 mm,测试温度为25℃。
使用北广精仪仪器设备有限公司的BDJC型工频击穿实验平台测试环氧/BN复合材料的工频电气强度,试样厚度为0.2 mm,测试温度为室温。
使用西安兆福电子公司的高频双极性方波电源测试系统在室温下对环氧/BN复合材料进行耐压测试,电压幅值为±8 kV,频率为25 kHz,上升沿为300 ns,用直径为25 mm的球-球电极夹持试样,试样厚度为0.2 mm,同时置于硅油中,以防止发生沿面闪络。
使用Novocontrol公司的Concept 80型宽频介电谱仪测试环氧/BN复合材料的介电响应特性,测量温度为140~200℃,每升温10℃测量一次,频率为10-1~106 Hz。
为简化描述,根据微米和纳米BN掺杂质量分数将试样编号为x-y环氧/BN复合材料,其中x表示BN掺杂总质量分数20%,y表示纳米BN掺杂质量分数。并将实验用样品名称规定如表1所示。
图1是试样20%-1%环氧/BN复合材料在15 000倍下的SEM图,图中左边方框内是纳米BN,右边圆框内是微米BN。从图1可以看出,微米BN和纳米BN在环氧/BN复合材料试样中分散较好。
图2是环氧/BN复合材料试样的红外光谱(FTIR),为研究硅烷偶联剂KH560的修饰效果,以纯环氧树脂为参照。从图2可以看出,掺杂BN的环氧复合材料试样羟基、甲基、亚甲基的峰值强度略微提高,且随着纳米BN掺杂量的增加,峰强逐渐增大,这是由于掺杂的氮化硼粒子经过硅烷偶联剂KH560处理,引入了部分羟基、甲基、亚甲基;同时可以观察到复合材料试样的红外光谱中含有六方氮化硼的峰位,分别位于1 380 cm-1与780 cm-1处,其余波数段峰值强度变化不大,说明环氧基体并未发生明显变化。
图3是25℃下环氧/BN复合材料试样的热导率。从图3可以看到,掺杂BN后环氧复合材料试样的热导率显著提升,从纯环氧树脂的0.22 W/(m·K)提高到20%-0%环氧/BN复合材料的0.83 W/(m·K),提升了277%,这是因为固化后环氧树脂分子链彼此交联的无规排列增强了声子散射,所以纯环氧树脂的热导率较低,而引入足量的微米BN后,高导热无机颗粒彼此接触,构成声子传输通道,增加了导热路径,所以热导率大幅提升。但是,当掺杂微量纳米BN时,复合材料的热导率略有下降,如20%-2%环氧/BN复合材料的热导率为0.80 W/(m·K),相较20%-0%环氧/BN复合材料降低了约4%,这是因为纳米颗粒会与环氧树脂基体间形成界面结构。在纳米粒子/聚合物复合材料中,纳米粒子表面会形成交互区,交互区包括3层[13]:纳米粒子表面存在有机基团(经硅烷偶联剂处理引入),粒子与基体之间通过化学键相互作用,形成键合层(第1层);在键合层外是束缚层(第2层),取决于聚合物与粒子相互作用的强度,作用越强,受束缚的聚合物越多;第3层为疏松层,此层的分子链构型、链的运动、自由体积、结晶度等与基体不同。界面区的存在会导致界面声子散射,增加界面热阻,从而降低了热导率。
图4图5分别是环氧/BN复合材料工频电气强度Weibull统计分布及击穿概率为63.2%时的工频电气强度。由图45可以看出,BN掺杂显著提高了环氧复合材料试样的工频电气强度,纯环氧树脂试样电气强度为103 kV/mm,20%-0%、20%-0.6%、20%-1%、20%-2%环氧/BN复合材料试样的工频电气场强分别为110、123、131、113 kV/mm。随着纳米BN掺杂量的增加,环氧/BN复合材料的工频电气强度先上升后下降,这与纳米粒子-环氧树脂基体的交互区有关[13]
一方面,BN是无机粒子,具有很高的电气强度[14-15],击穿实验中,击穿通道很难穿过BN颗粒,只能沿着BN/环氧基体界面向前发展,这相当于增加了击穿路径长度,延长了击穿时间,进而提高了试样的工频电气强度;另一方面,纳米BN掺杂会在BN/环氧基体交互区内引入陷阱,然后在击穿发展过程中捕获载流子[13],减少参与碰撞电离和电导的载流子,进而提高了工频电气强度。纳米BN的掺杂量会影响交互区对击穿的作用机制。当纳米BN掺杂量比较低时,交互区彼此不接触,会形成电荷陷阱中心,使注入电荷受陷,阻碍其向电极移动,进而提高电气强度;而当纳米BN掺杂量较高时,交互区彼此重叠,形成电荷移动路径,导致电气强度降低[16-17]
图6图7分别是在高频双极性方波电压作用下环氧/BN复合材料的耐压时间Weibull统计分布及其尺度参数。从图67可以看出,BN掺杂显著提高了复合材料试样的耐压时间,纯环氧树脂试样和20%-0%环氧/BN复合材料试样的耐压时间分别为38 s和193 s,纯微米BN掺杂复合材料试样的耐压时间较纯环氧树脂延长了408%。当BN掺杂总量一定时,纳米BN的引入缩短了复合材料的耐压时间,20%-0.6%、20%-1%和20%-2%环氧/BN复合材料试样的耐压时间分别为186、170、166 s,较纯微米BN掺杂复合材料试样分别缩短了4%、12%和14%,这可能是因为在高频双极性方波电压作用下,介质的破坏形式以热击穿为主。
当高频双极性方波电压施加在试样上时,一方面,介质损耗急剧增加,使得试样的温度快速上升;另一方面,由于电压上升速度很快,极性反转时,空间电荷会增强局部场强,最终导致试样因热失衡而发生击穿破坏。因此,试样的热导率越高,相同时间内试样内部热传递路径越多,向周围介质环境散热越快,其耐压时间越长,这与热导率测试结果的变化趋势是一致的。
图8是环氧/BN复合材料的介电谱。从图8(a)可以看出,随着温度升高,20%-1%环氧/BN复合材料的介质损耗峰向高频方向移动。提取各环氧复合材料在25 kHz处的介质损耗因数进行分析(如图8(b)所示),可以看出,随着温度的升高,环氧复合材料的介质损耗因数先增大后减小,除了20%-2%环氧/BN复合材料试样外,其他复合材料试样损耗峰对应的温度均大于纯环氧试样,说明掺杂BN的试样在同一温度下的介质损耗更小,因此延长了复合材料试样在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间。但是掺杂BN后环氧复合材料的介质损耗因数最大值略有增大,这是因为微、纳米BN掺杂引入了来自于偶联剂的极性基团,增加了偶极子数量,提高了因偶极子转向带来的损耗。
单位时间、单位体积内电介质的损耗可以表示为式(1)[18]
p=ωε0εrE2tanδ
式(1)中:p为单位体积内的介质损耗;ω为角频率;ε0是真空介电常数;εr是试样的相对介电常数;E是电场强度;tanδ是介质损耗因数。
根据式(1)可知,频率增加和双极性方波电压下的极性反转加剧电场这两种效应的共同作用会显著提高介质损耗,使得电极附近介质被加热,温度升高。由于聚合物的热导率很低,不利于介质内发热点向环境中散热,热量不断累积,最终引发热击穿。
微、纳米填料共掺杂是期望在较低掺杂量的情况下,结合微米填料的高热导率和纳米填料的载流子捕获能力,进而获得高导热高绝缘的电介质材料。理论上,热导率由声子的平均自由程决定。当填料与环氧树脂基体形成界面接触时,其平均自由程缩短,增强了声子散射,不利于声子的传输。微米填料具有较少的填料-聚合物界面,导致较少的声子散射,而纳米填料增加了聚合物-填料界面,导致较低的热导率。在不同形式电压作用下,尤其是当电压的频率不同时,应当根据应用场景的不同综合考虑二者的影响。
(1)当BN掺杂总质量分数为20%时,适量纳米掺杂有利于提高环氧/BN复合材料的工频电气强度。随着纳米BN掺杂量的增加,复合材料的工频电气强度先上升后下降,并在纳米BN质量分数为1%时达到最大值131 kV/mm。
(2)微米BN掺杂有效提高了环氧/BN复合材料的热导率,随着纳米BN含量的增加,复合材料的热导率降低。20%微米BN掺杂环氧复合材料的热导率为0.83 W/(m·K),比纯环氧树脂提高了277%。
(3)BN掺杂有效提高了环氧/BN复合材料在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压性能。厚度为0.2 mm的20%微米BN掺杂环氧复合材料试样在8 kV、25 kHz双极性方波电压下的耐压时间为193 s,比纯环氧树脂延长了408%。微量纳米掺杂不利于环氧/BN复合材料在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压性能,缩短了耐压时间。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFB0905802)
  • 国家电网公司科技项目(7000-201958479A-0-0-00)
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2021年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.06.006
  • 接收时间:2020-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-03
  • 出版时间:2021-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-15
  • 修回日期:2021-02-22
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFB0905802)
国家电网公司科技项目(7000-201958479A-0-0-00)
作者信息
    西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

李建英(1972-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及应用、绝缘材料与电气绝缘技术以及功能电介质的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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